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Cardiomyopathy
Opened left ventricle showing thickening, dilatation, and subendocardial fibrosis noticeable as increased whiteness of the inside of the heart.
Specialty Cardiology
Symptoms Shortness of breath, feeling tired, swelling of the legs [1]
Complications Heart failure, irregular heart beat, sudden cardiac death [1] [2]
Types Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, takotsubo cardiomyopathy [3]
CausesUnknown, genetic, alcohol, heavy metals, amyloidosis, stress [3] [4]
TreatmentDepends on type and symptoms [5]
Frequency2.5 million with myocarditis (2015) [6]
Deaths354,000 with myocarditis (2015) [7]

Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle. [1] Early on there may be few or no symptoms. [1] As the disease worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure. [1] An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur. [1] Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. [2]

Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome). [3] In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens. [3] In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken. [3] In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens. [3]

In many cases, the cause cannot be determined. [4] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases. [4] Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from alcohol, heavy metals, coronary artery disease, cocaine use, and viral infections. [4] Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and some cancer treatments. [4] Broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress. [3]

Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms. [5] Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. [5] Surgery may include a ventricular assist device or heart transplant. [5] In 2015 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis affected 2.5 million people. [6] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500. [3] [8] They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. [7] [9] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people. [2]

Signs and symptoms

The arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, seen on an ECG

Symptoms of cardiomyopathies may include fatigue, swelling of the lower extremities and shortness of breath after exertion. [10] Additional symptoms of the condition may include arrhythmia, fainting, and dizziness. [10]

Causes

Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or abnormalities of the heart valves. [11] Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable. [12] Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C). [13] [14] [15] Untreated celiac disease can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis. [16] In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes. [14] [17]

A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive', [18] has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development. The current American Heart Association definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge. [19]

Mechanism

The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems. [20]

Diagnosis

Normal sinus rhythm/EKG

Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are: [10]

Classification

Structural categories of cardiomyopathy
Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria: [21]

Treatment

Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant. [10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Types of Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e "What Causes Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d "How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC  5055577. PMID  27733282. {{ cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name ( help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC  5388903. PMID  27733281. {{ cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name ( help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  8. ^ Practical Cardiovascular Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 148. ISBN  9781605478418. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  9. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC  4340604. PMID  25530442. {{ cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name ( help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  10. ^ a b c d "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  11. ^ Lakdawala, NK; Stevenson, LW; Loscalzo, J (2015). "Chapter 287". In Kasper, DL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Longo, DL; Jameson, JL; Loscalzo, J (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1553. ISBN  978-0-07-180215-4.
  12. ^ Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lilly, Leonard S., Harvard Medical School. (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN  978-1605477237. OCLC  649701807.{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: others ( link)
  13. ^ Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L (2008). "Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy". Nurs Stand (Review). 22 (38): 42–7. doi: 10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565. PMID  18578120.
  14. ^ a b Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B, et al. (2017). "The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook". Heart Fail Rev (Review). 22 (6): 743–752. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4. PMID  28721466.
  15. ^ Domont F, Cacoub P (2016). "Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?". Liver Int (Review). 36 (5): 621–7. doi: 10.1111/liv.13064. PMID  26763484. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  16. ^ Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH (2017). "Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease". World J Cardiol (Review). 9 (8): 652–666. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652. PMC  5583538. PMID  28932354.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  17. ^ Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS (2017). "Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review". Vet Sci (Review). 4 (1): 19. doi: 10.3390/vetsci4010019. PMC  5606618. PMID  29056678.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  18. ^ Valentin Fuster; John Willis Hurst (2004). Hurst's the heart. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1884–. ISBN  978-0-07-143225-2. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  19. ^ McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012). "Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era". Biochem Res Int. 2012: 796926. doi: 10.1155/2012/796926. PMC  3423823. PMID  22924131.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  20. ^ Harvey, Pamela A.; Leinwand, Leslie A. (8 August 2011). "Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy". The Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (3): 355–365. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201101100. ISSN  0021-9525. PMC  3153638. PMID  21825071.
  21. ^ Vinay, Kumar (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. p. 396. ISBN  978-1-4377-1781-5.
  22. ^ a b c Maron, Barry J.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Thiene, Gaetano; Antzelevitch, Charles; Corrado, Domenico; Arnett, Donna; Moss, Arthur J.; Seidman, Christine E.; Young, James B. (11 April 2006). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–1816. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. ISSN  0009-7322. PMID  16567565. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  23. ^ a b Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (2015). "Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects". Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 108 (4): 258–68. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006. PMID  25858537.
  24. ^ Rose NR (2016). "Viral myocarditis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 28 (4): 383–9. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303. PMC  4948180. PMID  27166925.
  25. ^ Lipshultz, Steven E.; Messiah, Sarah E.; Miller, Tracie L. (5 April 2012). Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200. ISBN  9781447123651. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.

Further reading

External links

Look up cardiomyopathy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Scholia has a topic profile for Mr. Ibrahem/Cardiomyopathy.


