My sandbox

On 10 June, Pakistani security forces carried out aerial strikes in Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency in the northwestern tribal areas next to the Afghan border, during which nine militant hideouts were destroyed and at least 25 militants were killed ^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}. The aerial strikes were conducted in the wake of the attack, and were an extension of a campaign of military operations against militants being conducted since the past few months. ^{[2] [1]} The area was believed to be used as a shelter for several anti-state militant factions and foreign fighters from Central Asia. ^{[1] [3]}

On 11 June, the Army decided to intensify air strikes on militant hideouts following a conference between top military commanders at the General Headquarters, Rawalpindi. ^{[5] [6]}

On the early hours of Thursday 12 June, the U.S. conducted two successive drone strikes near Miramshah in North Waziristan, after a nearly six-month break in US drone campaigns in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. The drone strikes killed 16 suspected militants. According to a Pakistani intelligence sources, the militants killed included four Uzbeks, a few key Afghan Taliban commanders and members, and two members of TTP Punjab. ^{[7] [8]}

On 15 June, Pakistan Air Force fighter jets bombed eight militant hideouts in North Waziristan, during which at least 105 militants ^{[9] [6]} (or up to 150 according to other official sources) ^[10] were killed according to security officials. Most of those killed during the strikes were Uzbek fighters, as the targets were predominantly Uzbek hideouts, and the dead included insurgents linked to the airport attack. ^[10] Military and intelligence sources confirmed the presence of foreign and local militants in the hideouts before the military operation. Abu Abdur Rehman Almani, a key Uzbek militant commander and a mastermind of the attack, was also reported killed. Some foreign militants from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a Uyghur separatist group from western China, were also among the dead. ^{[11] [6]}

Lacccadives Scramble
Date February 1948 Location Lacccadives Status Indian victory Territorial changes Lacccadives annexed into the Union of India
Belligerents
Union of India Kingdom of Travancore	Dominion of Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Vallabhbhai Patel	Liaquat Ali Khan
Units involved
Travancore Police   Indian Navy	Pakistan Navy

The Scramble of Lacccadives was a military race between Pakistan Navy and Indian authorities in Travancore to reach the islands of Lakshadweep and annex the territory which took place in late August 1947. Both countries deployed naval vessels but the indian authorities were able to reach first annexing the islands.

The Aminidivi islands under the rule of Tipu Sultan of Mysore Kingdom in 1787 were annexed to the British Raj in 1799 after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The rest of the islands remained under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family in return for a payment of annual tribute. ^[129] The British took over the administration of those islands in 1908 for nonpayment of arrears and attached it to the Madras Presidency. ^[130] As Lacccadives were not a separate entity so they weren't considered during the Partition of India and thus their status was unclear so Pakistan attempted to take hold of these islands. ^[131]

At the end of August, 1947, Liaquat Ali Khan, came to realisation that Lacccadives, a region with Muslim majority didn't become a part of Pakistan and could be taken control of with ease. The Deputy Prime Minister of India, Vallabhbhai Patel, also started to think about Lacccadives. ^{[131] [132] [133]}

So , the Royal Pakistan Navy sent a naval vessel towards Lacccadives from Karachi. In India Vallabhbhai Patel was informed about the plannings in Karachi. He immediately sent collector of Travancore to Lacccadives. ^{[131] [132] [133]} He also sent a message to Mudaliar brothers to convey the collector of Travancore to order the police officials to go to Lacccadives with available weaponry. Vallabhbhai Patel stated “If the police forces no firearms with them, they can take lathis with them but somehow take possession of the area.” ^[134] and the Flag of India was raised. ^[131]

A few hours later, Pakistani warship reached and had to return on seeing the Indian flag flying. ^{[131] [132] [133]}

The islands were annexed into the Dominion of India and became part of the Madras State under the Constitution of India in 1950. ^[135] In 1956, the islands which were had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras state, was organized into a separate union territory administered by the Government of India, following the States Reorganisation Act. ^{[136] [137]} The territory which was known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands became Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.

fr:Émeutes de mai 1967 en Guadeloupe

1967 Guadeloupe riots
A mural painted in the remembrance of the victims in Point-à-Pitre
Location	Guadeloupe
Caused by	Racism, Socio-economic inequalities and Low Wages
Goals	Increase of Wages, Separatism
Methods	Riots, Traffic Obstruction and Civil disobedience
Parties
France Police Nationale CRS National Gendarmerie Mobile Gendarmerie Demonstrators GONG
Lead figures
De Gaulle Pierre Bolotte Jacques Nestor  †
Casualties and losses
30+ wounded ~87-200 killed

The riots of May 1967 in Guadeloupe were clashes which occurred between gendarmes and demonstrators on the island during strikes following a racially motivated attack. The riots resulted in the deaths of 87 people (1985 estimate, 1967 estimate reported 7 deaths). ^{[138] [139]} Other sources estimate the number to be between 80 and 200. ^[140]

Guadeloupe, an island with a number of socio-economic inequalities between the peoples of European and African ancestry ^{[141] [142]} significantly increased by the social transformation policies relaunched by the French government to compensate for the damage caused by Hurricane Inez . ^[143]

Moreover due to the Decolonisation movements taking place in other parts of the world, similar separatist movements also began to take form in Guadeloupe, such as GONG but the Gaullist movement in France was not willing to negotiate because of the strategic location of the island. ^[144] So these movements came into direct conflict with the French authorities, police and paramilitaries. ^[145]

On March 20, 1967, Vladimir Snarsky, white owner of a large shoe store in Basse-Terre , unleashes his German shepherd to chase away Raphaël Balzinc, an old black and disabled shoemaker who set up his stall in front of the store. ^{[146] [147]} The white owner, was the local leader of the Gaullist UNR party , ironically asked his dog “Say hello to the nigger!” ". This racist incident sparked riots and strikes in Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre. Two squadrons of National Gendarmerie were deployed in Guadeloupe. ^[148]

On May 24, 1967, construction workers in Guadeloupe went on strike to obtain a 2.5% salary increase and parity in social rights. ^[149]

On May 26, at noon, a crowd gathered in front of the Pointe-à-Pitre Chamber of Commerce and waited while negotiations took place between union organizations and the employer representatives. Around 12:45 p.m., they learned from a representative that the negotiations had broken down and rumors began to spread. ^[150]

The employers' representative, Georges Brizzard , reportedly said: " When the Negroes are hungry, they will go back to work!". The Demonstrators started chanting “ Djibouti , Djibouti” to recall the violence which had taken place there , with the French Army shooting separatist demonstrators on sight. ^[138].

The clashes began with tear gas grenades fired by the gendarmes against demonstrators who threw Lambi conch shells , stones and glass bottles. On the morning of May 26, Mobile Gendarmerie opened fire during violent demonstrations by strikers, causing several injuries. ^[151] When a gendarme took off his helmet to wipe his forehead , he received a violent blow to his head severely injuring him, the Mobile Gendarmerie open fire in retaliation, causing the death of Jacques Nestor, a prominent activist of the Guadeloupe National Organization Group. . According to the authorities, the firefight was initiated by demonstrators who opened fire first. ^[151]

The French authorities initially believed the insurrection to be fomented by the GONG but investigations revealed the riots to be spontaneous. ^[147]

Some sources state that the opening of fire on demonstrators was knowingly approved by the French government. ^[152]

The official toll from the authorities at the time of the massacre was 7 to 8 dead. In 1985, the Secretary of State for the French Overseas Territories, Georges Lemoine, confirmed the death toll of atleast 87 victims, cross-checked from several administrative sources, including the General Intelligence. ^[153] Most estimates put the death toll between 80 to 200, exact death toll was difficult to determine due to the destruction of archives. ^[140] MP Christiane Taubira put the death toll around one hundred. ^[154]

More than 30 Gendarmes (some red kepis ' Mobile Gendarmerie" ^[155]) and members of the Republican Security Companies were reportedly injured by the demonstrators ^[156]

A mural was painted in remembrance of the victims on May 26, 2007 in Pointe-à-Pitre. ^[157]

Commemorations of the victims were held in 2017 , demanding the opening of classified archives. ^[158]

• Biloute , a song by Mé swasannsèt , album Rékòlt, 2010

• Jacques Le Cornec, A West Indian kingdom: of stories and dreams and mixed peoples , L'Harmattan, 2005
• Raymond Gama and Jean Pierre Sainton, Mé 67 , Guadeloupean publishing and distribution company, 1985
• Jean Plumasseau, In the name of the fatherland , Éditions Nestor, 2012
• Raymond Gama (2011). Éd. Lespwisavann (ed.). Mé 67:mémoire d'un événement (in French). Port-Louis. ISBN  978-2-9527540-4-0. OCLC  779736808.{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) ^[103]

• “May 1967 in Guadeloupe, investigation into a forgotten massacre” on January 15, 2014 in 50 years of news stories on 13th street and on Planète+ Justice .
• “May 1967, Police repression in Guadeloupe” broadcast by Fabrice Desplan, France Ô .
• “May 67 – Don’t shoot the children of the republic” by Mike Horn, 2017, France Ô .
• “The debate: May 67, the legacy of a revolt". Historical magazine presented by Fabrice d'Almeida in Histoire d'Outre-Mer, France Ô (broadcast on 01/31/2018)

• Rendez with avec X, par Patrick Pesnot on France Inter, 7 March 2009: « May 1967 : The massacre at Pointe-à-Pitre. ^[159]
• Sensitive affairs, by Fabrice Drouelle on France Inter , broadcast on Thursday April 28, 2016: “When the blacks are hungry, they will return to work” Guadeloupe, May 67, a bloody repression. ^{[160] [161]}

• “Diable Positif: The massacre of May 67”, posted online on May 10, 2020 ^[162].
• "Racisme d'Etat : "Le déni est bien construit" - Par La rédaction | Arrêt sur images". www.arretsurimages.net.

• “50 years ago, the Guadeloupean demonstrations ended in massacre”, on Slate. ^[163]
• “From the forgotten massacres of May 1967 in Guadeloupe to the beginnings of the modern security order in the neighborhoods”, on Bastamag. ^[164]

• May 67 , by Thomas Cantaloube (Gallimard, the Black Series, 2023) (in French)
• Where dogs bark by their tails, by Estelle-Sarah Bulle (Liana Levi, 2018) (in French)

he:פלגה 914

June 1972 near the Lebanon Coast Shayetet 13 Dvor 883 under the command of Dan Rabin and senior commander in the sea Eli Levi and INS Sa'ar under the command of Zvi Yanai carried out an ambush for a militant boa that was destroyed.

