| Postcoital bleeding | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Vaginal bleeding after sex [1] |
| Usual onset | Reproductive age and older [2] |
| Causes | Cervical ectropion, cervical or endometrial polyps, infections including sexually transmitted infection, injury, pregnancy, vaginal atrophy, cervical or endometrial cancer [2] [1] |
| Risk factors | Low estrogen, sexual assault, vigorous sex [2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on examination, pregnancy testing, taking swabs [2] |
| Treatment | Depends on cause [2] |
| Frequency | 5%-10% of females [2] |
Postcoital bleeding (PCB) is vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse that is not related to menstruation. [1] While typically painless, in about 15% of cases pain is present. [2] Often those affected also have abnormal uterine bleeding including intermenstrual bleeding. [2] [1]
Before menopause common causes include cervical ectropion (33%), cervical or endometrial polyps (5% to 18%), infections including sexually transmitted infection, injury, and pregnancy. [2] [1] After menopause the most common cause is vaginal atrophy. [2] [1] It may also be an early signs of cervical or endometrial cancer (7 to 17% of cases). [2] Other causes include endometriosis and a malpositioned intrauterine device. [1] [2] Diagnosis involves examination of the vagina and cervix, pregnancy testing, taking swabs, and sometimes a biopsy. [3] [2] Other tests may include ultrasound, Pap smear, and colposcopy. [1]
Treatment depends on the cause. [2] Silver nitrate may be used to treat cervical ectropion, while cervical polyps can be removed. [1] In more than half of people without a clear cause, symptoms resolve within six month. [1] Referral is recommended to a gynecologist if the condition persists beyond this. [1] Postcoital bleeding is common, affected around 5% to 10% of females. [1] [2] Due to the association with sexual assault, this should be asked about. [1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ardestani, Shakiba; Dason, Ebernella Shirin; Sobel, Mara (11 September 2023). "Postcoital bleeding". Canadian Medical Association journal. 195 (35): E1180. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.230143. ISSN 1488-2329. PMC 10495171. PMID 37696551.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Smith, Roger P. (2023). "60. Postcoital bleeding". Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology: Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-443-10739-9. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ^ Japp, Alan; Robertson, Colin (2018). "33. Vaginal bleeding". Macleod's Clinical Diagnosis (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 288–293. ISBN 978-0-7020-6962-8. Archived from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
| Postcoital bleeding | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Vaginal bleeding after sex [1] |
| Usual onset | Reproductive age and older [2] |
| Causes | Cervical ectropion, cervical or endometrial polyps, infections including sexually transmitted infection, injury, pregnancy, vaginal atrophy, cervical or endometrial cancer [2] [1] |
| Risk factors | Low estrogen, sexual assault, vigorous sex [2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on examination, pregnancy testing, taking swabs [2] |
| Treatment | Depends on cause [2] |
| Frequency | 5%-10% of females [2] |
Postcoital bleeding (PCB) is vaginal bleeding after sexual intercourse that is not related to menstruation. [1] While typically painless, in about 15% of cases pain is present. [2] Often those affected also have abnormal uterine bleeding including intermenstrual bleeding. [2] [1]
Before menopause common causes include cervical ectropion (33%), cervical or endometrial polyps (5% to 18%), infections including sexually transmitted infection, injury, and pregnancy. [2] [1] After menopause the most common cause is vaginal atrophy. [2] [1] It may also be an early signs of cervical or endometrial cancer (7 to 17% of cases). [2] Other causes include endometriosis and a malpositioned intrauterine device. [1] [2] Diagnosis involves examination of the vagina and cervix, pregnancy testing, taking swabs, and sometimes a biopsy. [3] [2] Other tests may include ultrasound, Pap smear, and colposcopy. [1]
Treatment depends on the cause. [2] Silver nitrate may be used to treat cervical ectropion, while cervical polyps can be removed. [1] In more than half of people without a clear cause, symptoms resolve within six month. [1] Referral is recommended to a gynecologist if the condition persists beyond this. [1] Postcoital bleeding is common, affected around 5% to 10% of females. [1] [2] Due to the association with sexual assault, this should be asked about. [1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ardestani, Shakiba; Dason, Ebernella Shirin; Sobel, Mara (11 September 2023). "Postcoital bleeding". Canadian Medical Association journal. 195 (35): E1180. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.230143. ISSN 1488-2329. PMC 10495171. PMID 37696551.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Smith, Roger P. (2023). "60. Postcoital bleeding". Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology: Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0-443-10739-9. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-10-31.
- ^ Japp, Alan; Robertson, Colin (2018). "33. Vaginal bleeding". Macleod's Clinical Diagnosis (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 288–293. ISBN 978-0-7020-6962-8. Archived from the original on 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2023-11-01.