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Planning

Objective:

In general:

• add citations
• correct existing citations
• Re-write close paraphrasing

Specific:

• Add information from 1 source to Event Warming Systems ::DONE::
• Find a main article for Dune stabilization and add in information from 1 source ::DONE::

• find another peer-reviewed source ::DONE::

Article Draft

Lead

Article body

original:

Dune stabilisation

Stabilising dunes can help protect beaches by catching windblown sand, increasing natural beach formation. Dune stabilisation/sand dune management employs public amenities such as car parks, footpaths, Dutch Ladders and boardwalks to reduce erosion and the removal of sand by humans. Noticeboards, leaflets and beach wardens explain to visitors how to avoid damaging the area. Beach areas can be closed to the public to reduce damage. Fences can allow sand traps to create blowouts and increase windblown sand capture. Plants such as Ammophila (Marram grass) can bind the sediment.

• find main article ::DONE::
• add information from main source ::DONE::
• correct spelling of "stabilization"  ::DONE::

My edited version:

Sand Dune Stabilization

Main article: Sand dune stabilization

Sand dunes are a common feature of beaches and provide a habitat for many organisms. They are useful when preventing the erosion of beaches, and can catch windblown sand which over time increases the natural formation of the beach. To stabilize sand dunes, foredune flora and backdune flora are planted. Foredune flora are typically plants with a tolerance for salt spray, strong winds and are capable surviving being buried underneath blown sand. Some examples are Ammophila arenaria, Honckenya peploides, Cakile maritima, and Spartina coarctata. ^[1] Whereas backdune flora grow into dense patches called dune mats, which helps to hold dune structure. Examples of backdune flora are Hudsonia tomentosa, spartina patens, and Iva imbricata. ^[1] After these plants have taken root, the shrub stage begins. Since the previously established plants have stabilized the dunes, during the shrub stage larger plants with bigger root systems are able to grow. This allows for further stabilization of sand dunes. These larger plants, along with wooden sand fences, footpaths, Dutch ladders and boardwalks help to catch windblown sand. ^[1]

Stabilizing sand dunes with plants is a common practice and can be implemented on private and public beaches. When implementing the stabilization sand dunes on privately owned beaches with multiple owners, coming to a consensual agreement tends to be complicated. Some owners may prefer to leave the dunes bare, while others would rather plant more visually appealing plants. In comparison, when implementing dune stabilization on publicly owned beaches, there are less parties to confer with. Therefore, agreements about implementation can be reached in a quicker fashion.

Sand dunes are vulnerable to human activities. Therefore, they need as little human interaction as possible for their protection. Human coastal activities has led to the erosion and loss of plant life on sand dunes. ^[2] Plant life has been established as an important stabilizing factor of sand dunes and the loss of it will cause more erosion. To prevent this, noticeboards, leaflets, and beach wardens explain to visitors how to avoid damaging the area. Also, beach areas can be closed to the public to reduce damage. Another option is fences which allow sand traps to create blowouts and increase windblown sand capture.

original:

Event warning systems

Event warning systems, such as tsunami warnings and storm surge warnings, can be used to minimize the human impact of catastrophic events that cause coastal erosion. Storm surge warnings can help determine when to close floodgates.

Wireless sensor networks can aid monitoring.

• add in information from source

my edited version:

Application of Warning Systems

Warning systems for severe weather events such as tsunamis, storm surges and flooding are helpful for notifying the public when to evacuate and can also be used to help minimize coastal damage. A more recent example of a warning system is the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). This system constantly communicates data every five minutes from a sea level gauge to an internet server via a bidirectional data transfer. ^[3] The data can then be interpreted and used to predict tsunamis and storm surges, allowing for more time to build damage-preventing structures like levees. Predictions based on the data can also be used to estimate when to close floodgates.

Overview:

^[4]“Coastal Management.” StudySmarter US, https://www.studysmarter.us/explanations/geography/coasts-geography/coastal-management/.

• Covers the basics of Coastal management. The website also talks about the different types of engineering (hard and soft), and government approaches.
• This is good background knowledge and could be used to correct some misinformation.

^[5] US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “NOAA Foundation Article on NOAA Coastal Management.” NOAA 200th Foundations: A History of Treasuring Our Coastlines and Estuaries, 12 Dec. 2006, https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/coastmgmt/welcome.html#todaytomorrow.

• Talks about the environmental importance of the coast, the Coastal Zone Management Actin 1972, the challenges that the coastal areas face, the National CZMA, NERRS, and the different efforts that are currently under way.
• This information can be used in the History section as well as the Monitoring section

^[6] Kamphuis, J. William. “Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management (Third Edition).” Google Books, Google, https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2XfpDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=coastal%2Bmanagement%2Bengineering&ots=I-dAixunQ-&sig=1Xh-ZDgboUkKzSA2W3qkjY1kH-Q#v=twopage&q&f=false.

• The book give a more engineering look into coastal management. The introduction includes some history about Middle Eastern Civilizations and how they dealt with flooding and other coastal challenges. Section 1.9 goes into coastal design and gives insight on what ways of thinking it requires.
• This can be used for updating/correcting the history, planning approaches or construction techniques.

^[7] Nobre AM (2011) Scientific approaches to address challenges in coastal management. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 434:279-289. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09250.

• Talks about how humans have had a negative effect on the coastal environment and mentions different management options like marine spatial planning, ecosystem-based management and ecological modeling.
• Can be used to help fill in and correct the planning approaches section

^[8] Lin, T. Y., Van Onselen V.M., and L. P. Vo. "Coastal Erosion in Vietnam: Case Studies and Implication for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Vietnamese South-Central Coastline." IOP Conference Series.Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 652, no. 1, 2021. ProQuest, https://unh.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/coastal-erosion-vietnam-case-studies-implication/docview/2512971960/se-2, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/652/1/012009.

• This paper goes over case studies in Vietnam about coastal zoning and the impacts that human activity and global climate change has had on the coast.
• Can be good for adding in real life examples of zoning.

^[9]Powell, E.J., Tyrrell, M.C., Milliken, A. et al. A review of coastal management approaches to support the integration of ecological and human community planning for climate change. J Coast Conserv 23, 1–18 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-018-0632-y

• This paper introduces Grey, Natural and Hybrid infrastructure. It brings up the differences of the three and the current uses of them. It also compares the benefits, opportunities and challenges of implementing any of the three types.
• This will be helpful when adding to the Planning Approaches section.

References