On October 16, 1973 two Dvor ships were used for rescue and transport for the force of Shayetet 13 participating in Operation Lady. ^[165] From October 17-20 off the coast of Beirut, the Unit 707 vessels of Shayetet 7 along with two bees sabotaged maritime communication lines disrupting the communication lines. ^[166]

On June 7, 1978 in the Haifa naval base an explosion in the wheelhouse of Dvor 862 as a result of hydraulic oil vapors from the steering system or fuel leakage from the rubber boat tanks killed Corporal Rafi Malka ^[167]

On August 9, 1974 in southern Lebanon in front of the Port of Tzur a Dvor boat of the squadron destroyed a militant boat. ^[168] On June 3-4, 1979, near Rosh HaNkira, a militant boat targeting the coastal radar was captured by a bee. On August 17-18, 1979 in the sector of Ras al-Bayada a militant boat was captured. On November 18, 1979 three bees under the control of Col. Moshe Oron chased and 853 bees under the command of Eran Osherov destroyed a militant boat. ^[169] On June 16, 1980 near Rosh HaNkira a fast terrorist boat trying to penetrate from Lebanon was discovered by the control control and intercepted by Dvor 894 under the command of Dan Rabin. A militant fired a missile that hit the Dvor. Two wounded, one moderately injured were evacuated by helicopter. The three militants were neutralized. On September 23, 1984 in front of the Sidon beach Dvor team 853, under the command of Lieutenant Yehiel Klusky, noticed at 5:30 that some militants were trying to penetrate. In an exchange of fire with IDF soldiers on the beach, 3 militants were killed and several were captured. ^[170] On October 19, 1984 near the Coast of South Lebanon Dvor blocked a militant boat killing two militants in exchange of fire. On August 26, 1985 about 14 miles west of Sidon, a militant yacht was captured. On July 10, 1986 on the coast of Rosh HaNkira a rubber boat with militants from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine was discovered by Devor 852 under the command of Idan in an exchange of fire, two IDF soldiers were killed and eleven were wounded meanwhile the four militants were killed and their boat was destroyed. ^[171] On September 10, 1986 about five kilometers north of Tzur INS Moladat (commanded by Noam Feig), with Dvora 881 (commanded by Micah Shitkin) with the help of combat helicopters, discovered a rubber boat 600 meters from the beach of Mint Abu Zeid and fired at it. Some of the militants were injured and the rest managed to escape with the boat to the shore. On December 10, 1987 in the area of the Litani estuary the Dvora 894 ship under the command of Eran Shor destroyed a militant ship during the encounter, Sergeant Major Amit Sela was killed ^[172] On December 4, 1988 between Cyprus and Lebanon a Dvora boat stopped the ship 'Hassan' which was involved in the transfer of militants from Cyprus to Lebanon. On April 8, 1989 off the coast of Southern Lebanon a militant boat was destroyed by Dvora 810 under the command of Ido Ram. On October 30, 1989 near the coast of South Lebanon the ship Dvora 811 under the command of Lieutenant Danny Naor, encountered a militant boat that was on its way to an attack in Israel and destroyed it. On November 13, 1989 in the waters of Southern Lebanon an attempted attack on the ship Dvora 811 under the command of Dani Naor, by a Lebanese fishing boat, was thwarted. On June 23, 1990 southwest of Tyre a militant boat that was on its way to the attack was destroyed by Deborah 811 under the command of Dani Naor. ^[173] On July 31 1990 in front of Rashidiya Dvora 811 under the command of Dani Naor discovered a fast boat with armed militants on it. On 5 September 1990 near Sidon INS Reshef (Saar 4) under the command of Aryeh Nagler, and Dvora 816 under the command of Dani Amir captured a militant from a ferry. On July 10, 1994 near Ras al Bayda Dvora 813 under the command of Boris Vossler killed two militants of the Hezbollah who were on their way to carry out an attack. ^[174]

On July 14, 2006 INS Hanit was damaged by a Hezbollah rocket and a Davor boat of the squadron destroyed a gas station. ^{[175] [176] [177]}

he:כנף 7

Air Wing 7
כנף 7
Logo of the Wing
Active	2022 – present
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Defense Forces
Branch	Israeli Air Force
Type	Special Forces Wing
Garrison/HQ	Palmachim Airbase
Nickname(s)	Special Forces Wing
Commanders
Current commander	Lt. Col J [178]
Notable commanders	Omri Gonen

Wing 7 is the special air forces wing of the Israeli Air Force. It is composed of three combat units Unit 669, Shaldag Unit and Unit 5700. The wing's permanent base is at the Palmachim Airbase.

The wing was established out of an operational need to deal with the Air Force's core challenge of having a special operative force for designated operationz. The wing is a complementary component to the Air Force's activities through special operations in routine and emergency. The wing's main missions include: ^[179]

• Special reconnaissance
• Tactical air control
• Airfield Assault Zone establishment
• Combat search and rescue
• Operation of forward airstrips and airfields

The wing currently has 3 operational units.

• Unit 669 - Special Tactics and Rescue Unit
• Shaldag Unit - Air Commando Unit
• Unit 5700 - Forward Base Operatives

Until the establishment of the Wing, the wing's units were subordinated to the various air force bases and the professional direction was the responsibility of the Special Air Forces Command. With the establishment of the wing in July 2020, the command of the Special Air Forces that operated at the Air Force Headquarters was abolished, and a SAF branch in the attack department and a SAF training section in an integrated training branch was established at the corps headquarters. ^[179]

Following the surprise attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, the Shaldag Unit was deployed to fight Hamas militants in the communities they had infiltrated. The unit's fighters were flown by helicopters to the rear of the terrorist units and fought in the Battle of Re'im Camp, the Battle of Kibbutz Be'eri, the Battle of Kibbutz Alumim, the Battle of Holit, and the Battle of Kfar Aza. During the battles, five of the Shaldag Unit fighters were killed. ^{[180] [181]} Similarly, the Unit 669 was the first to reach certain combat centers, the unit evacuated hundreds of wounded in operational cooperation with the circle of elite units in the IDF , especially the mobility unit. ^{[182] [183] [184]}

The Shaldag Unit participated in the raid on Shifa Hospital and the exposure of Hamas's tunnel network beneath it, together with Yahalom fighters from the Combat Engineering Corps and Oketz Unit. ^[185]

On December 20, Shaldag Unit along with Sayeret Matkal, Shayetet 13, the 401st Brigade, and Oketz fighters, completed the takeover of the "Senior Officials' Quarter" of Hamas in Palestine Square in the Rimal neighborhood in central Gaza City. The quarter served as the main governmental and security hub of Hamas. The complex includes an extensive tunnel network connecting the offices of senior officials, safe houses, offices, and residences of the military wing and the military leadership of Hamas in the Gaza Strip. ^[186] On February , together with other special forces, the Unit 669 took a major part in Operation Golden Hand to free two hostages, Fernando Simon Merman and Luis Har, who were held in Rafah . ^[187] The force and the abductees from the scene of the operation were taken by Unit 669 to the evacuation helicopter , which evacuated the abductees to the Sheba Medical Center. ^[188]

• "A video on the YouTube channel of the Israeli Air Force".
• "סערה על הקרקע". Israeli Air Force website.

he:יחידת ההנחתה הקדמית

Unit 5700
יחידת ההנחתה הקדמית
Unit logo
Active	December 10, 1973 – present
Country	Israel
Branch	Israeli Air Force
Type	Special Operations Force
Role	Airfield Assault Zone establishment, special reconnaissance, Air traffic control, fire support
Part of	Israeli Air Force
Garrison/HQ	Nevatim Airbase
Nickname(s)	YHK
Engagements	Yom Kippur War Operation Litani 1982 Lebanon War Operation Moshe Israel-Hamas war
Insignia
Former Insignia

The mission of the unit is to locate and operate forward airfields and airstrips usable for aircraft , which are not permanent airfields of the Israeli Air Force.

The role is carried out by a "frontal assault lander and includes paratroopers, examining the suitability of the region for the task, marking them and establishing temporary airstrip. ^[189] The inspection of the intended runways is carried out by a "soil examiner" who is also the professional authority that approves the landing on the spot.The work is carried out with the transport planes and various aircraft and it requires knowledge of communication and flight control and infantry , navigation and mobility skills. ^[190]

It also plays to role in the security of Airforce installations. The role of the unit is similar to that of United States Air Force Combat Control Team.

The unit was established on December 10, 1973 at the Lod Airbase . Avraham Shavit was the first to establish the unit then called as the "route branch" ^[191]. In the Yom Kippur War, the unit participated under the command of Amos Jordan. In 1978 she participated in Operation Litani ^[192]. In the 1982 Lebanon War, the unit was deployed at the Beirut International Airport for Air Force operations, and at Anzer, Marj and Damour. In Operation Moshe, the unit's soldiers helped in the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews. The unit also transported humanitarian aid to Rwanda and took part in military exercises in Mexico. In 2008, the unit was deployed at the Nevatim Airbase. ^[193] In 2009, the unit joined the Special Forces wing of Israeli Air Force. The unit also participated in the Israel-Hamas war. ^[194] In 2024, female personnel were integrated into the unit for the first time. ^[195]

• Prerequisites : medical profile 82 or higher, KBA 53 or higher, DPR 50 or higher. The screening includes computerized tests, medical examinations, a security investigation and an interview.
• Military training - Same training as that given to Unit 669 and Shaldag Unit special operatives.
• Recruitment - a limited, one-year recruitment cycle, held at the end of November.

• Eran Belcher. "נחיתה רכה". Israeli Air Force website.
• "YHK (יחידת נחיתה קדימה)". Israeli Air Force website.
• "בעיר חיל האוויר, על קרקע בטוחה". Israeli Air Force website.
• "At every point on the globe: the air fighters who extend the Israeli arm". Walla (in Hebrew). November 30, 2017.
• Maya Polak (December 3, 2019). "היחיד שבנה רצועת נחיתה באיראן לפני תקיפה ישראלית". Makor Rishon (in Hebrew).
• Hanan Greenwood (October 29, 2018). "מסווג: היחידה שמנחת מטוסים בשטח האויב". Israel Hayom.
• Zohar Neiger (December 1, 2021). "שדה תעופה נייד,". Israeli Air Force website.
• "היחידה שמנחיתה לוחמים בלב הקרב". IDF website. December 18, 2023.
• Love Turgeman (April 11, 2023). "איך נוחתים בעפר". Israeli Air Force website.

he:שייטת הנחתות

11th Flotilla
שייטת הנחתות
Coat of arms of Shayetet 3 11
Active	1948-1957, 1964-1993, 2022-present
Country	Israel
Branch	Israeli Navy
Type	Amphibious warfare flotilla
Size	2 Ships (Currently with plans for more)
Part of	Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Ashdod Naval Base
Nickname(s)	Amphibious Flotilla
Commanders
Notable commanders	#Commanders
Insignia
Warrior pin

The Landing flotilla officially known as the Shayetet 11 is the Amphibious warfare fleet of the Israeli Navy. It is tasked with amphibious landings and logistics. The unit established during Israeli War of Independence was abolished in 1993 and was re-established in 2022.

The function of the unit is amphibious landings and naval encirclement. In preparation for the Israeli War of Independence, it's role was defined as the creation of coastal bridgeheads and transport of supplies to isolated settlements. From then till 1993, the flotilla took part in many wars and many operations when it was abolished. It was re-established in 2022 and became operational in 2024 amidst the backdrop of Israel Hamas war.

