Türkler | |
---|---|
Total population | |
The total Turkish population is unknown. | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Traditional areas of Turkish settlement Turkish majorities: ![]() ![]() Turkish communities: ![]() Turkish minorities Turkish minorities in the Balkans: | |
![]() | 588,318 (2011 census) [5] |
![]() | 77,959 (2002 census)
[6] est. 170,000-200,000 [7] [8] |
![]() | 85,945 (1951 census)
[9] est.49,000 to 85,000 (in Western Thrace) [10] [11] less than 5,000 (in Kos and Rhodes) [12] |
![]() | 18,738 (2011 census)
[13] est.30,000 [14] |
![]() | 27,700 (2011 census)
[15] est.55,000-80,000 [16] [17] |
![]() | 267 (1991 census)
[18] Turkish minorities in the Arab world |
![]() | 567,000 (1957 census)
[d]
[19]
[20]
[21] 3 million (2013 Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate) [22] |
![]() | est.600,000 to 2 million [23] [24] [25] |
![]() | est.500,000 to 3.5 million [c] [26] [27] [28] [29] [24] |
![]() | est. 100,000 to 1.5 million [30] [24] |
![]() | est.500,000 [24] |
![]() | est.150,000 to 200,000 [24] [31] |
![]() | est.80,000 [32] |
![]() | est.60,000 [24] |
![]() | 35,062 (1936 census)
[33] est.50,000 [24] Turkish diaspora |
![]() | est. 2.5 to over 4 million [e] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] |
![]() | est.500,000 to 800,000 [46] [47] [48] |
![]() | est. 500,000 [f] [49] [50] [48] |
![]() | est. 500,000 [g] [48] [51] |
![]() | est.350,000 to over 500,000 [52] [53] [48] |
![]() | est. over 200,000 [54] [55] |
![]() | est.120,000 [56] |
![]() | est.100,000 [h] [57] |
![]() | est.70,000 [58] [59] North America: |
![]() | 195,283 (2010 census)
[60] est. 500,000 [61] [62] [63] |
![]() | 55,430 (2011 census)
[64] est. -- Oceania: |
![]() | 66,919 (2011 census)
[i]
[65] est.300,000 (in Melbourne) [i] [66] former USSR: |
![]() | 109,883 (2010 census)
[j]
[67] est. at least 120,000-150,000 [68] |
![]() | 97,015 (2009 census)
[69] est. 150,000 to 180,000 [k] [70] [71] |
![]() | 39,133 (2009 census)
[72] est.42,000-70,000 [k] [70] [71] |
![]() | 38,000 (2009 census)
[73] est.87,000-110,000 [k] [70] [74] [75] [71] |
![]() | 106,302 (1989 census)
[76] est.38,000 [k] [70] [71] |
![]() | 12,000 (2013 census)
[77] est.-- |
![]() | 8,844 (2001 census)
[78] est.8,000 [k] [70] [71] |
Languages | |
Turkish | |
Religion | |
Predominantly
Islam (mostly
Sunni,
Alevi,
Bektashi), though many support
secular ideologies. Many Turks are also irreligious, atheist, or have converted to other religions. | |
1 The Cypriot Constitution of 1960 (Articles 2 and 3) recognizes "Two Communities": the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots. Furthermore, the Republic recognizes three religious minority groups: the Maronites, the Armenians, and the Latins. [79] 2 In the late nineteenth century the French colonisers in North Africa classified the populations under their rule as "Arab" and "Berber", despite the fact that these countries had diverse populations, which also comprised of ethnic Turks and Kouloughlis (offspring of Turkish men and North African women). [80] Although Turkish descendants have since been linguistically Arabized, many still acknowledge their Turkish heritage and maintain some of their cultural traditions. For example, the Turkish minorities in Algeria, [81] [82] [83] [84] and Tunisia [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] still practice the Hanafi school of Islam (whilst ethnic Arabs practice the Maliki school) [86] [87] and many retain their Turkish origin surnames. [82] [90] [84] [88] [89] Due to an absence of census data based on ethnicity, [91] the current population of ethnic Turks remains unclear; however estimates suggest that Turkish descendants make up 5%, [25] [92] 10%, [92] or 25% [93] of Algeria's population and up to 25% of Tunisia's population. [93] 3 Some inhabitants of Libya identify themselves as ethnically Turkish, [94] [95] however, official data does not allow citizens to declare their ethnicity. [91] A census conducted by Italian colonizers in 1936 showed that 4.7% of the country's population were of partial Turkish ancestry. [33] 4 These estimates are based on people of Turkish origin, including naturalised ethnic Turks and their descendants. Official statistics of most Western European countries only record information on country of birth/citizenship and do not allow inhabitants to self-declare their ethnicity - including the Austrian, Belgian, Danish, French, German, Swedish and Swiss censuses. [96] |
The Turkish people, or the Turks ( Turkish: Türkler), are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Republic of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. They speak the Turkish language, which is the most widely spoken Turkic language.
The Turks form by far the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Republic of Turkey, where they are commonly referred to as Anatolian Turks ( Turkish: Anadolu Türkleri) in the Anatolian regions. However, this term is less common in the Aegean, Marmara, and Mediterranean regions, where people refer to themselves simply as "Turks". The Turkish people also form a majority in the breakaway state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus - which is populated mostly by Turkish Cypriots and recent Anatolian Turkish settlers. Moreover, under Article 1 of the 1960 Cypriot constitution, the Turkish Cypriots form one of the "Two Communities" of the Republic of Cyprus (alongside the Greek Cypriots); hence, they have equal power-sharing rights and are not officially a minority group. [79] [97]
There are also ethnic Turks who form minorities in other former territories of the Ottoman Empire, such as in the Balkans, the Caucasus (historically concentrated in the Meskheti region in Georgia) and the Arab world, particularly in North Africa (where they were historically called " Kouloughlis" in the Barbary coast) and Mesopotamia. Turkish is a recognized language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, [98] Croatia, [99] Greece, [100] Kosovo, [101] the Republic of Macedonia, [102] and Romania. [98]
In addition, a modern diaspora has been formed since the early 20th century, including Meskhetian Turks deported to Central Asia, Russia, and Ukraine from Georgia in 1944 by Soviet authorities, Turkish Cypriots in the United Kingdom and other British territories due to the Cyprus conflict, and from the mid-20th century onwards, economic emigrants in Western Europe, and to a lesser extent Australia and North America. Consequently, Turks today form the largest ethnic minority in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, and the second largest minority in Austria. [103]
The term "Turks" generally applies to various Turkic speaking people who traditionally live between the Balkans in the west to East Turkestan in the east. [104] However, with the establishment of independent Turkic states in the twentieth century, radical nation-building policies and distinct national identities have been formed by these Turkic groups. [105] Today the ethnic Turkish people - who live primarily in the Republic of Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and other former lands of the Ottoman Empire - are recorded as "Turks" in national censuses of all Turkic states, whilst these nations distinguish their own ethnic groups as "Azeri", "Kazakh", "Kyrgyz", "Turkmen" and "Uzbek" rather than as "Turks".
