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Odessa is long thought to be a multi-confessional and tolerant city. [1]: 213 As well as the prevailing Orthodoxy Christianity, Odessa is home to several protestant communities, and some Muslim communities. [2]: 17 The city is well-known for its rich Jewish history. However, Odessa is less religious than Ukraine's western regions, with only 30% of young people considering themselves religious in 1992. [3]
The Ukrainian Orthodox Church is the dominant religion in Odessa. [1]: 219 Orthodoxy was adopted after the city's founding in 1794. The first Archbishop-Metropolitan of Odessa was Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni, who consecrated the founding of Odessa and laid the first stones in the foundation of three churches. With the split of the Ekaterinoslavskaya Eparchy in 1837, Odessa became the center of the new Kherson-Taurida Eparchy. In 1991 it was renamed to the Eparchy of Odessa and Izmail. [4] By the mid-nineteenth century, there were 23 Orthodox churches built in Odessa. [5]: 136 In 1903, Odessa's Transfiguration Cathedral was redesigned, making it one of the largest in the Russian Empire. [6] However, Orthodoxy was comparatively weak in Odessa at the beginning of the 20th century, with little over half of the population identifying as Orthodox in 1914. [7] In 1917, the Orthodox church came under trial, and churches everywhere were closed. [4] By the 1980s, there were only three Orthodox churches and one monastery in the city. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Orthodox community recovered. As of 2006, Odessa was home to over 30 churches and monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. [1]: 219
Year | Percent Orthodox |
---|---|
1873 | 64.79 |
1892 | 57.46 |
1897 | 55.93 |
An influx of German immigrants to the Black Sea shore in the late eighteenth century brought Lutheranism to Odessa. In 1824, Italian architect Francesco Boffo built the first Lutheran church. [5]: 136 These communities also suffered under Soviet rule. In 1992, Odessa became home the the central church of the Ukrainian episcopate of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ukraine. [8] Additionally, Odessa was home to the first Pentecostal community of Soviet Ukraine in 1921. [9]
Odessa's Muslim population is around 30,000, comprised of both refugees and ethnic Tatars. [10]: 16 [1]: 215 Odessa was founded on Kocibey, an old Tatar settlement, that later became part of the Ottoman Empire before being cede to the Russian Empire. [11] Al-Salam Mosque and Arabian Cultural Center, founded by Syrian multimillionaire Adnan Kivan, is one of the few major mosques found in Odessa. [10]: 16 A Muslim Association in Odessa was established in 2011. [2]: 17
Jewish history in Odessa begins as early as 1769, when the Russian Empire allowed Jews that were captured in the war with Turkey to settle in the southern steppe area. [12]: 20 By 1797, Jews made up ten percent of Odessa's population. [12]: 22 However, Jews in Odessa, were often less religious than elsewhere in the Russian Empire. [12]: 23 By 1821, Odessa experienced its first pogrom, perpetrated mainly by ethnic Greeks. [13] In 1826, the first successful modern Jewish school was opened in Odessa by Galician Jewish settlers. [12]: 19 The Odessa neighborhood of Moldavanka, famously described in Isaac Babel's "Odessa Tales", started to become a majority Jewish neighborhood around the mid 19th century. [10]: 13 [14] The city's second pogrom occurred in 1859, once again instigated by Greek inhabitants of the city. [15] In 1867, the Odessa branch of the Society for the Promotion of Enlightenment among the Jews of Russia was founded, which helped to energize and support the Jewish community. [16] In 1871, there was a another major pogrom in the city. Six people were killed and 21 injured. [16]: 76 Ten years later, in 1881, the assassination of Tsar Alexander II sparked another major pogrom. [17] By 1897, Odessa was over 30% Jewish. [18] The Jewish population in Moldavanka, especially, was hit again during the 1905 Odessa pogrom. [17] This pogrom was notably violent because of the resistance by local Jews. [19] After this pogrom, about 50,000 Jews decided to leave Odessa. [20]: 143 Despite this, by 1926, almost 40% of the city's population was Jewish. [20]: 144 A real challenge to the city's Jewish population came during the second World War. In 1941, Gheorghe Alexianu created the first Jewish ghetto in Odessa, and by 1942 began the deportation of Jews from the city. In the spring of 1944, the Soviets found only 48 Jews living in Odessa. [21] The Jewish population never fully recovered from this, and as of 2001, Jews made up about 1.2% of the city's population. [2]: 10
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Food has been an important factor in Turin's development and history and continues to gather importance in the economy today. After the decline of FIAT, Turin has been re-branding itself as a city centered around food and tourism. [1]: 6 By 2014, the cultural sector employed 6.6% of the province's workers and generates about 5.9% of local GDP. [2]: 15 Local food and wine is promoted mostly in terms of foreign tourism. [2]: 22 There are many local wines that have gathered prestige since the 1990s. [1]: 4 Starting in the mid-1980s, Piedmont has also benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement and Terra Madre, events that have highlighted the rich agricultural and vinicultural value of the Po Valley and northern Italy.