The table below includes the vessels that were used by the flotilla. ^[196]

Name	Service	Notes	Commanders	Photo
INS Hanna Senesh (Sh-29)	1948 - 1951	In Operation Ben Ami, a force from the Carmeli Brigade landed in the captivity of Zion and evacuated the families of kibbutzim the Western Galilee to the Port of Haifa. Brought a force from the 22nd Battalion of the Carmeli Brigade to raid the Litani bridges - "Operation Kathriel" which was canceled due to the entry of the first ceasefire (June 11, 1948)	Israel Averbuch Shaul Avni
2 British tank landing crafts		Length 48 meters, width 9 meters, thrust 300 tons, 3 propellers, 10.5 knots. Charger: up to 5 tanks weighing 30 tons; or 3 tanks weighing 50 tons; or 9 trucks; or 250 tons.
INS Nevertheless	July 1948 - 1958	Originally a missile boat LCT(r)-147 landing Battalion training, during Suez crisis. It was planned to land a force in the Gaza Strip. [197] The landing craft is on display at the Israeli Navy Museum
INS Gush Etzion (F-39)	July 1948 - 1957	Originally tank landing craft LCT-256, also known as "Perto". It practiced landings on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (1949) during training exercises.
2 German tank landing crafts		Length 36 meters, width 10 meters, thrust 300 tons, 3 propellers, 10 knots.
INS Yad Mordechai (P-25)	1948 - 1957
INS Beit Arava (P-33)	1948 - 1957
2 American amphibious craft		Length 48.5 meters, width 8.5 meters, displacement 387 tons, 2 propellers, 14 knots.
INS Ramat Rachel (P-51)	December 30, 1948 - 1960	Collection of war booty from the Sinai coast and the capture of the MiG-15 from the Lake Bardawil and the Battle of the Chinese Farm.	Hadar Kimchi Yehuda Ben-Zur Meir Lubochinsky
INS Nitzanim (P-53)	December 30, 1948 -
6 American Tank landing craft		Length 15 meters, width 4.3 meters, thrust 60 tons, 2 propellers, 11 knots. They were used to transport AMX-13 tanks.
INS Machs (32,38 & 40)		Security patrols and Operation Kinneret
4 Amphibious Assualt Ships	1949 to 1967	Two ships assisted by providing cover from the during the battle of Taba. Four ships assisted the 9th Brigade's advance along the Sinai coast. [198]	Gad Asher
3 36m Landing Crafts		length 36 meters, width 6 meters, displacement 122 tons, 2 propellers, 10 knots and can carry two tanks or five BTR APCs
INS Etzion Geber (P-51)	March 1962 - 1982	Participated in Operation Raviv Was transferred to the Mediterranean Sea during the First Lebanon War, was returned to Eilat for decommissioning, remained in Eilat and was used as a base for fish farming. It was transferred to Letron in October 2016 for conservation. [199]	Rabbi Chaval Yitzchak Aharonovich, Yosef Harari, Ehud Aral, Uri Sela, Israel Petchnik, Yigal Bar Yosef, Yaakov Abarshi, Shoki Bornstein, Mordechai Dekel, Moshe Miller
INS Caesarea (P-53)	October 15, 1964 – March 1983	Operation Raviv was transferred to Ashdod by land, returned to Eilat via the Suez Canal and transferred again to the Mediterranean Sea during the First Lebanon War	Yaakov Nitzan, Shmuel Shabach, Yosef Diamant, Shaul Horev, Yossi Levy, Hugo Shimron, Haim Markowitz, Gershon Neve, Yaron Goldstein,
INS Shekmona (P-55)	May 13, 1965 – March 1983	Operation Raviv	David Ezer, Aryeh Harel, Shmuel Sharig , Tsiki Hakhalai, Arie Amitai
3 60m Landing Craft		Length 60 meters, width 10 meters, displacement 730 tons, 3 propellers, 10.5 knots can carry 6 Centaurion tanks or 16 APCs
'Tamsah (SG 20)	War of Attrition	An open barge consists of 20 floating units and is driven by two external engines.	Combat Engineering Corps (Israel)
INS Ashdod (P-61)	March 23, 1967 -	The Six Day War and 1982 Lebanon War, sold for commercial use	Yaakov Nitzan, Yosef Harari, Avi Rothman, Moshe Levy, Nimrod Gilad, Michy Ringert, Danny Carmeli, Rafi Binyamin
INS Ashkelon (P-63)	May 19, 1967 -	Six Day War, Shayetet 13 assault on Port Said in Operation Lady, sold to Eritrea	Yaakov Nitzan, David Ezer , Gabi Shilo, Amnon Tadmor, Nati Motoki, Omer Levbi, Udi Yoshua
INS Akziv (P-65)	June 1967 -	Operation Birds of Eden, participated in the 1982 Lebanon War, later sold to Eritrea.	Shmuel Shevah, Shamai Bar-On, Reuven Paamoni, Avi Shaf, Omer Levbi, Udi Yoshua,
MS AMALIA	June 1967	Temporarily leased from a Greek owner during Six Day War	R/H Rami Zolberg
INS Bat Yam (T-83)	1968 -	Originally a Dutch merchant ship, displacement 1250 tons, speed 10 knots, shot down an Egyptian plane during the Yom Kippur war. Sailed to South Africa and refueled a pair of Saar 2 ships in Operation Beauty	Rabbi Uzi Tzulof, Rabbi Aharon Marni, Mike Elder, David Atzmon, Moshe ben-Yashi, David ben Bashat, Yehoshua Marom, Raphael Zandberg
INS Bat Galim (T-81)	1968 -1970	Originally a Dutch merchant ship, length 80 m, width 16 m, displacement 2500 tons, speed 9 knots, crew 35 people, sunk by Egyptian commandos in the port of Eilat	Major Zeev Ariel
3 American LSM tank landing amphibious craft		Length 60 meters, width 10 meters, displacement 1095 tons, 2 propellers, 12.5 knots. Capable of sailing in the open seas that saw use in the World War. The tank deck is above the waterline, a high ratio of engine power to thrust, powerful pumps for transferring water to the bow tanks, a sharp bow front door and a separate long drawbridge.
INS Ofir (F-91)	1970 - 1976	Yom Kippur War	Arie Marmari, Yigal Bar Yosef, Zev Goldatsky, Moti Michaeli Raphael Zandberg
INS Sheba (P-93)	1970- 1976		Uri Sela
INS Tarshish (P-95)	1970 - 1973	Later used as a housing unit
INS Bat Sheva (F-57)	June 1969 - 1990	Length 95 meters, width 11.5 meters, displacement 1892 tons, 4 propellers, 11 Nozaite connection. Carrying capacity of 12 tanks Centaurion tanks in the warehouse deck and 24 APCs M-113 in the upper deck. Transported many forces during the 1982 Lebanon War. After retirement it was sunk in a naval exercise	Zvi Givati, Shaul Horev, Mike Elder, Chaim Geva, Aryeh Marmari, Yossi Levy, Marom Yehoshua, Mordechai Dekel, Danny Carmeli, Gershon Neve, Aharon Shapir, Yitzchak Cremona
Gal-Noa A\M Dan	1970	Exercises
INS Bat Galim 2	March 1978 -	Made in Japan, 96 m, width 19 m, 12 knots. Engaged in Operation Moshe and landed an armored combat vehicle in the 1982 Lebanon War	Major Aryeh Gabish, Major Ilan Bokhris, Major Uzi Tishel, Major Rafi Binyamin
A/M Yasmin		Participated in 1982 Lebanon war for the landing of an artillery group in the port of Beirut [200]	Lt. Col. Udi Aral, R/H Micha Zand, Eli Yaffe
INS Nachshon	August 2023 - present [201]	Israel-Hamas war
INS Kommiat	June 2024 - present [202]

Before the Israeli War of Independence the Palmach submitted a proposal to David Ben-Gurion in which the duties of the Israeli Navy were defined including amphibious assaults, reinforcement of operations, protection of coastal settlements, transportation of landing troops and vehicles, supply of fuel and equipment were included for which a specialised landing unit "Shayetet 11" was established. ^[203]

During the war, Nahariya was cut off from the rest of Israeli territory so the supply of troops and equipment to the isolated area was carried out by sea. On May 12-13, 1948, the 22nd Battalion of the Carmeli Brigade was transferred from the Port of Haifa to Nahariya. In addition, about 15 tons of supplies were transferred for the Hanita and Mitzva settlements , 3 tons of explosives and ammunition, 1000 gallons of gasoline and medical supplies. On May 14/15, 300 women and children, who were evacuated from the Western Galilee were evacuated to Haifa by the Flotilla. ^[204]

Operation Ben-Ami began on the night of May 14, 1948 with the occupation of Tel Acre. This occupation allowed the passage of the convoy that left the Ein al-Faretz to the north. The naval force of the Flotilla (transporting 22nd battalion of Carmeli Brigade) landed at 02:30 on the beach of Shebi Zion and began to attack the village of Samaria from the north. In the morning the force arrived at Nahariya. From there the force continued to the village of Aziv which was captured. ^{[205] [206]}

This operation was a planned naval landing on the coast of Lebanon. The operation was set to take place on June 9, 1948. On June 10, the troops boarded INS Hana Sanesh and set sail. When they were close to the target location in Lebanon, a cancellation order was received due to a truce about to take effect. ^[207]

During the Operation Death to the Invader Israel Defense Forces attacked Beit 'Affa by a company of the Flotilla and 54th battalion of the Givati Brigade. The naval unit advanced through a wadi from the north, hoping to surprise the Egyptians, but were in fact spotted while preparing to set up. At midnight, they emerged and attacked in two prongs, and despite heavy fire, managed to capture a frontal position and pushed ahead to the center of the village, setting up there and exchanging fire with the Egyptians. ^[208]

During Operation Horev a battalion of the Golani Brigade and personnel from Shayetet 11 launched a diversionary attack on positions near the Gaza- Rafah road, however the vessels of Shayetet 11 were not used and instead rubber boats were used due to convert nature of the operation. ^{[209] [210]}

During Operation Olive Leaves, Aharon Davidi's 771 Reserve Paratrooper Battalion as well as units from the Nahal Brigade and Givati Brigade commenced their attack. The complex operation involved a two-column attack from the north and south, which included both infantry and armored vehicles, as well as an amphibious assault conducted by troops of the Flotilla who crossed the sea by boat. ^{[211] [212] [213]}

During Operation Kadesh, three amphibious vehicles were sent from Eilat to Sharm-e-Sheikh with AMX-13 tanks on them . Additional landings were took place on the Gaza and Sinai coasts for logistical purposes including the seizure of an Egyptian MiG-15 that landed in Lake Bardawil.

During the Battle of the Chinese Farm Matt's brigade began moving to Tasa at 4:30 pm on October 15, before turning eastwards on Akavish. The paratrooper brigade faced problems in acquiring the boats and transports assigned to it. But they ultimately had to use the flotilla boats. ^[214]

Before the Six Day War, the Flotilla acquired new vessels from the budget allocated by the Finance ministry ^[215], following vessels were acquired

• INS Etzion Gebr (P-51) on March 2, 1962. First Commander Captain Yitzhak (Ike) Aharonovich .
• INS Caesarea (P-53) on October 15, 1964. First commander Yaakov Nitzan.
• INS Shikmona (P-55) on May 13, 1965.
• INS Ashdod (P-61) on March 23, 1967, its first commander was Major Yosef Harari, who was the commander of naval voyages.
• INS Ashkelon (F-63) on May 19, 1967, its first commander was Ya'akov Nitzan .
• INS Akziv (P-65) on August 1, 1967, its first commander was Major Shmuel Shabach.

Before the Six Day War the AMX-13 tanks were placed on the south coast and moved to the north of the gulf. The Flotilla vessels were also brought ashore and hidden in a wadi behind the base. ^[216]

During the Six Day War, the Flotilla in the Gulf of Eilat accompanied the Paratroopers Brigade on its way south, provided cover and even landed tanks in the Gulf of Sharm el-Sheikh. ^[217]

During Operation Raviv "Pinko" Harel's small force of about a hundred men, six Tiran 5s and three BTR-50s, landed on the Egyptian coast at 03:37AM on the morning of September 9. Delivered by three vessels of the Flotilla to a beachhead secured by Shayetet 13, Harel's force landed at El Hafair, 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Suez and 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the anchorage at Ras Sadat. ^[218] Laden with extra fuel and ammunition supplied by the Flotilla, the force headed south, wreaking havoc behind Egyptian lines and attacking installations along the way. The first of these was the Egyptian Army camp and radar site at Abu Darag, which by 07:17 had been secured. ^{[219] [220]}

In 1970, Egyptian naval commando carried out a sabotage operation at Eilat Naval Base and damaged a vessel of the Flotilla INS Bat Sheva lander sank the INS Bat Galim.