Perhaps the earliest mention of the ethnonym "Turk" dates back to 484-425 BCE when the ancient Greek historian Herodotus referred to Targitas (the first king of the Scythians or to the lyrcai people). [104] Thereafter, by the first century CE the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela referred to the "Turcae" in the forests north of the Sea of Azov, whilst the Roman writer Pliny the Elder listed the "Tyrcae" as also living in the same area. However, the first definitive references to the "Turks" come from sixth century Chinese sources which refer to a diverse group of Turkic speakers living in the north and west of Chinese territory. [104]
The first Turk Empire, known as the Turkic Khaganate, was established in 552 CE and stretched from northern China towards the territories of Sassanid territories in Central Asia. However, by the 580s internal strife occurred between the "Eastern" Gök Turks and "Western" Oğuz Turks and by 711 the latter broke away from the khaganate. The mid-eighth century Turkic text – known as the Orkhon inscriptions – sheds light on these events. [104]
Today's ethnic Turkish people trace their lineage to the Oğuz Turks, who were overwhelmingly nomadic and were probably mostly shamanists prior to their conversion to Islam. However, once the Muslim Arab armies reached Amu Darya in 674, Islam was firmly established in Central Asia after Arab raids in 751. [104] The conversion of the Turks to Islam was filtered through Persian and Central Asian culture, as well as through the efforts of missionaries, merchants and Sufis. However, many Turks also converted to Islam once they became the slaves of Arab raiders. [104]
Under the Umayyads the Turks were mostly domestic slaves whilst under the Abbasids they were trained as soldiers and fought for the expanding Muslim empire. By the ninth-century Turkish commanders began to lead the caliphs’ Turkish troops into battles, and assumed even more military and political power when the Abbasid caliphate began to decline. By the mid-tenth century, the Seljuk Turks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) which established the first mass migration of Turks to the Middle East. [104]
The migration of Turks (and subsequent Turkification) of Anatolia occurred once the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Turks continued to migrate to Anatolia for centuries under the rule of the Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308), the Anatolian beyliks and the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922) - many of which intermarried with local Anatolian inhabitants. The policy of Turkificiation (through language and/or religion) was also implemented to varying degrees when the Ottomans conquered territories in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Cyprus the Levant, North Africa, and Mesopotamia, by sending Turkish-speaking Anatolian Muslims, who were by-and-large loyal subjects of the Ottoman administration, to these regions. [106]
By the nineteenth century the Ottoman intelligentsia, as well as Ottoman Muslims (particularly the Turkish-speaking), played a crucial role in the development of Turkish nationalism which emphasized Anatolia as the "Turkish homeland" ("vatan"). [107] From the late eighteenth century onwards many Ottoman subjects began to migrate "back" to the "vatan" as muhacirs, which continued even after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
The Ottoman administration divided its multi-ethnic empire into religious rather than ethnic groups, known as the Millet system. Hence, the identity of the ethnic Turks was transformed into a religious one and the ethnic Turks were grouped as "Ottoman Muslims", alongside the rest of the Muslim millet. Nonetheless, from the very beginning of Ottoman expansion into Europe, Murad I sought to increase his influence in the region by transferring ethnic Turcoman and Tatar nomads from Asia Minor into the Balkans. This state-organized population transfer continued under the sultan’s successors who continuously sought to increase the Turkish population in the conquered lands of the empire by encouraging the Turks to voluntarily migrate or by forcefully deporting them. [108]
The Ottoman Turks' main contribution to the preservation of the Turkish character of their state was making the Ottoman Turkish language the official language of the Ottoman Empire, which was in direct contrast to the practice of other Turkish dynasties that used Arabic and Persian in their state affairs. [109] Early forms of Turkish national consciousness can be traced back to the fourteenth century when Anatolian folk poets had a tendency to use only Turkish words, and deliberately chose to avoid using Arabic and Persian expressions. This was particularly evident during the reign of Murad II (1421-1451) and was mostly connected with the Sufi mystical orders like the Bektaşi's. [109]
Many Western travelers to the Ottoman Empire noted that the term "Turk" was used by the Ottoman elite as a derogatory connotation or to classify a Turkish-speaking Ottoman; however, several writers of the Ottoman court embraced the Turkish ethnicity in their work. For example, one of the most well-known Ottoman-Turkish divan poetesses Mihri Hatun wrote the following couplet in the fifteenth century:
Şimdiki halkun katında Türklüktür itibar
(In the eye of this world’s people, being a Turk is an honor)
Keşlü tarhanalarında sum olaydum kaşki
(Would that I were garlic in their sour tarhana soup) - Ottoman poetess Mihri Hatun [110]
Nonetheless, in general, the Ottoman court favoured Türkî-i fasîh ("eloquent Turkish") in literary works which involved the use of Arab and Persian linguistic rules on eloquence. This placed a wide linguisitc gap between the written language of the literate Ottoman elite and the vernacular of the common Turkish-speaking people. [111]
By the nineteenth century the Christian millets in the Balkans turned to nationalist movements based on religio-national communities. Once they gained their independence during the various rebellions and wars, over five million Muslims died in these wars or from starvation and diseas, whilst eapproximately 5.5 to 7 million Turkish and non-Turkish Ottoman Muslims fled persecution and took refuge in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. [112]
The surviving Ottoman-Turkish refugees (known as muhacirs) unified around a common Turkish-Islamic identity and enhanced Anatolia’s Turkish/Muslim demographic base. [113] Moreover, with the mass deportation of Armenians to the Vilayet of Syria during World War I and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey of their Muslim and Greek Orthodox minority populations, Turkey become a predominately Turkish-speaking Muslim country. [113]
^ a: This includes
Turkish Cypriots and recent Turkish settlers.
^ b: The census figure for the Republic of Cyprus only includes
Turkish Cypriots who are living in the recognized southern region of the island.
^ c: The
Syrian Turkmen are mostly of Turkish heritage and are the descendants of settlers during Ottoman rule,
[29] though Turkic migration began in the 10th century. The Ottoman settlers served as local gendarmes and were encouraged to establish and settle in strategic locations to counter the demographic weight and influence of other groups in the region.
[114]
^ d: The census did not make a distinction between the Turkic populations in Iraq - grouping them all as "Turkmen" and declaring their language as "Turkish". Nonetheless, the majority of
Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers who arrived after 1535.
[115]
[116]
[117] Indeed, the term "Turkmen" seems to be a political terminology because it was first used by the British to isolate the Iraqi Turks from Turkey during the
Mosul Question in the 1930s.
[118]
^ e: These figures only include people of full or partial Turkish descent. The total "Turkey-related population" (including
Turkish Kurds) in Germany is approximately 5 million.
[119]
[120] Moreover, some European politicians have suggested that there are now 7 million
Turks in Germany.
[121]
^ f: A further 10,000–30,000 people from Bulgaria live in the Netherlands. The majority are
Bulgarian Turks and are the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.
[122]
^ g: This figure includes about 300,000
Turkish Cypriots, 150,000 mainland Turks, and smaller groups of
Bulgarian Turks and
Romanian Turks.
[51]
^ h: A further 30,000
Bulgarian Turks live in Sweden.
[123]
^ i: The ancestry data for Australia only allows two responses for each person. Hence, it has been particularly problematic in counting the Australian-Turkish Cypriot population because they cannot declare themselves as "Australian", "Cypriot" and "Turkish".
[124] Whilst their population was estimated to be 30,000 in 1993 by the
Council of Europe,
[125] more recent estimates range between 60,000
[126] to 120,000.
[127] In addition, academic estimates place the mainland Turkish community to be around 100,000.
[128]
^ j: This includes both mainland ethnic Turks and
Meskhetian Turks.
^ k: These figures only include
Meskhetian Turks.
^ l: "The history of Turkey encompasses, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations—Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine—of which the Turkish nation is the heir by assimilation or example. Second, it includes the history of the Turkish peoples, including the Seljuks, who brought Islam and the Turkish language to Anatolia. Third, it is the history of the Ottoman Empire, a vast, cosmopolitan, pan-Islamic state that developed from a small Turkish amirate in Anatolia and that for centuries was a world power."