Turin is well known for its farmers markets. There around fifteen farmers markets in the city, [3] with Porta Palazzo being the biggest. Located on the edge of Turin's historical center, Porta Palazzo is older than most other farmers markets found in Italy and is the biggest open air market in Europe. [4]: 1 [5] It was established in its current location in 1834. [4]: 9 [6] Now it is home to a diverse set of cuisines, thanks to the many migrants that operate there. [6]
Additionally, Turin was a leading city in Futurist cuisine during the early twentieth century. The Taverna del Santopalato, which was the first solely futurist restaurant, was opened in 1931. [7]
One of the things the Turin is known for is chocolate. Chocolate was introduced to Turin some time in the sixteenth century. [8] In 1739, the corporation of confectioners and liqueur makers was founded in Turin. [8] By the eighteenth century, the discovery of solid chocolate and trade relations between the ruling House of Savoy and the Spanish court helped Turin to become an internationally recognized chocolate producer. [8] [9] At this time, Turin's daily chocolate exports to Austria, Switzerland, Germany and France were over 750 pounds. [9] Turin is also known for a typical chocolate called gianduiotto, named after Gianduja, a local commedia dell'arte mask, which was first made in Turin by Michael Prochet and Isidore Caffarel. [10] Moreover, the city is also known for the so-called bicerin, a traditional hot drink made of espresso, drinking chocolate and whole milk served layered in a small rounded glass. More recently, the Piedmont region was home to the invention of Nutella. [9]
As for snack food, the now popular tramezzini were first served in a historic café of downtown Turin, namely Caffè Mulassano, where they were devised in 1925 as an alternative to English tea sandwiches. [60] [61] In recent years, another trademark drink of the city is MoleCola, an Italian Coca-Cola that entered production in 2012 and quickly spread both in Italy and outside its native country. [62]
Local cuisine also features a particular type of pizza, so-called pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino, which is basically a small-sized, thick-crust and deep-dish pizza typically served in several Turin pizza places. [63] [64] [65]
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Odessa is long thought to be a multi-confessional and tolerant city. [1]: 213 As well as the prevailing Orthodoxy Christianity, Odessa is home to several protestant communities, and some Muslim communities. [2]: 17 The city is well-known for its rich Jewish history. However, Odessa is less religious than Ukraine's western regions, with only 30% of young people considering themselves religious in 1992. [3]
The Ukrainian Orthodox Church is the dominant religion in Odessa. [1]: 219 Orthodoxy was adopted after the city's founding in 1794. The first Archbishop-Metropolitan of Odessa was Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni, who consecrated the founding of Odessa and laid the first stones in the foundation of three churches. With the split of the Ekaterinoslavskaya Eparchy in 1837, Odessa became the center of the new Kherson-Taurida Eparchy. In 1991 it was renamed to the Eparchy of Odessa and Izmail. [4] By the mid-nineteenth century, there were 23 Orthodox churches built in Odessa. [5]: 136 In 1903, Odessa's Transfiguration Cathedral was redesigned, making it one of the largest in the Russian Empire. [6] However, Orthodoxy was comparatively weak in Odessa at the beginning of the 20th century, with little over half of the population identifying as Orthodox in 1914. [7] In 1917, the Orthodox church came under trial, and churches everywhere were closed. [4] By the 1980s, there were only three Orthodox churches and one monastery in the city. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Orthodox community recovered. As of 2006, Odessa was home to over 30 churches and monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. [1]: 219
Year | Percent Orthodox |
---|---|
1873 | 64.79 |
1892 | 57.46 |
1897 | 55.93 |
An influx of German immigrants to the Black Sea shore in the late eighteenth century brought Lutheranism to Odessa. In 1824, Italian architect Francesco Boffo built the first Lutheran church. [5]: 136 These communities also suffered under Soviet rule. In 1992, Odessa became home the the central church of the Ukrainian episcopate of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ukraine. [8] Additionally, Odessa was home to the first Pentecostal community of Soviet Ukraine in 1921. [9]
Odessa's Muslim population is around 30,000, comprised of both refugees and ethnic Tatars. [10]: 16 [1]: 215 Odessa was founded on Kocibey, an old Tatar settlement, that later became part of the Ottoman Empire before being cede to the Russian Empire. [11] Al-Salam Mosque and Arabian Cultural Center, founded by Syrian multimillionaire Adnan Kivan, is one of the few major mosques found in Odessa. [10]: 16 A Muslim Association in Odessa was established in 2011. [2]: 17