The Flotilla participated in the Operation Lady. On October 16, 1973, a group of Flotilla vessels led the Shayetet 13 to attack Port Said. The operation was carried out successfully and multiple Egyptian vessels were damaged or destroyed. ^[221]

The Flotilla participated in the Operation Green Light which was to carry out an amphibious landing on Egyptian Red Sea coast but the operation was aborted mid way. ^[222]

During the Operation Abirey-Halev, On the night of 15 October, 750 personnel of Colonel Matt's 55th Paratroopers Brigade crossed the canal in rubber dinghies. ^[223] They were soon joined by tanks and additional infantry transported via the vessels of the Flotilla. The force encountered no resistance initially and fanned out in raiding parties, attacking supply convoys, SAM sites, logistic centers and anything else of military value, with priority given to the SAMs. Attacks on SAM sites punched a hole in the Egyptian anti-aircraft screen and enabled the IAF to strike Egyptian ground targets more aggressively. ^{[224] [225]}

Three vessels of the Flotilla were transferred from Ashdod Naval Base to Eilat Naval Base by circumnavigating around Africa, It was codenamed Operation Birds of Eden. The first vessel left on August 20, 1974 and the last arrived on October 30, 1974. ^[226].

The flotilla vessels participated in the Lebanese Civil War to supply weapons and ammunition to the Christian phalanges forces in Lebanon usually by landing to the port of Junia.

The flotilla took part in 1978 South Lebanon conflict against militants on the northern shores of Lebanon , without landing troops. The vessels were used as carrier platform for helicopters that attacked targets on the Lebanese coast. ^[227]

The flotilla participated in the 1982 Lebanon War. On 6 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defense Minister Ariel Sharon launched a three-pronged invasion of southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee". Roughly 60,000 troops and more than 800 tanks, heavily supported by aircraft, attack helicopters, artillery, and missile boats, crossed the Israel–Lebanon border in three areas. Simultaneously, Israeli armor, paratroopers, and naval commandos set sail in amphibious landing ships from Ashdod Naval Base towards the Lebanese coast north of Sidon. Israel's publicly stated objective was to push PLO forces back 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north. ^[228] An Israeli amphibious operation was conducted north of Sidon, beginning with a diversionary bombardment of targets away from the landing zone by missile boats and aircraft. Two groups of commandos from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit then came ashore to probe enemy defenses and secure the landing site, one of which swam to the mouth of the Awali River and another which came ashore on the landing beach in rubber dinghies. After a brief gunbattle with armed Palestinians, the main landings began, with paratroopers coming ashore in rubber dinghies to establish a beachhead followed by three landing craft that unloaded troops and armor. Over the following days, the three landing ships moved between Israel and Lebanon, shuttling more troops and armor onto the beachhead. ^{[229] [230] [228]}

Givati Brigade and a battalion from Golani Brigade were specially trained to act along with flotilla in wartime situations. They were given necessary training to transfer armoured vehicles as well as to assist in transport of tanks.

In August 1993 all of flotilla vessels were taken out of service as they were deemed vulnerable and State-of-the-art fast landing craft were not defined as an operational necessity. So, some were sold to Eritrea while rest were sunk in naval exercises.

In May 2022 it was announced that the Navy decided to re-establish the amphibious fleet, following this the IDF purchased two LSV vessels which will be used by the Israeli Navy to conduct amphibious landings as well as to transport supplies. ^[231]

The flotilla is operated from Ashdod Naval Base. ^[231] The first amphibious vehicle, INS Nachshon , was delivered to the Navy in August 2023. ^[232] The second landing vessel, INS Kommiat , arrived in Israel in June 2024. ^[233] The squadron became fully operational in 2024 and participated in Israel Hamas war.

It is usually commanded by a single commander but from 1967 to 1978, the command was distributed between two sectors, one housed at Ashdod Naval Base while second at Eilat Naval Base. The dual command was abolished in 1978.

Ashdod (Main) Command

Name	Service	Note	Photo
Israel Auerbach	1948-9	Establishment
Yitzhak Gazit	1953 – 1955
Yehuda ben-Zur	1955 – 1956	Suez crisis
Gap in command	1957 -1964	The flotilla was closed
Baruch Brushi	1964 – 1967	Six Day War
Yosef Harari	1966 - 1967
Shmuel Shabach	1967 – 1968	Command split
Aryeh Shafer	1968-1970	War of Attrition and integration of helicopters
Musa Levy	1970-1972
Haim Raz	1972 – December 1973	Yom Kippur war
Mike Elder	December 1973 - August 1974	Operation Bids of Eden
Yosef Yohanan	1974
Micha Zand	September 1974 – May 1975
Yigal Bar-Yosef	June 1975 - 1977	Aid operations for the Lebanese forces including landings on the beaches of Junia and in towing barges loaded with ammunition.
Emmanuel Dror	1977 -1978	The construction of Bas Dafna
Haim Lahav	1978 - 1981
Mike Elder	1982 – July 1983	Second term, 1982 Lebanon war
Jacob Reva	April - July 1983
Dodo Iber	July 1983 - August 1985
Isaiah Patuka	August 1985- September 1987	Integration of Givati Brigade
Rafi Binyamin	September 1987 - June 1989
Yigal Bar Yosef	July 1989 – 1992
Emmanuel Avraham	1992 - August 1993	Closure

Red Sea Command (1967-1978)

Name	Service	Note	Photo
Major Shmuel Shabach	June-August 1967	Establishment
Major Yosef Harari	August 1967-
Major Miki Ra'anan	April-December 1968
Zev Yehezkali	1969–1972	The War of Attrition and Operation Raviv
Haim Geva	1972–1973
Yossi Levy	1973–1974	Yom Kippur War
Musa Levy	1974	Operation Birds of Eden
Marom Yehoshua	1976–1977
Mordechai Dekal	1977-1978	Abolishment

• נחתות On the website of the Navy Association (Israel)
• 22nd Battalion Veterans Association, מבצע כתריאל והאניה חנה סנש, on the website of the battalion
• Pinchas Pick, הנחתות בין עזה לאל עריש, "Marine Systems", LA, December 1956, p. 56
• Benjamin Schiff הנחתות ירדו לשארם א שייך, 'Naval Systems' 37-38, The Decade File for the Navy, July 1958, p. 142
• M. Ron, נחתות במערכה "Marine Systems" Booklet No. 85-86, July 1967, pp. 49-50
• Uri Porat, נחתתי באל עריש "Marine Systems" Booklet No. 85-86, July 1967 pp. 51-52
• Yehuda Ben-Zur, פינוי תחמושת שלל מאל - עריש, 'Marine Systems' 62, December 1962, p. 8
• Yehuda Ben-Zur, שייטת הנחיתה במבצע קדש, "Marine Systems" 94, June 1969, pp. 25-22
• אלבום תמונות נחתות 2012
• Dear Jonah, נחתת הטנקים שלנו, 'Marine Systems' 62, December 1962, p. 28
• Shahar Landau, פה הימאים האמיתיים - מפקד נט"ק, "Between Waves" February 1979, p. 5.
• Merv Buschfen, יומם הגדול של הנט"קים - הנחיתה באוואלי, 'Between Waves' Special Issue 1, June 8, 1982, p. 3
• Shlomo Man, סגול כהה - גבעתי בנחיתה, between waves" 169 December 1986, p. 9.
• Yehuda Ben-Zur, פלגת נמ"כים במפרץ אילת מערכת סיני 1956 On the Navy Association (Israel) website, May 2006
• תרגיל נחיתה במפרץ אילת, אוגוסט 1973, Shaul Nagar, website Yad Leshryon, August 22, 2010
• Gideon Raz, האיגוף הימי בקרב היבשה Israeli Institute for National Security Studies Army and Strategy, Volume 3, Issue 1, May 2011
• "'"חיל הים לחטיבה 9', Heads of Chapters for Information to the Commander in the Navy, Chief of Staff Chief Officer Hanoch, Headquarters of the Navy Education, 1966, pp. 22-23.
• Yehuda ben-Zur, כלי הנחיתה במבצע קדש לתמיכה בחטיבה 9, 'Naval Systems' 94, June 1969, p. 23.
• Zvi Singer, "'הנחיתות שהקיפו את אפריקה'", issue 41 6/16/1976
• Eliezer Tal, "פעולות חיל הים במלחמה הקומוניסטית", Systems Publishing 1964. Second and expanded edition, published by the Navy Association 2002, pp. 60 62.
• David Maguri Cohen, on the operation of the amphibious landings in Eilat during the Six Day War. In his book "צעד אחד קדימה!", published by Efi Meltzer, pp. 77 - 80.
• Raphael Eitan and Dov Goldstein, רפול, סיפורו של חייל, Maariv Publishing. 1985, pp. 205 -302.
• Yorem Yair, 'אני מלבנון, חטיבת הצנחנים במלחמת 1933, Systems Publishing, 1992, pp. 21-32.
• Dov Rosenthal, "'Navy Vessel Album,'" Navy Headquarters Publishing House, 1992.
• Mike Elder, צי 13' סיפורו של הקומנדו הימי Maariv 1993 pp. 607-625.
• Mike Elder, 'Sheitat 11 - The Battle of the Shalesh, Maariv Library, 1996

he:בסיס ציוד ותובלה

Mount Carmel Naval Logistics Base
Israel
Coat of Arms
Type	Logistics Base
Site information
Owner	Israel Defense Forces
Operator	Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison	Israeli Navy

Mount Carmel Naval Base officially known as Betzat (formerly Yaschan) is the main logistical base of the Israeli Navy located near the Mount Carmel. It is responsible for all equipment and transport related activities of Israeli Navy.

The base was located in the Kishon camp from its early years, and on July 6 1999, its gradual transfer began to the "Hahotrim" camp south of Carmel Castle , which also houses the Navy's development center and the Haifa district headquarters of the Home Front Command.

It allows the navy to fight continuously without shutdowns. The base is responsible for the procurement, maintenance and supply of equipment and materials, on an ongoing basis, and for operational functioning. It is also responsible for material arrangements necessary for Shipbuilding. It also serves in weaponry and ammunition accountancy.