[129]
^ m: The Turks are also defined by the country of origin. Turkey, once Asia Minor or Anatolia, has a very long and complex history. It was one of the major regions of agricultural development in the early Neolithic and may have been the place of origin and spread of lndo-European languages at that time. The Turkish language was imposed on a predominantly lndo-European-speaking population (Greek being the official language of the Byzantine empire), and genetically there is very little difference between Turkey and the neighboring countries. The number of Turkish invaders was probably rather small and was genetically diluted by the large number of aborigines."
"The consideration of demographic quantities suggests that the present genetic picture of the aboriginal world is determined largely by the history of Paleolithic and Neolithic people, when the greatest relative changes in population numbers took place."
[130]
Araştırmada, toplumun etnik kimliğini ifade etmekte sıkıntı duymadığı görülüyor. Toplam 73 milyon olan nüfusun 55 milyon 484 bini etnik olarak Türk.
Turkish 70-75% [of 79,414,269]
The Turks are the second largest national minority in Macedonia. Like other ethnic groups, they claim higher numbers than the census shows, somewhere between 170,000 and 200,000. The government estimates them at around 100,000.
The state has recently revised downwards its estimate of the Muslim minority, based on the 1991 census, to 98,000 from a previous estimate of 120,000; it also claims that "50% of the minority are of Turkish origin, 35% are Pomaks (an indigenous population that speaks a Slavic dialect and espoused Islam during Ottoman rule) and 15% are Roma". Our own estimates, based on the same census, are slightly lower, while the breakdown is also slightly different. There are 90,000 Muslims, of whom some 50,000 have Turkish as a mother tongue, 30,000 Pomak and 10,000 Romanes. Nevertheless, the very large majority of all Muslims, including Pomaks and Roma, have today a Turkish national identity.
Among approximately 120,000 Muslims some 30.000 are Pomak, some 5000 are Gypsy, the rest being Turkish.
Apart from a small group of Turks in the Dodecanese islands (Rhoides/Kos), estimated at less than 5,000 individuals...
Approximately 30,000 Kosovo Turks live in Kosovo today, while up to 250,000 people from different Kosovo communities speak or at least understand the Turkish language.
Today, there are around 55,000 Turks living in Romania and they are represented as a minority in parliament.
The significant Turkish population living in Romania (nearly 80,000 members).
the 1957 [census] was the only reliable source by which the size of the population could be garnered, as it was the only occasion the Turkic descendants were allowed to register as Turks... as a whole the Turkic population was 567,000.
According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000...if the Turkmen simply kept pace with the rest of Iraq's birthrate, then they would now account for approximately 2,080,000 of the present 25 million inhabitants. Many Turkmen argue that their birthrate actually exceeds that of most of the other Iraqi ethnic groups. One need only visit the children-filled streets of Tal Afar to believe their claim.
The 1957 Iraqi census — the last in which the Turkmens were permitted to register — counted 567,000 Turkmens counted (9 percent of the population) among Iraq's population of 6,300,000.
Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkish origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
{{
cite web}}
: no-break space character in |quote=
at position 91 (
help)
Cezayir'de, Türkiye'nin rakamlarına göre 600 bin, Fransa'ya göre ise 2 milyon Türk asıllı insan yaşıyor.
Günümüzde, Arap dünyasında hâlâ Türk asıllı aileler mevcuttur. Bunların nüfusu Irak'ta 2 milyon, Suriye'de 3.5 milyon, Mısır'da 1.5, Cezayir'de 1 milyon, Tunus'ta 500 bin, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin, Libya'da 50 bin, Ürdün'de 60 bin olmak üzere 8.760.000 civarındadır. Bu ailelerin varlığı da Arap lehçelerindeki Türkçe ödünçleşmeleri belki artırmış olabilir.
...the Algerian population reached 34.8 million in January 2006...Algerians of Turkish descent still represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities [accounting to 1.74 million]
{{
citation}}
: |last=
has generic name (
help)
رغم غياب الإحصائيات الدقيقة لأعداد التركمان في سوريا، إلى أن أعدادهم تقدر ما بين 750 ألف إلى مليون ونصف تركماني، يتركز معظمهم في المناطق الشمالية مثل حلب، اللاذقية، حمص وحماة، بالإضافة إلى دمشق.
Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4-5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language.
There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.
In the context of Syria, though, the term ["Turkmen"] is used somewhat differently, to refer mainly to people of Turkish heritage whose families migrated to Syria from Anatolia during the centuries of the Ottoman period — and thus would be closer kin to the Turks of Turkey than to the Turkmens of Central Asia...Q. How many are there? A. No reliable figures are available, and estimates on the number of Turkmens in Syria and nearby countries vary widely, from the hundreds of thousands up to 3 million or more.
Today, the number of ethnic Turks in Egypt varies considerably, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 1,500,000. Most have intermingled in Egyptian society and are almost indistinguishable from non-Turkish Egyptians, even though a considerable number of Egyptians of Turkish origin are bilingual.
With about 200,000 in Saudi Arabia...
...today number nearly 80,000.
{{
citation}}
: |page=
has extra text (
help)
Turks are by far the largest minority group, with 2.5 to 4 million residents of Germany having full or partly Turkish ancestry.
In Germany today about three to four million Turks, about 5 percent of the total population, reside.
Today, more than 4 million people of Turkish origin are living in Germany.
{{
citation}}
: |editor-first=
has generic name (
help)
...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.
By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.
By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century there were around four million people of Turkish descent living in Germany...
Today, for example, it is estimated that more than four million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.
Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society
...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.
By 2012 over 4 million people, around 5% of the German population, were of Turkish descent.
Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time [2013].
Today, there are nearly four million people with Turkish ancestry in Germany, which makes them the largest minority in Germany (5 percent of 82 million people).
This number may be too small, as the number of Turks in France approaches 500,000.
Depuis dix ans, ce chiffre est régulièrement battu en brèche: les estimations hautes décrivent une France qui compterait 4 à 5 millions d'Algériens et descendants, autour de 3 millions de Marocains, 1 million de Tunisiens, 2 millions d'Africains du Sahel, 800 000 Turcs, etc.
The Home Office says that there are about 150,000 Turkish nationals living in Britain at present, with about 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the country altogether. But Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish communities which are more likely to attract a new wave of legal migration
{{
cite news}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
There are some 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the Netherlands.
There are some 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the Netherlands.
There are approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals in the UK at present, about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK, including Cypriot Turks (about 300,000) and Turks with Bulgarian or Romanian citizenship.
An estimated 350,000 people of Turkish origin live in Austria.
For instance, today there are approximately more than 500,000 immigrants of Turkish origin in Austria.
It follows that large Muslim minorities like the Turks - who total over 200,000 in Belgium... .
Sixieme groupe de migrants en importance dans le pays, la diaspora de Turquie en Susisse compte quelque 120,000 personnes.
I Sverige bor idag ca 100 000 personer med turkisk bakgrund.
Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
Der er omkring 200.000 muslimer i Danmark. Heraf har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder og udgør dermed den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
approximately 500,000 Turkish Americans...
Currently, the Turkish population of northeast Ohio is estimated at about 1,000 (an estimated 500,000 Turks live in the United States).
...the estimated 500,000 Turks now living in the United States.
In the 2011 Census... of the total ancestry responses, 66,919 responses were towards Turkish ancestry.