Category:RTT Category:RTTEM

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Cardiomyopathy&oldid=1091462766"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cardiomyopathy
Opened left ventricle showing thickening, dilatation, and subendocardial fibrosis noticeable as increased whiteness of the inside of the heart.
Specialty Cardiology
Symptoms Shortness of breath, feeling tired, swelling of the legs [1]
Complications Heart failure, irregular heart beat, sudden cardiac death [1] [2]
Types Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, takotsubo cardiomyopathy [3]
CausesUnknown, genetic, alcohol, heavy metals, amyloidosis, stress [3] [4]
TreatmentDepends on type and symptoms [5]
Frequency2.5 million with myocarditis (2015) [6]
Deaths354,000 with myocarditis (2015) [7]

Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle. [1] Early on there may be few or no symptoms. [1] As the disease worsens, shortness of breath, feeling tired, and swelling of the legs may occur, due to the onset of heart failure. [1] An irregular heart beat and fainting may occur. [1] Those affected are at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. [2]

Types of cardiomyopathy include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome). [3] In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens. [3] In dilated cardiomyopathy the ventricles enlarge and weaken. [3] In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens. [3]

In many cases, the cause cannot be determined. [4] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually inherited, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases. [4] Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from alcohol, heavy metals, coronary artery disease, cocaine use, and viral infections. [4] Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and some cancer treatments. [4] Broken heart syndrome is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress. [3]

Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms. [5] Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. [5] Surgery may include a ventricular assist device or heart transplant. [5] In 2015 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis affected 2.5 million people. [6] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500. [3] [8] They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. [7] [9] Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people. [2]

Signs and symptoms

The arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, seen on an ECG

Symptoms of cardiomyopathies may include fatigue, swelling of the lower extremities and shortness of breath after exertion. [10] Additional symptoms of the condition may include arrhythmia, fainting, and dizziness. [10]

Causes

Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, or abnormalities of the heart valves. [11] Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable. [12] Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including Hepatitis C). [13] [14] [15] Untreated celiac disease can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis. [16] In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes. [14] [17]

A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive', [18] has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development. The current American Heart Association definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge. [19]

Mechanism

The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems. [20]

Diagnosis

Normal sinus rhythm/EKG

Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are: [10]

Classification

Structural categories of cardiomyopathy
Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria: [21]

Treatment

Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted pacemakers for slow heart rates, defibrillators for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, ventricular assist devices (VADs) for severe heart failure, or ablation for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant. [10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  2. ^ a b c "Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Types of Cardiomyopathy". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e "What Causes Cardiomyopathy?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d "How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?". NHLBI. 22 June 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  6. ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC  5055577. PMID  27733282. {{ cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name ( help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  7. ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC  5388903. PMID  27733281. {{ cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name ( help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  8. ^ Practical Cardiovascular Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 148. ISBN  9781605478418. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016.
  9. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC  4340604. PMID  25530442. {{ cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name ( help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link)
  10. ^ a b c d "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  11. ^ Lakdawala, NK; Stevenson, LW; Loscalzo, J (2015). "Chapter 287". In Kasper, DL; Fauci, AS; Hauser, SL; Longo, DL; Jameson, JL; Loscalzo, J (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1553. ISBN  978-0-07-180215-4.
  12. ^ Pathophysiology of heart disease : a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. Lilly, Leonard S., Harvard Medical School. (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011. ISBN  978-1605477237. OCLC  649701807.{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: others ( link)
  13. ^ Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L (2008). "Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy". Nurs Stand (Review). 22 (38): 42–7. doi: 10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565. PMID  18578120.
  14. ^ a b Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B, et al. (2017). "The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook". Heart Fail Rev (Review). 22 (6): 743–752. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4. PMID  28721466.
  15. ^ Domont F, Cacoub P (2016). "Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?". Liver Int (Review). 36 (5): 621–7. doi: 10.1111/liv.13064. PMID  26763484. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  16. ^ Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH (2017). "Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease". World J Cardiol (Review). 9 (8): 652–666. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652. PMC  5583538. PMID  28932354.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  17. ^ Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS (2017). "Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review". Vet Sci (Review). 4 (1): 19. doi: 10.3390/vetsci4010019. PMC  5606618. PMID  29056678.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  18. ^ Valentin Fuster; John Willis Hurst (2004). Hurst's the heart. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 1884–. ISBN  978-0-07-143225-2. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  19. ^ McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012). "Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era". Biochem Res Int. 2012: 796926. doi: 10.1155/2012/796926. PMC  3423823. PMID  22924131.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI ( link)
  20. ^ Harvey, Pamela A.; Leinwand, Leslie A. (8 August 2011). "Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy". The Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (3): 355–365. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201101100. ISSN  0021-9525. PMC  3153638. PMID  21825071.
  21. ^ Vinay, Kumar (2013). Robbins Basic Pathology. Elsevier. p. 396. ISBN  978-1-4377-1781-5.
  22. ^ a b c Maron, Barry J.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Thiene, Gaetano; Antzelevitch, Charles; Corrado, Domenico; Arnett, Donna; Moss, Arthur J.; Seidman, Christine E.; Young, James B. (11 April 2006). "Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies". Circulation. 113 (14): 1807–1816. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287. ISSN  0009-7322. PMID  16567565. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  23. ^ a b Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (2015). "Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects". Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 108 (4): 258–68. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006. PMID  25858537.
  24. ^ Rose NR (2016). "Viral myocarditis". Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 28 (4): 383–9. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303. PMC  4948180. PMID  27166925.
  25. ^ Lipshultz, Steven E.; Messiah, Sarah E.; Miller, Tracie L. (5 April 2012). Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200. ISBN  9781447123651. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.

Further reading

External links

Look up cardiomyopathy in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Scholia has a topic profile for Mr. Ibrahem/Cardiomyopathy.


Category:RTT Category:RTTEM

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Cardiomyopathy&oldid=1091462766"

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