'"Base Commanders"
#	Rank and Name	Period of command	Note	Image
1	Major Akiva Pasternak	October 1949 - August 1951
2	Major Israel Peled	August 1951 - August 1954
3	Major David Eytan	August 1954 - September 1958
4	Major Dan Adler	September 1958 - March 1961
5	Major Israel Nesher	March 1961 - June 1964
6	Major Adam Einav	June 1964 - November 1966
7	Lt. Col. Yehuda Maimon	November 1966 - November 1971
8	Lieutenant Colonel Chaim Shachak	December 1971 - September 1975
9	Lieutenant Colonel Zvi Yaari	March 1975 - October 1976
10	Colonel Yehuda Ashkenazi	October 1976 - July 1977
11	Col. Ami Friedman	July 1977 - September 1979
12	Colonel Yossi Paz	September 1979 - June 1981
13	Col. Carmi Emanuel	June 1981 - April 1984	Systematization of the automatic warehouse literature
14	Col. Avraham Ben Zeev	April 1984 - February 1987
15	Col. Chanan Rosen	February 1987 - July 1990
16	Colonel Israel Osevitsky	July 1990 - April 1992
17	Col. Shlomo Eshed	April 1992 - April 1994
18	Col. David Bachar	April 1994 - October 1995
19	Col. Yossi Shemer (Shimilo)	October 1995 - July 1997
20	Col. Amos Lehman	August 1997 - October 2000
21	Col. Amnon Shamir	October 2000 - November 2003
22	Col. Shy Davidi	November 2003 - March 2007
23	Col. Amos Dei	March 2007 - September 2010
24	Col. Yuval Giladi	September 2010 - July 2013
25	Col. Eli Shuach	July 2013 - January 2015
26	Col. Palti Shvarts	January 2015 - March 2017
27	Col. Shimon Timsit	March 2017 - 2019
28	Col. Lior Shahar	2019 - February 2021
29	Col. Shoham Shuval	February 2021 - November 2022
30	Col. A	February 2023 - Incumbent

• Meir Shapir, יחידת המחסנים, "Marine Systems" 95, August 1969, p. 25.
• Rami Antian, חנוכת בסיס ציוד ותובלה, "Between Waves" September 1976 p. 1
• Ila Dukes, נפתח מועדון חיילים בבצ"ת, 'Between Waves' June, 1978 p. 2.
• Shlomo Man, עצמה בזכות השירות, 'Between Waves' January 1981 p. 14.
• Sharon Harpaz, סדר בבלאגן - בצ"ת, "Between Waves" 169 December 1986, p. 32.
• Father Obel, רובוטריקים עוברים דירה - מחשוב ומישכון בבצ"ת, 'Between Waves' 177 April 1989 p. 31.
• Jordan Gur, פרויקט מעבר בצ"ת מתוכנן ל-11 ביוני 2013, "Between Waves" September 2013, p. 16.
• Sapphire, על אוטומט - מהפיכה טכנולוגיסטית בזרוע הים, "Between Waves", May 2017, p. 51.

he:מספנת חיל הים

Israeli Naval Shipyards
Israel
Coat of Arms
Type	Shipyard
Site information
Owner	Israel Defense Forces
Operator	Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison	Israeli Navy

Israeli Naval Shipyards is the institution within the Israeli Navy concerned with Shipbuilding and repairs. Three shipyards (Haifa, Eilat and Atlit) and several naval workshops are under the command of this institution.

The roles of the shipyards are

• To maintain the vessels in operational conditions. ^[234]
• The upgrading of the operational capacity of the vessels by integration of more advanced technologies and changing body structure. ^[235]
• Mid-life overhaul of a submarines. ^[236]
• Reception of imported vessels. ^[237]
• Maintainence of the control system and the coast stations. ^[238]

Name	Location	Designated occupation
Haifa Shipyard	West of Haifa naval base	Ship repairs and construction
Engine workshop [239]	near the Mount Carmel naval equipment base	Ship repairs
BHD 600 workshop	in Bat Galim near the BHD 600	Electronic equipment
Atlit Shipyard	near the Atlit naval base	a workshop for Shayetet 13 vessels
Synchrolift workshop	near the Haifa naval base	Lifting of vessels
Eilat Shipyard	near the Eilat Naval Base	Ship repairs

The professional infrastructure in naval engineering in Israel which was used by the navy in its establishment began in the British shipyard in Haifa which operated from the beginning of 1942 and served the British army in handling damaged vessels and adapting them to a military purpose in real time. ^[240] At the height of its activity, the shipyard employed about 1000 people. Father Khushi expressed its future importance in writing in one of the memos that appear in his archives : "It may be possible after the war to purchase all the equipment and the workshops and it would be appropriate for this factory to be transferred to a trust . "

At that time, World War II was at its peak. Most of the coast of the Mediterranean, except for Turkey and Spain, is under the control of the Axis Powers. The Allies held Egypt, Mandatory Palestine and later Syria and Lebanon. At the end of 1942, within the Haifa Port area, the PWD Public Works Department under the management of the Jewish engineer Peretz Willard Etx ^[241] erected three or four buildings, some of them made of concrete with tin roofs and some made of wood with tin roofs. The entire complex was surrounded by a high fence and the entrance to it was through a gate for pedestrians and a gate for vehicles identified as gate number 11. The area was highly classified and guarded. The British shipyard in Malta was responsible for the shipyard in Haifa. On December 25, 1942 , the shipyard was registered under the company Shipwrights & Engineers ME LTD. ^{[242] [243] [244] [245]} The purpose of this company was to conduct marine engineering business in the repair, construction and maintenance of steamships. The senior workers at the shipyard were brought from Malta and their terms of employment were according to the contract in Malta. In Haifa, technical personnel were recruited through the labor office of the Haifa Workers' Council and the employment office of the Arab sector. ^[246] The manpower was diverse and included carpenters, plumbers , engravers, solders and welders, metal workers, instrument makers, boiler makers, builders and general workers. In addition, manual workers were recruited for "beard scraping" jobs, etc., and most of them were day laborers . The payment to the simple day laborers was daily.

Inside the buildings that were erected for the shipyard were two halls where the maritime professionals worked and where they repaired parts of ships that were damaged. A floating probe was brought from Malta which was the only one in the port. From time to time, special work tools were brought from there to repair ships. The shipyard worked seven days a week on Saturdays and holidays and fully responded to the needs of the Royal Navy. In one case the shipyard converted a cargo ship into a passenger ship and the ship was the Tripolitania.

The shipyard's offices were located in Haifa at the offices of HAIFA SHIPPING AGENCY LTD on 82 Malkim Street in one of the Aziz Khayat buildings . One of the shipyard's employees was the engineer Levy, whose daughter Hana Levy worked in the shipyard's secretariat. The chief secretary of the shipyard was Rebecca Watson, the wife of Lionel Watson , the engineer of the city of Haifa. The engineer Aryeh Gutesman was the chief foreman. Aryeh Mehulel was the director of the labor department and his title was Chief Time Keeper, Aryeh who was a man of the Echelon was pulled from the shipyard by the CID, arrested at his home on March 2, 1944 and exiled to Eritrea .

On July 30, 1945, a notice was published in the official newspaper of the Palestine government (The Palestine Gazette in the English edition), issue number 1424, regarding the voluntary liquidation of the company and John Cuthbert Kochs was appointed liquidator. The floating test was returned to Malta.

The core of the professional workforce for the construction of the Israeli Navy shipyard infrastructure came from three professional bodies:

• The two workshops of the shipyards in Israel during the days of the mandate: Shipwrights & Engineers and Kirstein & Greenspon, headed by Herzl Greenspon.
• Yishuv volunteers for the British Royal Navy. ^{[247] [248]}
• Navy personnel from the American Navy ^[249] and the Royal Navy. ^[250]

A company Shipwrights & Engineers operated in Mandatory Palestine to repair ships of the British military fleet and the commercial fleet. The company ceased its activities in Israel at the end of World War II. The company employed professionals from the settlement who in this way acquired their experience working in ship repair and workshop management.

A new company, "Haifa Engineering Factories"- Kirstein & Grinshpon started operating in Israel. ^[251] Kirstein was a qualified engineer for marine engineering , who became the expert of the British Royal Navy in all naval ship repairs in the Middle East. ^[252] When the Shipwrights & Engineers left, the Israeli workers,, moved to the Kirstein & Grinshpon company, which developed and took over most of the shipping work in Israel. A large workshop was opened at the intersection of Sderot, Ha-Histadrut and Kfar-Ata. Before that, the name of this intersection was "Pilar Locomotive". After the War of Independence, Kirstein & Grinshpon entered into a partnership with " Soll Bona ", and "Hima" was established. ^[253] The "Hima" company was the precursor of "Israel Shipyards".

The Kirstein & Greensphon factory worked for the " Haganah", and its main work was in the production of mines , grenades , mortar bombs, mortars and armored vehicles. In addition, the factory built small naval vessels. ^[254]

During the Israeli war of Independence, the workforce at the Kirstein & Greensphon factory worked under economic lockout orders. During the day they worked in the factory, and during the night the workers went on guard and security duties. At the same time, as part of the effort to occupy the Hebrew labor in the Port of Haifa, the members of the port company arrived with Yohai Ben Nun and a group of professionals was formed in preparation for the process of converting the civilian ships of the Shadow Fleet into the first naval ships. From intelligence reports that reached the " Hagana" , they learned of the intention of the British, who were still in control of the port even though they had evacuated the country, to blow up the ships and close the port. This information reached Israel as early as 1946 but later proved to be false. ^[255]

Amidst fears that British authorities would sink ships in the port of Haifa, the shipyard workers took them out of the harbor and dismantled everything essential to the operation of the ship. The equipment was hidden somewhere in the port. The 'Wedgwood' and the ' Hagana' were steamships, therefore all the pressure gauges, the rudder, everything that could be disassembled was disassembled from them so that it would be impossible to take the ships out independently, but only to tow them. In this way, the possibility of drowning in the middle of the sea was neutralized. When the British left the port the ships were reassembled and smuggled out of the port, of which three large ships were of Eilat (a -16) class ,named the " State of the Jews ", the " Regius" and the " Hagana ". ^[256]

In 1957, Colonel Aryeh Kaplan "Kippi" saw that there was one old ship left in the port and it was the "Nevertheless". With the help of the anchor company and the naval shipyard, the ship was cut into 4 parts and was moved to its designated place as a museum. ^[252]

The initial recruitment for the Israeli Navy was conducted at 29 Jaffa Street by the head of personnel of the naval services, Shlomo Jacobson, ^[257] from the Yishuv volunteers for the British Royal Navy . Jacobson referred the navy volunteers to the navy, many of the Royal Navy personnel were professionals and with a background of an organized war navy and the initial technical avenue in the navy was formed. ^[258]

The naval shipyards were established at the initiative of Joe Novek, a Yishuv volunteer for the British Royal Navy. The beginning of the shipyard was at the intersection of Sderot al-Malikim and the German colony where the workshops of the British Public Works Department were situated. The first shipyard workers were Joe Novick and five Yishuv volunteers. The shipyard's initial equipment came from the collection of a variety of equipment from Arab workshops that were abandoned in Haifa during the Israeli War of Independence. The initial camp in the Haifa area was at Hoof Shemen and later he was located at the Haifa naval base in Bat Galim.

With the growth of the shipyard and the workshops, the need arose for a large and orderly building in the port. Warehouse building 4 was bombed by the Egyptians, therefore the Port Authority offered this destroyed building to the Israeli Navy as the shipyard site. The engineering personnel moved to the workshops in the Port of Haifa near the customs house in warehouse 4 near the entrance to the fuel dock. Most of the manpower was from civilian workshops and without an understanding of the professional organizational side of a shipyard as well as an understanding of the structure and requirements of a military shipyard. There was a shortage of manpower and Joe Novick realized that he would not accept soldiers for the shipyard, so he recruited civilians with relevant professions, who became civilian IDF workers at the shipyard.

Beyond that, there was a need to establish professional bodies such as electrical department, electronics department, ship hull workshop, damage control, carpentry, underwater work, instrumentation.

The following five officers ^[259] from the Yishuv volunteers to the British Royal Navy came to fill these positions :

• Benjamin Castle - mechanical engineer
• Halperin - construction engineer
• Lauterbach and Steuer - electrical engineers.
• Levin - chemical engineer

In addition, following volunteers also came:

• Shmuel Winterfeld - electrical trains for transport
• Izzy Moser - Israeli Navy officer
• Jacob Krauss - Ship Workshop

Dick Rosenberg came to the Electronics Division from the American Navy. He was trained as an artillery officer and was assigned to become a liaison officer ^[260] later a professor at the Technion in the Faculty of Industry and Management on the subject of behavioral sciences and Rusk who returned to the United States. ^{[261] [262] [263] [264]}

The engineering and inspection officer headquarters came from the Yishuv volunteers to the British Royal Navy such as Luther an electrical engineer, Messinger a mechanical engineer, Edmond Wilhelm Brillant a mechanical engineer, Thorpe an electrical engineer.