Melbourne'de yaklaşık 300 bin Türk'ün yaşadığını...
105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks.
...the exact population size of the Turkish groups in Russia is unknown. However, it is obvious that it exceeds the numbers in the official data and is at least 120,000-150,000 people.
Sürgüne Uğramış Ahıska Türkleri: Kazakistan 180,000; Rusya 95,000; Azerbayjan 87,000; Türkiye 76,000; Kırgızistan 42,000; Özbekistan 38,000; ABD 16,000; Ukrayna 8,000; Gürcistan 1,500; KKTC 180.
The global number of Meskhetian Turks in Azerbaijan is evaluated at 100,000 persons.
The Baku Institute of Peace and Democracy estimated that between 90,000 and 110,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Azerbaijan in 2001, where they enjoy generally favourable state policies and attitudes.
The Cyprus Constitution (Articles 2 and 3) recognizes two communities (Greek and Turkish) and three minority religious groups: the Maronites, who belong to the Eastern Catholic Church; the Armenian Cypriots; and the Latins, who are Roman Catholics of European or Levantine descent.
From early on, the French viewed North Africa through a Manichean lens. Arab and Berber became the primary ethnic categories through which the French classified the population (Lorcin 1995: 2). This occurred despite the fact that a diverse and fragmented populace comprised not only various Arab and Berber tribal groups but also Turks, Andalusians (descended from Moors exiled from Spain during the Crusades), Kouloughlis (offspring of Turkish men and North African women), blacks (mostly slaves or gormer slaves), and Jews.
The result of Turkish domination has remained, ethnically, in the Kulughlis who are descendants of Turkish marriages with Arab women.
Parmi les noms de famille d'origine turque, les plus nombreux sont ceux qui expriment une provenance ou une origine ethnique, c.-à-d., les noms qui sont dérivés de toponymes ou d'ethnonymes turcs.
Algeria's population, a mixture of Arab, Berber, Turkish and West African origin, number nearly 30 million and is 99% Moslem.
Les Turcs ou leurs descendants en Algérie sont bien considérés, ont même une association (Association des Turcs algériens), sont souvent des lettrés se fondant naturellement dans la société...Les Kouloughlis (kulughlis en Turc) sont des descendants de Turcs ayant épousé des autochtones pendant la colonisation (la régence) au XVIème et XVIIème siècle...Ce qu'il reste des Turcs en Algérie? De nombreux éléments culturels, culinaires ou architecturaux, de la musique,... Des mots et du vocabulaire, des noms patronymiques comme Othmani ou Osmane (de l'empire Ottoman), Stambouli (d'Istambul), Torki (Turc) ou des noms de métiers ou de fonctions, qui sont devenus des noms de famille avec le temps.
The population [of Tunisia]...is made up mostly of people of Arab, Berber, and Turkish descent
...most of whom follow the Maliki Legal school. Others, claiming Turkish ancestry, follow the Hanafi Legal school.
The majority of Tunisians have always belonged to the Malekite school of the Sunni orthodoxy (their mosques easily recognizable by square minarets). The Turks brought with them the teaching of the Hanefite school (these mosques have octagonal minarets), which still survives among Turkish-descended families...
{{
citation}}
: no-break space character in |quote=
at position 281 (
help)
La famille Ben Romdhan de Mahdia est une famille d'origine turque se réclamant comme toutes les familles notabiliaires de Mahdia (Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, Snène…) du rite hanéfite.
De son ancienne grandeur, Mahdia n'avait conservé que l'originalité de son peuplement, la présence de familles d'origine turque dont les noms se sont perpétués jusqu'à nos jours.
National censuses [of Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya] do not query this issue [of language and ethnicity], such ethnicity-based distinctions being seen as antithetical to fostering nationalism.
How many there are in today's population is unclear. Estimates range from five percent to ten percent out of a total population of around 37 million.
Bunun açık belgelerinden birisi, aradan birbuçuk yüzyıllık sömürgecilik döneminin geçmiş olmasına rağmen, Cezayirli ve Tunusluların 25 %'nin Türk asıllı olduğunu övünerek söylemesi, sosyal ve kültürel hayatta Türk kültürünün varlığını hissettirmeye devam etmesi, halk dilinde binlerce Türkçe kelimenin yaşamasıdir.
There are some Libyans who think of themselves as Turkish, or descendants of Turkish soldiers who settled in the area in the days of the Ottoman Empire.
The Turkish rule in Libya left ethnic traces among the Libyans, the so-called Kologhlis
Article 1...the Greek and the Turkish Communities of Cyprus respectively...
Syria's Turkmen communities are descendants of Oghuz Turkish tribal migrants who began moving from Central Asia into the area of modern-day Syria during the 10th century, when the Turkic Seljuk dynasty ruled much of the region. Under the Ottomans, Turkmen were encouraged to establish villages throughout the rural hinterlands of several Syrian cities in order to counter the demographic weight and influence of the settled and nomadic and semi-nomadic Arab tribesmen that populated the region. Syrian Turkmen were also settled to serve as local gendarmes to help assert Ottoman authority over roads and mountain passes in diverse regions such as the Alawite-majority, northwestern coastal governorate of Latakia. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, communities of Turkmen continued to reside in the country.
The largest number of Turkmen immigrants followed the army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificant when he counquered all or Iraq in 1535. Throughout their reign, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along the loosely formed boundary that divided Arab and Kurdish settlements in northern Iraq.
Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants. A predominantly urban population, they are distributed over a number of former garrison towns situated along prominent trade arteries in northern Iraq stretching from the Syrian to the Iranian border, including such major ones as Tel Afar, Mosul, Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu, Kifri, Khanaqin and Mandali. In Kirkuk, Turkomans constituted a plurality in the city, ahead of Kurds and Arabs, at the time of the 1957 census.
{{
citation}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link)
There's a strong conflict of opinions regarding the origins of Iraqi Turkmen, however, it is certain that they settled down during the Ottoman rule in the northwest of Mosul, whence they spread to eastern Baghdad.
{{
citation}}
: |editor2-first=
has generic name (
help)
Today, with the numbers reaching nearly five million, Germany accomodates the largest Turkey-related population by far in comparison to any other country.
Demographic data on religious and ethnic backgrounds is difficult to gather as much of the data collection in Germany is based on nationality by country rather than ethnic group or religion...General consensus, however, suggests that Germany has 82 million residents...of which more than 5 million are...Turks and Kurds...
A Senior European official in Brussels...remarking..."It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany".
There are also approximately 30 000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia and about 6 000 in Canada and the U.S.A.
Avustralya'da bizim bildiğimiz kadarıyla Melborn ve Sydney'de Kıbrıslı Türk'ler yoğunlaşmış durumdadır ve sayıları 60,000 civarındadır.
Kıbrıslı Türklerin 300 bin kadarı İngiltere'de, 500 bini Türkiye'de, 120 bini Avustralya'da, 5 bini ABD'de, bin 800'ü Kanada'da, çok az bir popülasyon Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'nde, bin 600'ü Yeni Zellanda'da, 2 bin kadarının da Almanya'da olduğu tahmin ediliyor.
