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The cell (from the Latin word 'cellula' meaning "small room" [1]) is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Every cell consists of a cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. [2]

Cells can acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to their small size.

Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a light microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100  micrometres. [3] Electron microscopy gives a much higher resolution showing greatly detailed cell structure. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). [4] Most unicellular organisms are classed as microorganisms. The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species; it has been approximated that the human body contains an estimated 37 trillion (3.72×1013) cells [5].The brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells. [6]

The study of cells and how they work has led to many other studies in the field. Including but not limited to; the discovery of DNA, cancer study development, as well as aging and development.

Cells emerged on Earth about 4 billion years ago. Cell biology is the study of cells, which were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. [7] [8] Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. [9] Cells emerged on Earth about 4 billion years ago. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Cell Shapes

Cell shape also called Cell Morphology has been hypothesized to form from the arrangement and movement of the cytoskeleton. [14] Many advancements in the study of cell morphology come from studying simple bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus,  E. coli,  and B. subtilis. [15] Different cell shapes have been found and described but how any why cells form different shapes is still widely unknown. [15] Cell shapes that have been identified include: rods, cocci, spirochaetes. Cocci have a circular shape, bacilli have an elongated rod-like shape, and spirochaetes have a spiral shape. Although many other shapes have been determined.

References

  1. ^
    • "The Origins Of The Word 'Cell'". National Public Radio. September 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
    • "cellŭla". A Latin Dictionary. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 1879. ISBN  978-1-99-985578-9. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  2. ^ Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos. It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as " molecular building blocks".
  3. ^ Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN  9780132508827.
  4. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "What Is a Cell?". Science Primer. NCBI. Archived from the original on 2009-12-08. Retrieved 3 May 2013. 30 March 2004.
  5. ^ Bianconi, Eva; Piovesan, Allison; Facchin, Federica; Beraudi, Alina; Casadei, Raffaella; Frabetti, Flavia; Vitale, Lorenza; Pelleri, Maria Chiara; Tassani, Simone; Piva, Francesco; Perez-Amodio, Soledad (2013-11-01). "An estimation of the number of cells in the human body". Annals of Human Biology. 40 (6): 463–471. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878. ISSN  0301-4460. PMID  23829164.
  6. ^ Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, et al. (April 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–41. doi: 10.1002/cne.21974. PMID  19226510. S2CID  5200449.
  7. ^ Karp G (19 October 2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN  9780470483374. Hooke called the pores cells because they reminded him of the cells inhabited by monks living in a monastery.
  8. ^ Tero AC (1990). Achiever's Biology. Allied Publishers. p. 36. ISBN  9788184243697. In 1665, an Englishman, Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of" cork under a simple microscope. (A simple microscope is a microscope with only one biconvex lens, rather like a magnifying glass). He saw many small box like structures. These reminded him of small rooms called "cells" in which Christian monks lived and meditated.
  9. ^ Maton A (1997). Cells Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN  9780134234762.
  10. ^ Schopf JW, Kudryavtsev AB, Czaja AD, Tripathi AB (2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. 158 (3–4): 141–55. Bibcode: 2007PreR..158..141S. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009.
  11. ^ Schopf JW (June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 361 (1470): 869–85. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMC  1578735. PMID  16754604.
  12. ^ Raven PH, Johnson GB (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. p.  68. ISBN  9780071122610. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  13. ^ "First cells may have emerged because building blocks of proteins stabilized membranes". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  14. ^ Pichoff, Sebastien; Lutkenhaus, Joe (2007-12-01). "Overview of cell shape: cytoskeletons shape bacterial cells". Current Opinion in Microbiology. Growth and Development. 10 (6): 601–605. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.09.005. ISSN  1369-5274.
  15. ^ a b Kysela, David T.; Randich, Amelia M.; Caccamo, Paul D.; Brun, Yves V. (2016-10-03). "Diversity Takes Shape: Understanding the Mechanistic and Adaptive Basis of Bacterial Morphology". PLOS Biology. 14 (10): e1002565. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002565. ISSN  1545-7885.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=User:Sbutler2019/Cell_(biology)&oldid=1078420144"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Article Draft

The cell (from the Latin word 'cellula' meaning "small room" [1]) is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Every cell consists of a cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. [2]

Cells can acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to their small size.

Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a light microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100  micrometres. [3] Electron microscopy gives a much higher resolution showing greatly detailed cell structure. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). [4] Most unicellular organisms are classed as microorganisms. The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species; it has been approximated that the human body contains an estimated 37 trillion (3.72×1013) cells [5].The brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells. [6]

The study of cells and how they work has led to many other studies in the field. Including but not limited to; the discovery of DNA, cancer study development, as well as aging and development.

Cells emerged on Earth about 4 billion years ago. Cell biology is the study of cells, which were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. [7] [8] Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. [9] Cells emerged on Earth about 4 billion years ago. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Cell Shapes

Cell shape also called Cell Morphology has been hypothesized to form from the arrangement and movement of the cytoskeleton. [14] Many advancements in the study of cell morphology come from studying simple bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus,  E. coli,  and B. subtilis. [15] Different cell shapes have been found and described but how any why cells form different shapes is still widely unknown. [15] Cell shapes that have been identified include: rods, cocci, spirochaetes. Cocci have a circular shape, bacilli have an elongated rod-like shape, and spirochaetes have a spiral shape. Although many other shapes have been determined.

References

  1. ^
    • "The Origins Of The Word 'Cell'". National Public Radio. September 17, 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2021-08-05.
    • "cellŭla". A Latin Dictionary. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. 1879. ISBN  978-1-99-985578-9. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  2. ^ Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of Molecular Biology of the Cell fourth edition, edited by Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science. The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos. It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as " molecular building blocks".
  3. ^ Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN  9780132508827.
  4. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from "What Is a Cell?". Science Primer. NCBI. Archived from the original on 2009-12-08. Retrieved 3 May 2013. 30 March 2004.
  5. ^ Bianconi, Eva; Piovesan, Allison; Facchin, Federica; Beraudi, Alina; Casadei, Raffaella; Frabetti, Flavia; Vitale, Lorenza; Pelleri, Maria Chiara; Tassani, Simone; Piva, Francesco; Perez-Amodio, Soledad (2013-11-01). "An estimation of the number of cells in the human body". Annals of Human Biology. 40 (6): 463–471. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878. ISSN  0301-4460. PMID  23829164.
  6. ^ Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, et al. (April 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–41. doi: 10.1002/cne.21974. PMID  19226510. S2CID  5200449.
  7. ^ Karp G (19 October 2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN  9780470483374. Hooke called the pores cells because they reminded him of the cells inhabited by monks living in a monastery.
  8. ^ Tero AC (1990). Achiever's Biology. Allied Publishers. p. 36. ISBN  9788184243697. In 1665, an Englishman, Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of" cork under a simple microscope. (A simple microscope is a microscope with only one biconvex lens, rather like a magnifying glass). He saw many small box like structures. These reminded him of small rooms called "cells" in which Christian monks lived and meditated.
  9. ^ Maton A (1997). Cells Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN  9780134234762.
  10. ^ Schopf JW, Kudryavtsev AB, Czaja AD, Tripathi AB (2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils". Precambrian Research. 158 (3–4): 141–55. Bibcode: 2007PreR..158..141S. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009.
  11. ^ Schopf JW (June 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 361 (1470): 869–85. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMC  1578735. PMID  16754604.
  12. ^ Raven PH, Johnson GB (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. p.  68. ISBN  9780071122610. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  13. ^ "First cells may have emerged because building blocks of proteins stabilized membranes". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-09-18.
  14. ^ Pichoff, Sebastien; Lutkenhaus, Joe (2007-12-01). "Overview of cell shape: cytoskeletons shape bacterial cells". Current Opinion in Microbiology. Growth and Development. 10 (6): 601–605. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.09.005. ISSN  1369-5274.
  15. ^ a b Kysela, David T.; Randich, Amelia M.; Caccamo, Paul D.; Brun, Yves V. (2016-10-03). "Diversity Takes Shape: Understanding the Mechanistic and Adaptive Basis of Bacterial Morphology". PLOS Biology. 14 (10): e1002565. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002565. ISSN  1545-7885.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=User:Sbutler2019/Cell_(biology)&oldid=1078420144"

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