With the arrival of Paul Shulman, other professionals arrived from the American Navy and received appointments in the Israeli Navy, for example Jonathan Lev ^[265] an Annapolis graduate was entrusted with the naval gunnery. ^[266] Philip Strauss with the inspection of the machinery departments of the ships at sea and the engineering division on the shore, Haim Gershoni was appointed supervisor of shipyard operations and the position of corrections officer. ^[267] During the conversion of the qualifying ships into a makeshift war fleet, friction arose between Gershoni and Joe Novick. One of the cases that caused friction between Gershoni and Novik was the installation of cannons on the ships of the Shadow Fleet. Napoleonics were Italian cannons from 1912, these were the first cannons that were able to be bought in Italy at the end of 1948. ^[268] and these were the cannons that were assembled. Four such guns arrived, and they had to be mounted on the corvettes, 'Wedgwood' and ' Hagana'. The cannons were assembled from improvised materials found in Israel, and a week later the cannons were assembled. Due to the circumstances Gershoni left and later described this period in his autobiographical book "The Way it Was". ^[269]

Qualified engineers who were officers of the American Navy came from the American Navy . Among them Robert Allen ^{[270] [271]} who was a ship engineer certified by WEBB institute and MIT ^[272] in New York, decided to stay in Israel. He settled in Haifa with his wife and son and received Israeli citizenship. Alan advanced to the position of head of the naval architecture branch in the Ministry of Defense (Israel) at the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1956 the family decided to leave Israel.

In 1950, the Navy wanted to invite Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to the graduation ceremony of the recruits. The Prime Minister expressed his willingness to come but the security, ruled out the Palace Cinema for security reasons emphasizing arrangements in a Naval installation. So the shipyard built a hall measuring one hundred and twenty meters by thirty meters. The hall where the ceremony took place was called "David" barracks after the prime minister in whose honor it was built. ^[254]

During the Suez Crisis, a major operations of the shipyard was the transfer of torpedo ships on carriers from Haifa to Eilat. Moreover an Egyptian destroyer, Ibrahim Al Awwal was captured and towed to the Port of Haifa and was restored by the navy's shipyard and its name was K-38 AHI Haifa.

On the eve of the Six Day War, the shipyard very quickly finished the renovations of the destroyer Eilat ^[273] which returned to service after the INS Haifa K-38 had ceased to be active. ^[274]

The branch of the shipyard in Eilat was established to serve the vessels in the Eilat Naval Base during the War of Attrition. In order to establish it, Lt. Col. Chaim Shtoyer was sent there.

On January 24, 1970, a disaster hit the Port of Eilat and the navy shipyard known as the ammunition truck disaster after the raid on Shadoan Island. In this disaster, 24 soldiers were killed, including 5 civilian shipyard workers. ^[275]

Lt. Col. Moshe Omen Oxman was appointed as the first shipyard commander in 1973 and established Mesha Synchrolift. ^[276]

In 1981, the shipyard repaired the hull of INS Geash, after the unwanted beaching on the Saudi Arabian coast. ^[277] The activity included salvage and flooding from the Saudi coast, towing to the Eilat Naval Base, shipping and repair to an operational condition. ^[278]

After the establishment of Shayetet 13, the research and planning division of the Weapons Development Authority , began a project based on sabotage boats that were manufactured in Italy and which were used to sink Emir Farooq. A new model passed the tests in Shipyard until March 1954 and in April of that year it was tested by the Navy and its production began. In 1956 the boats entered operational use in the Navy. ^[279]

After the integration of Shayetet 13 into the Navy, the Shayetet 13 shipyard was subordinated to the Naval Shipyard. ^[280] In 1958, bodies of pigs were developed by Lt. Col. Haim Shachel. The design was outsourced to the Orlight plant in Ness Ziona and in 1963 a molded fiberglass model was launched as a unified body and not composed of separate parts. ^[281]

Covert repairs and operations were also carried out in this shipyard. ^[282]

order	Name	Command period	Note	Image
1	Joe Novick	1948–1950	First Commander
2	Yaakov Shafi [283]	1951–1957	Integration of Worksops (such as Atlit) into the main body.
3	Yosef ben Shmuel	1957–1961	Submarine refurbishments
4	Joshua Lahav	1961–1964
5	Alex Dotan [284]	1964–1969
6	Sholoma Koren	1969–1971
7	Emmanuel Yanai	1971–1973	Involved in Cherbourg Project
8	Baruch Vared	1973–1976
9	Hanuch ben Eliyahu	1976-1979
10	Alex Farran	1979–1982
11	Yishi Harmati	1982–1986
12	Gabai David	1986–1988
13	Abraham Neve	1988–1991
14	Dani Shaham	1991–1994
15	Adam Eisen	1994–1997
16	Yossi Shemer	1997-1999
17	Omari Degul	1999–2002
18	David Arbel	2002–2005
19	Danny Fox	2005–2007
20	Eitan Zucker	2007–2009
21	Moshe Zena	2009–2011
22	Eli Shokh	2011-2013
23	Yossi Ashkenazi	2011–2015
24	Dodi Yosef	2015-2017
25	Flatty Schurtz	2017-2019
26	Amir Chimani	2019- August 2023
27	Unclear	From August 2023

• Joshua, דע את המספנה Navy 8th Shebat 579, p. 20.
• להיות או לחדול - דיון על עתיד המספנה, Navy 8th Shebat 579, p. 21.
• Gershoni, המספנה / בשולי הדיון The Navy, 9 Adar 579, p. 37.
• על תרומת מתנדבי מח"ל מארצות הברית לחיל הים מאת דייוויד הנוביץ' מח"ל קצין מכונה מהצי האמריקאי
• God. tour, צי הצללים קם לתחיה, "Naval Systems" 37-38, The Decade File for the Navy, July 1958, p. 51.
• Grape Adam, כך שיפצנו אוניות, "Naval Systems" 37-38, The Decade File for the Navy, July 1958, p. 53.
• Haim Levy, מספנת חיל הים, "Marine Systems" n.d., July 1961, p. 26.
• Orly Azoulai, "מנועים מלא קדימה", 'Marine Systems' 110, November 1972, p. 40.
• Julie Falterer, פרס עובד צהל מצטיין לאיש מספנה, 'Between Waves' March 1976, p. 5.
• A. Lish, חיל הים שיפץ לראשונה צוללת, 'Marine Systems' 61, September 1962 p. 3.
• על חברת אימקו תעשיות בע"מ
• רשימת מקבלי אות יקיר התעשייה ע"ש אריה שנקר
• Avraham Maron, המחוגים חזרו לאחור - מספנת חיל הים, "Marine Systems" Booklet No. 85-86 July 1967, pp. 14 - 19.
• Meir Shapir, במספנה, "Marine Systems" 95, August 1969, p. 18.
• Meir Shapir and Aryeh Doblin מספנת חיל הים 'Marine Systems' 102–103, March 1971, p. 46.
• על מספנות SwiftShip בארצות הברית
• הטיל גבריאל הקדים את תפיסת הסטי"ל סיקור באתר פרש
• Sharon Harpaz, מספנת חיל הים חוגגת 36 שנה להיווסדה, 'Between Waves' 162 July 1984 p. 38.
• Raanan Czerbinski, מספרה לחיילות המספנה וגם אומנות הציור של ינינה פטליצקי, 'Between Waves' 167 April 1986 pp. 17 and 55.
• Raanan Charbinski and Ruthie Rodner, "מהצד של האין מנוע" - הע"צים של מספנת חיל הים, 'Between Waves' 173 March 1988 p. 23.
• Father Obel, חנוכת בנין הידרו מכני וקורס מנהלי מחסנים, 'Between Waves' 177 April 1989 p. 11.
• Hana Yanai, מספנת חיל הים לדורותיה, Navy Publishing House, 1998.
• Aryeh Kiesel, בלעדיהם אף ספינה לא שטה, "Bin Galim" celebratory jubilee issue October 1998, p. 54.
• Father Obel, המספנה, "Between Waves" issue October 1, 2001 p. 20.
• Shimon Alterman, מצטיין ההיי טק ממספנות חיל הים - אעצ בני כהן תכנת בכיר, "Between Waves" issue October 1, 2001 p. 86.
• Yitzhak Aviel and Lior Nagar, סוד הכוח של מספנת חיל הים, "Between Waves", January 2014, p. 58.
• David Bar Yosef, צוות לעניין אנשי המספנה בעת חירום, "Between Waves", October 2014, p. 87.
• Shaked Tobis, תג משקף DNA למספנת חיל הים, The IDF recruits website, December 12, 2021.

he:משתמש:Yar/טייסת 157

157th Squadron IAF
טייסת 157
Logo of the Squadron
Active	2006 – present
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Defense Forces
Branch	Israeli Air Force
Type	Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron
Role	Electronic Warfare
Garrison/HQ	Ramat David Airbase
Nickname(s)	Within the valley
Motto(s)	And today I will fuse the city with a fortress and an iron pillar for copper walls throughout the land
Aircraft flown
Unspecified UAVs

Squadron 157 , also known as Squadron in the valley ^{[285] [286] [287] [288]} is a squadron in the Israeli Air Force at the Ramat David Airbase, specialised in Electronic Warfare.

The unit was established in 2006, at the outbreak of the Second Lebanon War , from the merger of Squadron 153 and Squadron 557. The squadron participated in the Second Lebanon War. ^{[287] [289]}

In May 2010, as part of the STS-132 mission of the Space Shuttle Atlantis , the warrior pin of Tal Ramon (son of Col. Ilan Ramon) who served in the unit was flown to the International Space Station and released into space in his name and in memory of his father, who perished as part of Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. ^[290].The pin was photographed against the background of outer space . A copy of the pin and a certificate of authenticity were given to the commander of the unit, in the commemorative corner of the squadron, at the Ramat David Airbase.

In December 2010, during the 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire, the squadron played a key role in coordinating ground units as well as Aerial firefighting. ^[291]

As a combat operational unit, the squadron and its soldiers are frequently adopted by various bodies in Israel and around the world, as part of the "Adopt a Battalion" project so it was adopted in 2014 by the CFO Forum , ^[286] and in 2015 by the Friends of the IDF organization. ^[285]

The squadron is currently stationed at the Ramat David Airbase ^{[292] [293] [294] [291]} and is a specialised squadron for electronic warfare utilising Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ^{[295] [289]}

• Lt. Col. Eran Giladi (2006-2009). ^[289]
• Lt. Col. Assaf (2010-2013). ^[291]
• Lt. Col. R. (full name redacted) (2013-). ^[293]
• Rest of the names are redacted due to security concerns

The motto of the squadron is "And today I will fuse the city with a fortress and an iron pillar for copper walls throughout the land", which refers to verse 18 of chapter 1 of the Book of Jeremiah.

• מיקום היחידה, שמה וסמלה - Amir Segev, founder and editor of the airport website
• מרקיע שחקים
• אתר nrg
• The Air Force website, in the "Army and Security" forum on Fresh website.
• "לראשונה: בנות המדרש ישמשו כמפעילות ל.א". Israeli Air Force (in Hebrew). November 30, 2014.

he:יחידת הכיבוי האווירי

249 Squadron is an Aerial firefighting unit of the Israel Fire and Rescue Services operated by Israeli Police. It was established in 2011 as an Israeli Air Force squadron. It is nicknamed "Elad Squadron" after a late 16 year old firefighter of the Israel Fire and Rescue Services.

