Chilblain | |
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Other names | Pernio, [1] perniones, [2] perniosis, [1] kibes [3] |
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Toes inflamed by chilblains | |
Pronunciation | |
Specialty | Emergency medicine |
Symptoms | Redness, itching, blistering [4] |
Usual onset | Within a few hours [1] |
Duration | 1 to 2 weeks [1] |
Causes | Prolonged cold exposure [5] |
Risk factors | Lupus, smoking, family history, Raynaud's [1] |
Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination [6] |
Differential diagnosis | Frostbite, trench foot, leukemia cutis, cold panniculitis [5] [7] [8] |
Prevention | Keeping the hands and feet warm [1] |
Treatment | Corticosteroid creams [1] |
Chilblains, also known as pernio, is a type of cold injury that results in red, itchy, and tender areas of skin. [1] [4] Less commonly blistering and ulceration may occur. [4] The fingers, toes, ears and cheeks are most commonly affected. [4]
Chilblains typically occurs due to prolonged exposure to cold. [5] [8] The degree of cold; however, is less than freezing, which would result in frostbite. [5] Risk factors include lupus, smoking, family history, and Raynaud's. [1] The underlying mechanism involves the inflammation of small blood vessels. [1] [4] Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and examination. [6]
Prevention is generally by keeping the hands and feet warm. [1] Other measures may include avoiding caffeine and potentially taking nifedipine. [1] Treatment may involve the use of corticosteroid creams. [1] It may take a week or two for an episode to resolve. [1]
Chilblains is relatively common in regions of the world with cold climates. [8] The young and old are most commonly affected. [1] Women are more commonly affected than men. [8] The condition has been described since at least the 1st century by Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus. [9]
Chilblain | |
---|---|
Other names | Pernio, [1] perniones, [2] perniosis, [1] kibes [3] |
![]() | |
Toes inflamed by chilblains | |
Pronunciation | |
Specialty | Emergency medicine |
Symptoms | Redness, itching, blistering [4] |
Usual onset | Within a few hours [1] |
Duration | 1 to 2 weeks [1] |
Causes | Prolonged cold exposure [5] |
Risk factors | Lupus, smoking, family history, Raynaud's [1] |
Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination [6] |
Differential diagnosis | Frostbite, trench foot, leukemia cutis, cold panniculitis [5] [7] [8] |
Prevention | Keeping the hands and feet warm [1] |
Treatment | Corticosteroid creams [1] |
Chilblains, also known as pernio, is a type of cold injury that results in red, itchy, and tender areas of skin. [1] [4] Less commonly blistering and ulceration may occur. [4] The fingers, toes, ears and cheeks are most commonly affected. [4]
Chilblains typically occurs due to prolonged exposure to cold. [5] [8] The degree of cold; however, is less than freezing, which would result in frostbite. [5] Risk factors include lupus, smoking, family history, and Raynaud's. [1] The underlying mechanism involves the inflammation of small blood vessels. [1] [4] Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and examination. [6]
Prevention is generally by keeping the hands and feet warm. [1] Other measures may include avoiding caffeine and potentially taking nifedipine. [1] Treatment may involve the use of corticosteroid creams. [1] It may take a week or two for an episode to resolve. [1]
Chilblains is relatively common in regions of the world with cold climates. [8] The young and old are most commonly affected. [1] Women are more commonly affected than men. [8] The condition has been described since at least the 1st century by Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus. [9]