Türkler | |
---|---|
Total population | |
The total Turkish population is unknown. | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Traditional areas of Turkish settlement Turkish majorities: ![]() ![]() Turkish communities: ![]() Turkish minorities Turkish minorities in the Balkans: | |
![]() | 588,318 (2011 census) [5] |
![]() | 77,959 (2002 census)
[6] est. 170,000-200,000 [7] [8] |
![]() | 85,945 (1951 census)
[9] est.49,000 to 85,000 (in Western Thrace) [10] [11] less than 5,000 (in Kos and Rhodes) [12] |
![]() | 18,738 (2011 census)
[13] est.30,000 [14] |
![]() | 27,700 (2011 census)
[15] est.55,000-80,000 [16] [17] |
![]() | 267 (1991 census)
[18] Turkish minorities in the Arab world |
![]() | 567,000 (1957 census)
[d]
[19]
[20]
[21] 3 million (2013 Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate) [22] |
![]() | est.600,000 to 2 million [23] [24] [25] |
![]() | est.500,000 to 3.5 million [c] [26] [27] [28] [29] [24] |
![]() | est. 100,000 to 1.5 million [30] [24] |
![]() | est.500,000 [24] |
![]() | est.150,000 to 200,000 [24] [31] |
![]() | est.80,000 [32] |
![]() | est.60,000 [24] |
![]() | 35,062 (1936 census)
[33] est.50,000 [24] Turkish diaspora |
![]() | est. 2.5 to over 4 million [e] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] |
![]() | est.500,000 to 800,000 [46] [47] [48] |
![]() | est. 500,000 [f] [49] [50] [48] |
![]() | est. 500,000 [g] [48] [51] |
![]() | est.350,000 to over 500,000 [52] [53] [48] |
![]() | est. over 200,000 [54] [55] |
![]() | est.120,000 [56] |
![]() | est.100,000 [h] [57] |
![]() | est.70,000 [58] [59] North America: |
![]() | 195,283 (2010 census)
[60] est. 500,000 [61] [62] [63] |
![]() | 55,430 (2011 census)
[64] est. -- Oceania: |
![]() | 66,919 (2011 census)
[i]
[65] est.300,000 (in Melbourne) [i] [66] former USSR: |
![]() | 109,883 (2010 census)
[j]
[67] est. at least 120,000-150,000 [68] |
![]() | 97,015 (2009 census)
[69] est. 150,000 to 180,000 [k] [70] [71] |
![]() | 39,133 (2009 census)
[72] est.42,000-70,000 [k] [70] [71] |
![]() | 38,000 (2009 census)
[73] est.87,000-110,000 [k] [70] [74] [75] [71] |
![]() | 106,302 (1989 census)
[76] est.38,000 [k] [70] [71] |
![]() | 12,000 (2013 census)
[77] est.-- |
![]() | 8,844 (2001 census)
[78] est.8,000 [k] [70] [71] |
Languages | |
Turkish | |
Religion | |
Predominantly
Islam (mostly
Sunni,
Alevi,
Bektashi), though many support
secular ideologies. Many Turks are also irreligious, atheist, or have converted to other religions. | |
1 The Cypriot Constitution of 1960 (Articles 2 and 3) recognizes "Two Communities": the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots. Furthermore, the Republic recognizes three religious minority groups: the Maronites, the Armenians, and the Latins. [79] 2 In the late nineteenth century the French colonisers in North Africa classified the populations under their rule as "Arab" and "Berber", despite the fact that these countries had diverse populations, which also comprised of ethnic Turks and Kouloughlis (offspring of Turkish men and North African women). [80] Although Turkish descendants have since been linguistically Arabized, many still acknowledge their Turkish heritage and maintain some of their cultural traditions. For example, the Turkish minorities in Algeria, [81] [82] [83] [84] and Tunisia [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] still practice the Hanafi school of Islam (whilst ethnic Arabs practice the Maliki school) [86] [87] and many retain their Turkish origin surnames. [82] [90] [84] [88] [89] Due to an absence of census data based on ethnicity, [91] the current population of ethnic Turks remains unclear; however estimates suggest that Turkish descendants make up 5%, [25] [92] 10%, [92] or 25% [93] of Algeria's population and up to 25% of Tunisia's population. [93] 3 Some inhabitants of Libya identify themselves as ethnically Turkish, [94] [95] however, official data does not allow citizens to declare their ethnicity. [91] A census conducted by Italian colonizers in 1936 showed that 4.7% of the country's population were of partial Turkish ancestry. [33] 4 These estimates are based on people of Turkish origin, including naturalised ethnic Turks and their descendants. Official statistics of most Western European countries only record information on country of birth/citizenship and do not allow inhabitants to self-declare their ethnicity - including the Austrian, Belgian, Danish, French, German, Swedish and Swiss censuses. [96] |
The Turkish people, or the Turks ( Turkish: Türkler), are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Republic of Turkey and the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. They speak the Turkish language, which is the most widely spoken Turkic language.
The Turks form by far the largest ethnolinguistic group in the Republic of Turkey, where they are commonly referred to as Anatolian Turks ( Turkish: Anadolu Türkleri) in the Anatolian regions. However, this term is less common in the Aegean, Marmara, and Mediterranean regions, where people refer to themselves simply as "Turks". The Turkish people also form a majority in the breakaway state of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus - which is populated mostly by Turkish Cypriots and recent Anatolian Turkish settlers. Moreover, under Article 1 of the 1960 Cypriot constitution, the Turkish Cypriots form one of the "Two Communities" of the Republic of Cyprus (alongside the Greek Cypriots); hence, they have equal power-sharing rights and are not officially a minority group. [79] [97]
There are also ethnic Turks who form minorities in other former territories of the Ottoman Empire, such as in the Balkans, the Caucasus (historically concentrated in the Meskheti region in Georgia) and the Arab world, particularly in North Africa (where they were historically called " Kouloughlis" in the Barbary coast) and Mesopotamia. Turkish is a recognized language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, [98] Croatia, [99] Greece, [100] Kosovo, [101] the Republic of Macedonia, [102] and Romania. [98]
In addition, a modern diaspora has been formed since the early 20th century, including Meskhetian Turks deported to Central Asia, Russia, and Ukraine from Georgia in 1944 by Soviet authorities, Turkish Cypriots in the United Kingdom and other British territories due to the Cyprus conflict, and from the mid-20th century onwards, economic emigrants in Western Europe, and to a lesser extent Australia and North America. Consequently, Turks today form the largest ethnic minority in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, and the second largest minority in Austria. [103]
The term "Turks" generally applies to various Turkic speaking people who traditionally live between the Balkans in the west to East Turkestan in the east. [104] However, with the establishment of independent Turkic states in the twentieth century, radical nation-building policies and distinct national identities have been formed by these Turkic groups. [105] Today the ethnic Turkish people - who live primarily in the Republic of Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and other former lands of the Ottoman Empire - are recorded as "Turks" in national censuses of all Turkic states, whilst these nations distinguish their own ethnic groups as "Azeri", "Kazakh", "Kyrgyz", "Turkmen" and "Uzbek" rather than as "Turks".