249th Squadron
טייסת 249
Logo of the Squadron
Active	January 2011 - present
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Fire and Rescue Services
Branch	Israeli Air Force Israeli police
Type	Aerial firefighting squadron
Role	Aerial firefighting and reconnaissance
Garrison/HQ	Sde Dov Airport
Nickname(s)	Elad Squadron
Aircraft flown
Helicopter	Air Tractor AT-802F Airbus H-125 Aquarail Airbus H-145

In 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire took place , which was a turning point that led to a change in the face of the firefighting system in Israel. Until this fire, the firefighting system was built in a decentralized manner under local authorities and city associations under the responsibility of the Ministry of the Interior. Despite many complaints about a continuous shortage of equipment and personnel and despite advices that indicated that the firefighting system should be nationalized, the advices were not implemented and the main firefighting and rescue body in Israel continued to become obsolete and accumulate gaps.

In the field of aerial firefighting, the firefighting services until 2000 were based on the Israeli Air Force , which operated Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion Yassor helicopters for firefighting purposes using portable water tanks . After it was found that this form of work causes damage to the rotor and chassis of the helicopter, the Israeli Air Force's activity was stopped and transferred to private companies that provide agricultural spraying services (first the Chem-Nir company and then the Talm company) who provided this service in a contract under the command of the fire services.

After the fire in Carmel, as part of the lessons learned from the disaster, a decision was made to establish a firefighting squadron in the Israeli Air Force.

On December 7, 2010, even before the formation of the squadron, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the firefighting squadron that the State of Israel will establish will be called the "Elad" squadron, after Elad Rivan, a 16-year-old firefighter from Haifa , who perished in the disaster while together with the fire team he worked. ^[296]

In early 2011, the Israeli government approved the transfer of the firefighting system from the Ministry of the Interior to the Ministry of Defense and the establishment of an aerial firefighting squadron.

In January 2011, the Government of Israel decided to establish an aerial firefighting squadron for the State of Israel. Since the Israeli Air Force was the only body that had the knowledge and experience to establish a squadron out of nowhere, the task was assigned to it. In a tender published by the Ministry of Defense, Elbit Systems won, so the government purchased firefighting planes and hired the Chem-Nir company to carry out the task.

The Israeli Air Force, which was the guiding professional body, established the 249 Squadron - Firebirds which had a belief in building combat theory for firefighting from the air and directing the firefighting pilots from the ground. The firefighting pilots of the Chem-Nir company carried out the actual firefighting operations, in accordance with the instructions and procedures of the Israeli Air Force.

The base of the firefighting squadron was determined in Sde Dov Airport. Also, two main airstrips were determined from which the firefighting planes took off. The Megiddo runway in the north and the Kedama runway in the south. In just four months, 8 firefighting planes were purchased and the foundation stones for a firefighting squadron in the State of Israel were laid.

On January 5, 2015, Elbit Systems Company, which received from the Ministry of Defense the contract for the purchase of the planes and the operation of the firefighting squadron, announced the signing of a contract that will be spread over eight years and will also include payment for flight hours, infrastructure upgrades, maintenance, operation of runways, treatment of flame retardant materials and other aspects of Activation of the squadron. As part of this contract, Elbit Systems purchased 6 more firefighting planes, thus increasing the total number of the squadron planes to 14. ^[297]

After the formation of the squadron and the laying of the foundations for its operational work it was decided to transfer it to Israeli Police (to provide services to Israel Fire and Rescue Services) ^[298]

On November 1, 2016, responsibility for operating the squadron was transferred to the Israeli Police.

The squadron participated in the firefighting operations during the November 2016 Israel fires.

On January 19, 2017, at the end of five and a half years of operational activity in the Air Force, the Air Fire Unit moved to operate under the Israel Police Air Unit officially, in a solemn ceremony held at the Megiddo Airstrip. ^[299]

During the 2018 Gaza conflict, the squadron was deployed to put up the fires near the perimeter fence around the Gaza Strip as a result of sending incendiary kites. ^[300]

During 2019, the unit's personnel made 200 sorties and dumped 700,000 liters of water and flame retardants to put out fires. In addition to the extinguishing operations, the members of the unit assisted the ground forces in directing and mapping burn areas.

Firefighting planes from the squadron helped put out fires that broke out in various locations in Israel due to heavy heat in May 2020, carrying out more than a hundred sorties . ^[301]

Firefighting planes from the Elad squadron assisted in putting out fires in Cyprus in July 2021 ^[302] and in Greece in August 2021. ^[303] Firefighting planes and several helicopters were involved in putting out the 2021 Israel wildfires.

The operation of the unit is determined in the following configuration:

• The " Elbit Systems" company, which won the tender with the Ministry of Defense, is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the aerial firefighting planes
• Chem Nir, a subcontractor of Elbit Systems, is responsible for providing pilots, mechanics and civilian ground crews.
• Israeli Police - responsible for air management.
• Israel Fire and Rescue Services - the operational activities are coordinated under the Israel Fire and Rescue Services

The squadron operates:

• 14 Air Tractor AT-802F firefighting planes
• 4 Airbus H-125 Aquarail helicopters
• 2 Airbus H-145 helicopters

• יחידת הכיבוי האווירי, on the website of the Israel Fire and Rescue Services
• "יחידת כיבוי מבצעית". Israel Air Force (in Hebrew). 12 May 2011.
• "מה בוער?". Israel Air Force (in Hebrew). 3 March 2015.

he:טייסת הברון האדום

Red Baron Squadron
טייסת הברון האדום
Logo of the Squadron
Active	January 28, 2019 – present
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Defense Forces
Branch	Israeli Air Force
Type	Training Squadron
Role	Training German and Israeli operatives
Garrison/HQ	Tel Nof Airbase
Aircraft flown
Trainer	IAI Eitan

The Red Baron Squadron is a squadron in the Israeli Air Force , which operates " Eitan " type UAVs from the Tel Nof Airbase . The squadron was established on January 28, 2019 ^[304] as part of an agreement between the Israeli government, the aerospace industry and the German Army. ^[305] The squadron's role is to train Israeli and German pilots as operators of the Eitan UAV, until the end of the development of the UAV of the German Air Force (variant of the "Eitan"), and then to train them directly on the German UAV. ^[306]

The value of the agreement between the countries is estimated at approximately 900 million Euros , under which the German Air Force will lease seven UAVs for a period of nine years ^[305]. Five of the UAVs will be used for operational purposes and two more for training and training ^{[305] [307]} In addition to the lease agreement, a contract in the amount of 170 million euros was decided on for the use of the airport and airspace ^[305].

The squadron is named after Manfred von Richthofen , a German fighter pilot and fighter pilot during World War I. Manfred, who was identified with a red " Fokker Dr.I " three-wing plane, in addition to being Freiherr (the German equivalent of the title " Baron "), was nicknamed "The Red Baron". The name of the squadron was proposed by the Israeli side of the agreement, marking the legacy of the battle of the Red Baron. ^[307]

In November 2020 , Germany's military attaché in Israel, Colonel Jürgen Hefner, awarded the Cross of Honor to the first squadron commander, Lt. Col. Y (name kept secret). ^[308]

he:טייסות חיל האוויר הישראלי

he:טייסת 193
193 Squadron (Israel)

93rd Squadron IAF
טייסת 193
Logo of the Squadron
Active	August 12, 1987 – present
Country	Israel
Allegiance	Israel Defense Forces
Branch	Israeli Air Force
Type	Naval Aviation
Role	Performing Aviation services for the Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Kanaf Ramat Air Base
Nickname(s)	Defenders of the West
Motto(s)	"In the air, at sea and on land"
Aircraft flown
Helicopter	Eurocopter AS565 Panther

he:טייסת 113
113 Squadron (Israel)

On October 7 2023, hours after the start of the Israel–Hamas war, the United States started sending warships and warplanes into the region, prepared to give Israel whatever it needs. ^[309] Israel asked the United States for Iron Dome interceptors, and President Joe Biden said Washington would quickly provide additional equipment and resources, including ammunition, which are going to reach Israel within days. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken said Washington would provide its "full support" to Israel, with guided missile launchers and F-35 fighter jets among the equipment being sent. ^[309] On October 12, Biden administration started preparing an aid package of about $2 billion in additional funding to support Israel. ^[310] On October 14, the Pentagon had dispatched a small team of Special Operations personnel to Israel for intelligence gathering. ^[311] On October 15, the White House declared that it would attempt to get congressional approval of a fresh $2 billion weaponry aid package for Israel and Ukraine. ^[312] By October 17, five shipments of American weapons and equipment had arrived in Israel. ^[309] On October 20, Biden announced that the additional funds he asked Congress to authorize would come to a total of $14 billion, as part of a $105 billion military aid package that addressed Ukraine, Taiwan and Israel as well as US border security. ^[313]

In November, a Republican plan was approved by the United States House of Representatives that allocated $14.5 billion in military aid for Israel.

By December US had supplied 15,000 bombs and 57,000 155mm artillery shells, mostly carried on C-17 military cargo planes. U.S. has also sent more than 5,000 unguided Mk82 bombs, more than 5,400 Mk84 bombs, about 1,000 small diameter GBU-39 bombs. ^[314] On December 8, Biden used emergency authority to skip congressional review to sell ~14,000 tank shells worth $106.5 million for immediate delivery to Israel. ^[315] On December 29, the United States government again used emergency authority to sell Israel artillery shells and related weapons worth 147.5 million dollars in order to replenish Israeli weapons stockpiles. ^[316]

In February the Senate passed a $14 billion USD aid package for Israel. ^[317]

By March US had approved more than 100 arms sales to Israel. ^[318] On 30 March, the White House authorized $2.5 billion in weapons transfers to Israel. ^[319]

In April, Biden signed a $95bn security package which included around $17bn in military aid for Israel. ^[320]

On 16 May, Biden notified Congress about a $1 billion arms sale to Israel. ^[321] On 21 May, the U.S. House passed legislation that would slash the U.S. military budget unless Biden sent 3,500 heavy-duty bombs to Israel. ^[322]

In June, the United States officially signed a Letter of Offer and Acceptance, allowing Israel to purchase 25 additional Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter jets for $3 billion dollars. ^[323] Also in June, Rep. Gregory Meeks and Sen. Ben Cardin signed off to an arms sale to Israel totaling $18 billion, after pressure from the Biden administration. ^[324]

On 6 September 1965 , at 1 A.M , Major Shafqat Baloch was moving towards the assigned position along with 90 of his troops. The troops were moving carefully amidst reports of Indian incursions . All of a sudden there was a loud burst of a machine gun coming from a military post of the Pakistan Rangers. The Major issued orders to move towards the post and on the way, he met a Rangers troop who broke the news of Indian assault and the death of many from his unit including the Major. The Ranger was going to inform the higher command but their telephone was damaged.

Major order the troops to entrench themselves near the Ichhogil Canal. They heard the noises of Indian infantry and Tank regiments. Through outnumbered, the Pakistanis were determined to put up a resistance.

The Major climbed to a position from where he could observe the Indians, while waiting for the indian troops to come closer, an Indian sniper shot the Major injuring his left arm.

Major requested artillery support but the Battalion headquarters was hesitant over fears of Friendly Fire.

The Major told the coordinates to his CO Lieutenant Colonel Ibrahim and requested artillery fire.