Jewish history in Odessa begins as early as 1769, when the Russian Empire allowed Jews that were captured in the war with Turkey to settle in the southern steppe area. [12]: 20 By 1797, Jews made up ten percent of Odessa's population. [12]: 22 However, Jews in Odessa, were often less religious than elsewhere in the Russian Empire. [12]: 23 By 1821, Odessa experienced its first pogrom, perpetrated mainly by ethnic Greeks. [13] In 1826, the first successful modern Jewish school was opened in Odessa by Galician Jewish settlers. [12]: 19 The Odessa neighborhood of Moldavanka, famously described in Isaac Babel's "Odessa Tales", started to become a majority Jewish neighborhood around the mid 19th century. [10]: 13 [14] The city's second pogrom occurred in 1859, once again instigated by Greek inhabitants of the city. [15] In 1867, the Odessa branch of the Society for the Promotion of Enlightenment among the Jews of Russia was founded, which helped to energize and support the Jewish community. [16] In 1871, there was a another major pogrom in the city. Six people were killed and 21 injured. [16]: 76 Ten years later, in 1881, the assassination of Tsar Alexander II sparked another major pogrom. [17] By 1897, Odessa was over 30% Jewish. [18] The Jewish population in Moldavanka, especially, was hit again during the 1905 Odessa pogrom. [17] This pogrom was notably violent because of the resistance by local Jews. [19] After this pogrom, about 50,000 Jews decided to leave Odessa. [20]: 143 Despite this, by 1926, almost 40% of the city's population was Jewish. [20]: 144 A real challenge to the city's Jewish population came during the second World War. In 1941, Gheorghe Alexianu created the first Jewish ghetto in Odessa, and by 1942 began the deportation of Jews from the city. In the spring of 1944, the Soviets found only 48 Jews living in Odessa. [21] The Jewish population never fully recovered from this, and as of 2001, Jews made up about 1.2% of the city's population. [2]: 10
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cite web}}
: |first2=
has generic name (
help)
{{
cite book}}
: |website=
ignored (
help)
Food has been an important factor in Turin's development and history and continues to gather importance in the economy today. After the decline of FIAT, Turin has been re-branding itself as a city centered around food and tourism. [1]: 6 By 2014, the cultural sector employed 6.6% of the province's workers and generates about 5.9% of local GDP. [2]: 15 Local food and wine is promoted mostly in terms of foreign tourism. [2]: 22 There are many local wines that have gathered prestige since the 1990s. [1]: 4 Starting in the mid-1980s, Piedmont has also benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement and Terra Madre, events that have highlighted the rich agricultural and vinicultural value of the Po Valley and northern Italy.
Turin is well known for its farmers markets. There around fifteen farmers markets in the city, [3] with Porta Palazzo being the biggest. Located on the edge of Turin's historical center, Porta Palazzo is older than most other farmers markets found in Italy and is the biggest open air market in Europe. [4]: 1 [5] It was established in its current location in 1834. [4]: 9 [6] Now it is home to a diverse set of cuisines, thanks to the many migrants that operate there. [6]
Additionally, Turin was a leading city in Futurist cuisine during the early twentieth century. The Taverna del Santopalato, which was the first solely futurist restaurant, was opened in 1931. [7]
One of the things the Turin is known for is chocolate. Chocolate was introduced to Turin some time in the sixteenth century. [8] In 1739, the corporation of confectioners and liqueur makers was founded in Turin. [8] By the eighteenth century, the discovery of solid chocolate and trade relations between the ruling House of Savoy and the Spanish court helped Turin to become an internationally recognized chocolate producer. [8] [9] At this time, Turin's daily chocolate exports to Austria, Switzerland, Germany and France were over 750 pounds. [9] Turin is also known for a typical chocolate called gianduiotto, named after Gianduja, a local commedia dell'arte mask, which was first made in Turin by Michael Prochet and Isidore Caffarel. [10] Moreover, the city is also known for the so-called bicerin, a traditional hot drink made of espresso, drinking chocolate and whole milk served layered in a small rounded glass. More recently, the Piedmont region was home to the invention of Nutella. [9]
As for snack food, the now popular tramezzini were first served in a historic café of downtown Turin, namely Caffè Mulassano, where they were devised in 1925 as an alternative to English tea sandwiches. [60] [61] In recent years, another trademark drink of the city is MoleCola, an Italian Coca-Cola that entered production in 2012 and quickly spread both in Italy and outside its native country. [62]
Local cuisine also features a particular type of pizza, so-called pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino, which is basically a small-sized, thick-crust and deep-dish pizza typically served in several Turin pizza places. [63] [64] [65]
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