Perhaps the earliest mention of the ethnonym "Turk" dates back to 484-425 BCE when the ancient Greek historian Herodotus referred to Targitas (the first king of the Scythians or to the lyrcai people). [104] Thereafter, by the first century CE the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela referred to the "Turcae" in the forests north of the Sea of Azov, whilst the Roman writer Pliny the Elder listed the "Tyrcae" as also living in the same area. However, the first definitive references to the "Turks" come from sixth century Chinese sources which refer to a diverse group of Turkic speakers living in the north and west of Chinese territory. [104]
The first Turk Empire, known as the Turkic Khaganate, was established in 552 CE and stretched from northern China towards the territories of Sassanid territories in Central Asia. However, by the 580s internal strife occurred between the "Eastern" Gök Turks and "Western" Oğuz Turks and by 711 the latter broke away from the khaganate. The mid-eighth century Turkic text – known as the Orkhon inscriptions – sheds light on these events. [104]
Today's ethnic Turkish people trace their lineage to the Oğuz Turks, who were overwhelmingly nomadic and were probably mostly shamanists prior to their conversion to Islam. However, once the Muslim Arab armies reached Amu Darya in 674, Islam was firmly established in Central Asia after Arab raids in 751. [104] The conversion of the Turks to Islam was filtered through Persian and Central Asian culture, as well as through the efforts of missionaries, merchants and Sufis. However, many Turks also converted to Islam once they became the slaves of Arab raiders. [104]
Under the Umayyads the Turks were mostly domestic slaves whilst under the Abbasids they were trained as soldiers and fought for the expanding Muslim empire. By the ninth-century Turkish commanders began to lead the caliphs’ Turkish troops into battles, and assumed even more military and political power when the Abbasid caliphate began to decline. By the mid-tenth century, the Seljuk Turks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) which established the first mass migration of Turks to the Middle East. [104]
The migration of Turks (and subsequent Turkification) of Anatolia occurred once the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Turks continued to migrate to Anatolia for centuries under the rule of the Sultanate of Rum (1077–1308), the Anatolian beyliks and the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922) - many of which intermarried with local Anatolian inhabitants. The policy of Turkificiation (through language and/or religion) was also implemented to varying degrees when the Ottomans conquered territories in the Balkans, the Caucasus, Cyprus the Levant, North Africa, and Mesopotamia, by sending Turkish-speaking Anatolian Muslims, who were by-and-large loyal subjects of the Ottoman administration, to these regions. [106]
By the nineteenth century the Ottoman intelligentsia, as well as Ottoman Muslims (particularly the Turkish-speaking), played a crucial role in the development of Turkish nationalism which emphasized Anatolia as the "Turkish homeland" ("vatan"). [107] From the late eighteenth century onwards many Ottoman subjects began to migrate "back" to the "vatan" as muhacirs, which continued even after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
The Ottoman administration divided its multi-ethnic empire into religious rather than ethnic groups, known as the Millet system. Hence, the identity of the ethnic Turks was transformed into a religious one and the ethnic Turks were grouped as "Ottoman Muslims", alongside the rest of the Muslim millet. Nonetheless, from the very beginning of Ottoman expansion into Europe, Murad I sought to increase his influence in the region by transferring ethnic Turcoman and Tatar nomads from Asia Minor into the Balkans. This state-organized population transfer continued under the sultan’s successors who continuously sought to increase the Turkish population in the conquered lands of the empire by encouraging the Turks to voluntarily migrate or by forcefully deporting them. [108]
The Ottoman Turks' main contribution to the preservation of the Turkish character of their state was making the Ottoman Turkish language the official language of the Ottoman Empire, which was in direct contrast to the practice of other Turkish dynasties that used Arabic and Persian in their state affairs. [109] Early forms of Turkish national consciousness can be traced back to the fourteenth century when Anatolian folk poets had a tendency to use only Turkish words, and deliberately chose to avoid using Arabic and Persian expressions. This was particularly evident during the reign of Murad II (1421-1451) and was mostly connected with the Sufi mystical orders like the Bektaşi's. [109]
Many Western travelers to the Ottoman Empire noted that the term "Turk" was used by the Ottoman elite as a derogatory connotation or to classify a Turkish-speaking Ottoman; however, several writers of the Ottoman court embraced the Turkish ethnicity in their work. For example, one of the most well-known Ottoman-Turkish divan poetesses Mihri Hatun wrote the following couplet in the fifteenth century:
Şimdiki halkun katında Türklüktür itibar
(In the eye of this world’s people, being a Turk is an honor)
Keşlü tarhanalarında sum olaydum kaşki
(Would that I were garlic in their sour tarhana soup) - Ottoman poetess Mihri Hatun [110]
Nonetheless, in general, the Ottoman court favoured Türkî-i fasîh ("eloquent Turkish") in literary works which involved the use of Arab and Persian linguistic rules on eloquence. This placed a wide linguisitc gap between the written language of the literate Ottoman elite and the vernacular of the common Turkish-speaking people. [111]
By the nineteenth century the Christian millets in the Balkans turned to nationalist movements based on religio-national communities. Once they gained their independence during the various rebellions and wars, over five million Muslims died in these wars or from starvation and diseas, whilst eapproximately 5.5 to 7 million Turkish and non-Turkish Ottoman Muslims fled persecution and took refuge in Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. [112]
The surviving Ottoman-Turkish refugees (known as muhacirs) unified around a common Turkish-Islamic identity and enhanced Anatolia’s Turkish/Muslim demographic base. [113] Moreover, with the mass deportation of Armenians to the Vilayet of Syria during World War I and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey of their Muslim and Greek Orthodox minority populations, Turkey become a predominately Turkish-speaking Muslim country. [113]
^ a: This includes
Turkish Cypriots and recent Turkish settlers.
^ b: The census figure for the Republic of Cyprus only includes
Turkish Cypriots who are living in the recognized southern region of the island.
^ c: The
Syrian Turkmen are mostly of Turkish heritage and are the descendants of settlers during Ottoman rule,
[29] though Turkic migration began in the 10th century. The Ottoman settlers served as local gendarmes and were encouraged to establish and settle in strategic locations to counter the demographic weight and influence of other groups in the region.
[114]
^ d: The census did not make a distinction between the Turkic populations in Iraq - grouping them all as "Turkmen" and declaring their language as "Turkish". Nonetheless, the majority of
Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of Ottoman-Turkish settlers who arrived after 1535.
[115]
[116]
[117] Indeed, the term "Turkmen" seems to be a political terminology because it was first used by the British to isolate the Iraqi Turks from Turkey during the
Mosul Question in the 1930s.
[118]
^ e: These figures only include people of full or partial Turkish descent. The total "Turkey-related population" (including
Turkish Kurds) in Germany is approximately 5 million.
[119]
[120] Moreover, some European politicians have suggested that there are now 7 million
Turks in Germany.
[121]
^ f: A further 10,000–30,000 people from Bulgaria live in the Netherlands. The majority are
Bulgarian Turks and are the fastest-growing group of immigrants in the Netherlands.
[122]
^ g: This figure includes about 300,000
Turkish Cypriots, 150,000 mainland Turks, and smaller groups of
Bulgarian Turks and
Romanian Turks.
[51]
^ h: A further 30,000
Bulgarian Turks live in Sweden.
[123]
^ i: The ancestry data for Australia only allows two responses for each person. Hence, it has been particularly problematic in counting the Australian-Turkish Cypriot population because they cannot declare themselves as "Australian", "Cypriot" and "Turkish".
[124] Whilst their population was estimated to be 30,000 in 1993 by the
Council of Europe,
[125] more recent estimates range between 60,000
[126] to 120,000.
[127] In addition, academic estimates place the mainland Turkish community to be around 100,000.
[128]
^ j: This includes both mainland ethnic Turks and
Meskhetian Turks.
^ k: These figures only include
Meskhetian Turks.
^ l: "The history of Turkey encompasses, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations—Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine—of which the Turkish nation is the heir by assimilation or example. Second, it includes the history of the Turkish peoples, including the Seljuks, who brought Islam and the Turkish language to Anatolia. Third, it is the history of the Ottoman Empire, a vast, cosmopolitan, pan-Islamic state that developed from a small Turkish amirate in Anatolia and that for centuries was a world power."
[129]
^ m: The Turks are also defined by the country of origin. Turkey, once Asia Minor or Anatolia, has a very long and complex history. It was one of the major regions of agricultural development in the early Neolithic and may have been the place of origin and spread of lndo-European languages at that time. The Turkish language was imposed on a predominantly lndo-European-speaking population (Greek being the official language of the Byzantine empire), and genetically there is very little difference between Turkey and the neighboring countries. The number of Turkish invaders was probably rather small and was genetically diluted by the large number of aborigines."
"The consideration of demographic quantities suggests that the present genetic picture of the aboriginal world is determined largely by the history of Paleolithic and Neolithic people, when the greatest relative changes in population numbers took place."
[130]
Araştırmada, toplumun etnik kimliğini ifade etmekte sıkıntı duymadığı görülüyor. Toplam 73 milyon olan nüfusun 55 milyon 484 bini etnik olarak Türk.
Turkish 70-75% [of 79,414,269]
The Turks are the second largest national minority in Macedonia. Like other ethnic groups, they claim higher numbers than the census shows, somewhere between 170,000 and 200,000. The government estimates them at around 100,000.
The state has recently revised downwards its estimate of the Muslim minority, based on the 1991 census, to 98,000 from a previous estimate of 120,000; it also claims that "50% of the minority are of Turkish origin, 35% are Pomaks (an indigenous population that speaks a Slavic dialect and espoused Islam during Ottoman rule) and 15% are Roma". Our own estimates, based on the same census, are slightly lower, while the breakdown is also slightly different. There are 90,000 Muslims, of whom some 50,000 have Turkish as a mother tongue, 30,000 Pomak and 10,000 Romanes. Nevertheless, the very large majority of all Muslims, including Pomaks and Roma, have today a Turkish national identity.
Among approximately 120,000 Muslims some 30.000 are Pomak, some 5000 are Gypsy, the rest being Turkish.
Apart from a small group of Turks in the Dodecanese islands (Rhoides/Kos), estimated at less than 5,000 individuals...
Approximately 30,000 Kosovo Turks live in Kosovo today, while up to 250,000 people from different Kosovo communities speak or at least understand the Turkish language.
Today, there are around 55,000 Turks living in Romania and they are represented as a minority in parliament.
The significant Turkish population living in Romania (nearly 80,000 members).
the 1957 [census] was the only reliable source by which the size of the population could be garnered, as it was the only occasion the Turkic descendants were allowed to register as Turks... as a whole the Turkic population was 567,000.
According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000...if the Turkmen simply kept pace with the rest of Iraq's birthrate, then they would now account for approximately 2,080,000 of the present 25 million inhabitants. Many Turkmen argue that their birthrate actually exceeds that of most of the other Iraqi ethnic groups. One need only visit the children-filled streets of Tal Afar to believe their claim.
The 1957 Iraqi census — the last in which the Turkmens were permitted to register — counted 567,000 Turkmens counted (9 percent of the population) among Iraq's population of 6,300,000.
Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkish origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
{{
cite web}}
: no-break space character in |quote=
at position 91 (
help)
Cezayir'de, Türkiye'nin rakamlarına göre 600 bin, Fransa'ya göre ise 2 milyon Türk asıllı insan yaşıyor.
Günümüzde, Arap dünyasında hâlâ Türk asıllı aileler mevcuttur. Bunların nüfusu Irak'ta 2 milyon, Suriye'de 3.5 milyon, Mısır'da 1.5, Cezayir'de 1 milyon, Tunus'ta 500 bin, Suudî Arabistan'da 150 bin, Libya'da 50 bin, Ürdün'de 60 bin olmak üzere 8.760.000 civarındadır. Bu ailelerin varlığı da Arap lehçelerindeki Türkçe ödünçleşmeleri belki artırmış olabilir.
...the Algerian population reached 34.8 million in January 2006...Algerians of Turkish descent still represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities [accounting to 1.74 million]
{{
citation}}
: |last=
has generic name (
help)
رغم غياب الإحصائيات الدقيقة لأعداد التركمان في سوريا، إلى أن أعدادهم تقدر ما بين 750 ألف إلى مليون ونصف تركماني، يتركز معظمهم في المناطق الشمالية مثل حلب، اللاذقية، حمص وحماة، بالإضافة إلى دمشق.
Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4-5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabised and no longer speak their mother language.
There are no reliable population figures, but they are estimated to number between about half a million and 3.5 million.
In the context of Syria, though, the term ["Turkmen"] is used somewhat differently, to refer mainly to people of Turkish heritage whose families migrated to Syria from Anatolia during the centuries of the Ottoman period — and thus would be closer kin to the Turks of Turkey than to the Turkmens of Central Asia...Q. How many are there? A. No reliable figures are available, and estimates on the number of Turkmens in Syria and nearby countries vary widely, from the hundreds of thousands up to 3 million or more.
Today, the number of ethnic Turks in Egypt varies considerably, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 1,500,000. Most have intermingled in Egyptian society and are almost indistinguishable from non-Turkish Egyptians, even though a considerable number of Egyptians of Turkish origin are bilingual.
With about 200,000 in Saudi Arabia...
...today number nearly 80,000.
{{
citation}}
: |page=
has extra text (
help)
Turks are by far the largest minority group, with 2.5 to 4 million residents of Germany having full or partly Turkish ancestry.
In Germany today about three to four million Turks, about 5 percent of the total population, reside.
Today, more than 4 million people of Turkish origin are living in Germany.
{{
citation}}
: |editor-first=
has generic name (
help)
...at least 4 million people of Turkish descent living in Germany.
By 2010 the number of Turkish descent living in Germany had increased to four million.
By the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century there were around four million people of Turkish descent living in Germany...
Today, for example, it is estimated that more than four million Turks and German citizens with part of full Turkish ancestry live in Germany alone.
Nearly fifty years later, close to four million Turks and their children continue to reside in the margins of German society
...about four million Turks are thought to live in Germany.
By 2012 over 4 million people, around 5% of the German population, were of Turkish descent.
Approximately four million people with Turkish roots are living in Germany at this time [2013].
Today, there are nearly four million people with Turkish ancestry in Germany, which makes them the largest minority in Germany (5 percent of 82 million people).
This number may be too small, as the number of Turks in France approaches 500,000.
Depuis dix ans, ce chiffre est régulièrement battu en brèche: les estimations hautes décrivent une France qui compterait 4 à 5 millions d'Algériens et descendants, autour de 3 millions de Marocains, 1 million de Tunisiens, 2 millions d'Africains du Sahel, 800 000 Turcs, etc.
The Home Office says that there are about 150,000 Turkish nationals living in Britain at present, with about 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the country altogether. But Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France all have larger Turkish communities which are more likely to attract a new wave of legal migration
{{
cite news}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
There are some 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the Netherlands.
There are some 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the Netherlands.
There are approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals in the UK at present, about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK, including Cypriot Turks (about 300,000) and Turks with Bulgarian or Romanian citizenship.
An estimated 350,000 people of Turkish origin live in Austria.
For instance, today there are approximately more than 500,000 immigrants of Turkish origin in Austria.
It follows that large Muslim minorities like the Turks - who total over 200,000 in Belgium... .
Sixieme groupe de migrants en importance dans le pays, la diaspora de Turquie en Susisse compte quelque 120,000 personnes.
I Sverige bor idag ca 100 000 personer med turkisk bakgrund.
Ud af cirka 200.000 muslimer i Danmark har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder, og de udgør dermed langt den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
Der er omkring 200.000 muslimer i Danmark. Heraf har 70.000 tyrkiske rødder og udgør dermed den største muslimske indvandrergruppe.
approximately 500,000 Turkish Americans...
Currently, the Turkish population of northeast Ohio is estimated at about 1,000 (an estimated 500,000 Turks live in the United States).
...the estimated 500,000 Turks now living in the United States.
In the 2011 Census... of the total ancestry responses, 66,919 responses were towards Turkish ancestry.
Melbourne'de yaklaşık 300 bin Türk'ün yaşadığını...
105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks.
...the exact population size of the Turkish groups in Russia is unknown. However, it is obvious that it exceeds the numbers in the official data and is at least 120,000-150,000 people.
Sürgüne Uğramış Ahıska Türkleri: Kazakistan 180,000; Rusya 95,000; Azerbayjan 87,000; Türkiye 76,000; Kırgızistan 42,000; Özbekistan 38,000; ABD 16,000; Ukrayna 8,000; Gürcistan 1,500; KKTC 180.
The global number of Meskhetian Turks in Azerbaijan is evaluated at 100,000 persons.
The Baku Institute of Peace and Democracy estimated that between 90,000 and 110,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in Azerbaijan in 2001, where they enjoy generally favourable state policies and attitudes.
The Cyprus Constitution (Articles 2 and 3) recognizes two communities (Greek and Turkish) and three minority religious groups: the Maronites, who belong to the Eastern Catholic Church; the Armenian Cypriots; and the Latins, who are Roman Catholics of European or Levantine descent.
From early on, the French viewed North Africa through a Manichean lens. Arab and Berber became the primary ethnic categories through which the French classified the population (Lorcin 1995: 2). This occurred despite the fact that a diverse and fragmented populace comprised not only various Arab and Berber tribal groups but also Turks, Andalusians (descended from Moors exiled from Spain during the Crusades), Kouloughlis (offspring of Turkish men and North African women), blacks (mostly slaves or gormer slaves), and Jews.
The result of Turkish domination has remained, ethnically, in the Kulughlis who are descendants of Turkish marriages with Arab women.
Parmi les noms de famille d'origine turque, les plus nombreux sont ceux qui expriment une provenance ou une origine ethnique, c.-à-d., les noms qui sont dérivés de toponymes ou d'ethnonymes turcs.
Algeria's population, a mixture of Arab, Berber, Turkish and West African origin, number nearly 30 million and is 99% Moslem.
Les Turcs ou leurs descendants en Algérie sont bien considérés, ont même une association (Association des Turcs algériens), sont souvent des lettrés se fondant naturellement dans la société...Les Kouloughlis (kulughlis en Turc) sont des descendants de Turcs ayant épousé des autochtones pendant la colonisation (la régence) au XVIème et XVIIème siècle...Ce qu'il reste des Turcs en Algérie? De nombreux éléments culturels, culinaires ou architecturaux, de la musique,... Des mots et du vocabulaire, des noms patronymiques comme Othmani ou Osmane (de l'empire Ottoman), Stambouli (d'Istambul), Torki (Turc) ou des noms de métiers ou de fonctions, qui sont devenus des noms de famille avec le temps.
The population [of Tunisia]...is made up mostly of people of Arab, Berber, and Turkish descent
...most of whom follow the Maliki Legal school. Others, claiming Turkish ancestry, follow the Hanafi Legal school.
The majority of Tunisians have always belonged to the Malekite school of the Sunni orthodoxy (their mosques easily recognizable by square minarets). The Turks brought with them the teaching of the Hanefite school (these mosques have octagonal minarets), which still survives among Turkish-descended families...
{{
citation}}
: no-break space character in |quote=
at position 281 (
help)
La famille Ben Romdhan de Mahdia est une famille d'origine turque se réclamant comme toutes les familles notabiliaires de Mahdia (Hamza, Turki, Gazdagli, Agha, Snène…) du rite hanéfite.
De son ancienne grandeur, Mahdia n'avait conservé que l'originalité de son peuplement, la présence de familles d'origine turque dont les noms se sont perpétués jusqu'à nos jours.
National censuses [of Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya] do not query this issue [of language and ethnicity], such ethnicity-based distinctions being seen as antithetical to fostering nationalism.
How many there are in today's population is unclear. Estimates range from five percent to ten percent out of a total population of around 37 million.
Bunun açık belgelerinden birisi, aradan birbuçuk yüzyıllık sömürgecilik döneminin geçmiş olmasına rağmen, Cezayirli ve Tunusluların 25 %'nin Türk asıllı olduğunu övünerek söylemesi, sosyal ve kültürel hayatta Türk kültürünün varlığını hissettirmeye devam etmesi, halk dilinde binlerce Türkçe kelimenin yaşamasıdir.
There are some Libyans who think of themselves as Turkish, or descendants of Turkish soldiers who settled in the area in the days of the Ottoman Empire.
The Turkish rule in Libya left ethnic traces among the Libyans, the so-called Kologhlis
Article 1...the Greek and the Turkish Communities of Cyprus respectively...
Syria's Turkmen communities are descendants of Oghuz Turkish tribal migrants who began moving from Central Asia into the area of modern-day Syria during the 10th century, when the Turkic Seljuk dynasty ruled much of the region. Under the Ottomans, Turkmen were encouraged to establish villages throughout the rural hinterlands of several Syrian cities in order to counter the demographic weight and influence of the settled and nomadic and semi-nomadic Arab tribesmen that populated the region. Syrian Turkmen were also settled to serve as local gendarmes to help assert Ottoman authority over roads and mountain passes in diverse regions such as the Alawite-majority, northwestern coastal governorate of Latakia. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, communities of Turkmen continued to reside in the country.
The largest number of Turkmen immigrants followed the army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificant when he counquered all or Iraq in 1535. Throughout their reign, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along the loosely formed boundary that divided Arab and Kurdish settlements in northern Iraq.
Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants. A predominantly urban population, they are distributed over a number of former garrison towns situated along prominent trade arteries in northern Iraq stretching from the Syrian to the Iranian border, including such major ones as Tel Afar, Mosul, Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu, Kifri, Khanaqin and Mandali. In Kirkuk, Turkomans constituted a plurality in the city, ahead of Kurds and Arabs, at the time of the 1957 census.
{{
citation}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link)
There's a strong conflict of opinions regarding the origins of Iraqi Turkmen, however, it is certain that they settled down during the Ottoman rule in the northwest of Mosul, whence they spread to eastern Baghdad.
{{
citation}}
: |editor2-first=
has generic name (
help)
Today, with the numbers reaching nearly five million, Germany accomodates the largest Turkey-related population by far in comparison to any other country.
Demographic data on religious and ethnic backgrounds is difficult to gather as much of the data collection in Germany is based on nationality by country rather than ethnic group or religion...General consensus, however, suggests that Germany has 82 million residents...of which more than 5 million are...Turks and Kurds...
A Senior European official in Brussels...remarking..."It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany".
There are also approximately 30 000 Turkish Cypriots living in Australia and about 6 000 in Canada and the U.S.A.
Avustralya'da bizim bildiğimiz kadarıyla Melborn ve Sydney'de Kıbrıslı Türk'ler yoğunlaşmış durumdadır ve sayıları 60,000 civarındadır.
Kıbrıslı Türklerin 300 bin kadarı İngiltere'de, 500 bini Türkiye'de, 120 bini Avustralya'da, 5 bini ABD'de, bin 800'ü Kanada'da, çok az bir popülasyon Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti'nde, bin 600'ü Yeni Zellanda'da, 2 bin kadarının da Almanya'da olduğu tahmin ediliyor.