Major directed the artillery precisely at the indian troops inflicting heavy casualties as they had no idea about Pakistani presence. Then the Pakistani Anti tank crews destroyed two indian tanks followed by a rigorous infantry assault. The Indians had no choice but to retreat.

Pakistani troops were able to establish a definite frontline halting the Indian offensive. On September 7, Major and his comrades were ordered to come back and partake in the Battle of Barki while Major Aziz Bhatti was dispatched to the BRB front.

Major was taken to the GOC Major General Sarfraz Khan and asked about the casualties to which he responded with 2 killed and few wounded.

General was surprised and not believing, so he asked the major to rest, to which major responded by politely replying "Sir you can count my men".

Major's actions stalled the front for 17 days till the ceasefire agreement was reached. For his act of valor , he was awarded Sitara-e-Jurat.

he:בסיס אשדוד

Ashdod Naval Base
Israel
Logo of the base
Type	Naval Base
Site information
Owner	Israel Defense Forces
Operator	Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison	Israeli Navy 915th Squadron

Ashdod Naval Base also known as Southern Arena of the Israeli Navy is a naval base located in the port city of Ashdod near the Port of Ashdod and plays an important role in the surveillance and blockade of Gaza strip as well as protecting the Port of Ashdod.

The construction of the permanent camp in the south of the port began in 1965. A temporary base was established in the port within a day. Lt. Col. Yekutiel Netz was appointed as the commander of the base. ^{[325] [326]}

Amphibious cruiser ships in preparation for the landing operation at El Arish beach were stationed there. During the Six Day War and after it, ships from the 914th Torpedo Squadron were attached to floats and received fuel and supplies from the base. ^{[325] [326]}

During the War of Attrition, the Israeli warships engaged with an Egyptian destroyer sinking the destroyer in about 25 minutes, this incident came to be known as Battle of Romani. The Israeli warships were directed from this base. ^[327]

The inauguration of the permanent camp of the Navy base in Ashdod was held on August 12, 1968. ^[328] The commander of the navy stated "the new base of the navy in Ashdod is a key to maintaining the ongoing security and sovereignty of Israel along the southern coasts from North Sinai to the entrances of Port Said". ^[329]

The Battle of Baltim was fought between the Israeli Navy and the Egyptian Navy on 8–9 October, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War between Baltim and Damietta. The Israeli warships that participated in the battle were stationed and co-ordinated from this base. ^[330]

In the early 1980s, Defense Minister Ariel Sharon wanted to bring the Navy closer to Gaza to save sailing time by moving the base to the city of Ashkelon. ^[331] The mayor of Ashdod, Zvi Zilkar, strongly opposed this, partly and the plan was ultimately cancelled. ^[331]

After the First Intifada and the creation of a Palestinian Authority in Gaza strip, five patrols boats were organised for regular patrols which number grew to be seven patrol boats. ^[332]

During the Israeli disengagement from Gaza, the base served as a major evacuation and transport hub for the evacuation of Israel Defense Forces personnel from Gaza strip. ^{[333] [334]}

During the Operation Summer Rains on June 26, the Israeli Navy imposed a naval closure of the Gaza Strip, to prevent Shalit being smuggled out by sea. The navy increased patrols of naval vessels along the Gaza coastline, and prepared for an attempt to smuggle Shalit out by boat, sending instructions to captains. Palestinian fast boats were banned from operating in the area, and only small Palestinian fishing boats were allowed on the sea. ^[335] These patrols were organised from this base.

The Blockade of the Gaza Strip starting in 2007 was organised from this base.

During the Gaza War (2008–2009) the Israeli Navy attacked Hamas' rocket launchers and outposts, command and control centers, a Hamas patrol boat, and the office of Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, using the Typhoon Weapon System and Surface to surface missiles. ^{[336] [337]} The navy coordinated with other Israeli forces and used powerful shipboard sensors to acquire and shell targets on land. ^{[338] [339]} Records of the attacks published by the navy indicate that for the first time vessels were equipped with Spike ER electro-optically guided anti-armor missiles. Videos of an attack showed precision hits from a Typhoon stabilizing gun despite a rolling sea. Versions of the Spike were also used by ground units ^[340] and possibly by helicopters or unmanned aerial vehicles. ^[341] Shayetet 13 naval commandos were also deployed to attack targets on land, ^[342] and reportedly attacked an Iranian ship loaded with arms for Hamas, which was docking in Sudan. ^[343] On 28 December, Naval vessels shelled the Port of Gaza. ^[344]

On 29 December, the Free Gaza Movement relief boat Dignity carrying volunteer doctors with 3.5 tons of medical supplies, human rights activists (Among them Caoimhe Butterly and former US Representative Cynthia McKinney), and a CNN reporter was involved in an altercation with Israeli patrol boats. The captain of the Free Gaza vessel said that their vessel had been rammed intentionally and that there had been no warning before it had been rammed. ^[345] An Israeli spokesman disputed this, and said the collision was caused by the Dignity attempting to outmaneuver the patrol boats after disobeying Israeli orders to turn back. ^[346]

On 4 January the Israeli Navy extended its blockade of the Gaza Strip to 20 nautical miles. ^[347]

Naval squadrons during the Operation Warm Winter were also coordinated from here. ^[348]

Throughout the war, the Israeli Navy employed Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boats of the Flotilla in addition to Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boats which were coordinated from this base.

On 31 May 2010, the Israeli Navy seized an aid convoy of six ships known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla". ^[349] aiming to break through the blockade, carrying humanitarian aid and construction materials. The flotilla had declined an Israeli request to change course to the Ashdod base, where the Israeli government had said it would inspect the aid and deliver (or let humanitarian organizations deliver) Israeli-approved items to Gaza. ^[350]

Israeli Shayetet 13 naval commandos boarded the ships from speedboats and helicopters launched from three missile ships, while the flotilla was still in international waters. ^[351] On the MV Mavi Marmara, the main ship of the convoy, passengers attacked and managed to capture three soldiers. ^[352] Israeli soldiers responded with rubber bullets and live ammunition from soldiers in helicopters and on the ship. Several of the activists were shot in the head by Israeli forces, some from behind and at close range. ^[353] Israel was accused of using disproportionate force. On other ships, soldiers were met with passive resistance which was easily suppressed with non-lethal techniques. Nine passengers were killed and dozens wounded. Nine soldiers were also injured, two of them seriously. All of the ships were seized and towed to Ashdod, while passengers were imprisoned in Israel and then deported to their home countries. ^{[354] [355] [356] [357] [358] [359]} The MV Rachel Corrie, a seventh ship that had been delayed, set sail from Malta on the same day of the flotilla's interception. Israeli naval vessels shadowed the Rachel Corrie, and after it ignored three warnings, Israeli commandos boarded the ship from speedboats, arrested the crew, and forced it to sail to Ashdod. ^[360]

Following the Gaza flotilla raid, a coalition of 22 NGOs assembled in July 2011 a flotilla of 10 vessels and 1,000 activists to breach the blockade.

The vessels docked in Greece in preparation for the journey to Gaza. However, the Greek government announced that it would not allow the vessels to leave for Gaza, ^[361] and the Hellenic Coast Guard stopped three vessels attempting to evade the travel ban and leave port. On 7 July, most activists left for home, leaving only a few dozen to continue the initiative. ^[362] On 16 July, the French yacht Dignite Al Karama was allowed to leave port after informing Greek authorities that its destination was Alexandria, Egypt. Instead, the yacht headed directly for Gaza. The Israeli Navy stopped the Dignite Al Karama about 65 kilometers off Gaza. After the boat was warned and refused to turn back, it was surrounded by three Israeli naval vessels and boarded by Shayetet 13 commandos, who took it over. The boat was then taken to Ashdod base. ^[363] Ultimately, the Freedom Flotilla sailing did not take place.

On 4 November 2011, the Israeli Navy intercepted two vessels heading towards Gaza in a private initiative to break the blockade. Shayetet 13 commandos boarded the vessels from speedboats and took them over with no resistance. The vessels were then taken to Ashdod base. ^[364]

During the Victoria Affair, the ship Victoria was seized about 200 nautical miles from the Israeli coast, while on its way from Turkey to El-Arish port in Egypt (other sources give the destination as Alexandria, Egypt). ^[365] According to the IDF, the ship picked up the cargo in the Port of Latakia in Syria and sailed to Mersin, Turkey. ^[366] The ship was intercepted by Israeli Navy missile ships, which radioed the captain and questioned him about his point of origin and planned destination, then informed him that his ship was suspected of carrying illegal cargo, and requested permission to board for an inspection. The captain agreed, and ordered the vessel stopped. Several minutes later, speedboats carrying commandos from Israel's elite naval unit, Shayetet 13, pulled alongside the ship. A ladder was dropped for them to climb aboard. The commandos boarded with their weapons at the ready out of concern that there could be Iranian or Hamas operatives on board. The commandos ordered the crew to assemble on the bridge, and then began inspecting the cargo. ^[365] The IDF said the ship's crew was unaware it was carrying concealed weapons. The ship was redirected to the Ashdod base for further inspection. After the contraband was unloaded, Israel announced it would release the Victoria and allowed it to continue its journey to the Egyptian port of Alexandria. ^[367]

During the 2014 Gaza War, Shayetet 3 off-shore fleet fired 3,494 naval shells, into the Gaza Strip ^[368] which was coordinated from this base.

During the Israel Hamas war, an estimated 35 fighters of Hamas' Nukhba unit were observed crossing into Israeli waters from the Gaza fishing zone during the Zikim attack. ^{[369] [370]} Col. Eitan Paz, commander of the Ashdod naval base, having been forewarned of the invasion by Gaza Division commander Avi Rosenfeld earlier in the morning, immediately ordered the forces under his command to defend the Israeli maritime border and prevent raids on the coast. ^[370]

Israeli sources stated that three of the boats were destroyed by patrol boats of the Israeli Navy's 916th Patrol Squadron from Ashdod naval base before they reached the shore, and sailors of the Snapir unit, the Israeli Navy's protection and harbor security unit, subsequently moved in on Defender-class boats and killed the survivors as well as Hamas divers they discovered with gunfire and depth charges. However, the remaining boat soon made it to Zikim beach. ^{[370] [371] [372]}

Patrol Squadron 916 is based in Ashdod base and its role is to provide mutual security - to continuously protect the country's maritime borders.Thw squadron operates Super Dvora Mk II-class patrol boats, Shaldag-class patrol boats and Unmanned surface vehicles.

The ships of the voyage are divided between four cruises, the Bezeq cruise , the Kasif cruise , the Trigon cruise , and the Shark cruise . Each cruise is commanded by naval officers with the rank of captain/major, a qualified vessel commander. ^[373]

It has a subunit called the 'Snapir unit' with the task of ensuring the security of the base. ^[77]

Ashdod base commanders
name	command period	Development and special events	Photo
Yokutiel Netz	May July 1967	Establishment
Baruch Brushi	August 1967 – September 1969	War of Attrition
Michael Barkai	September 1969 – August 1971
Dov Ram	August 1971 – March 1973
Eitan Lipschitz	March 1973 – March 1974	Yom Kippur War
Joseph Elder	March 1974 – September 1976
Mousa Levy	September 1976 – December 1978
Arya Marmari	December 1978 – July 1979
Abraham Ashur	July 1979 – July 1982
Ami Elon	July 1982 – September 1984
Alex Tal	September 1984 – July 1987
Uzi Livnat	July 1987 – July 1989
Yossi Levi	July 1989 – May 1990
Haim Gaesh	May 1990 - July 1992
Cypress tree	July 1992 – August 1994
Nir Maor	August 1994 – September 1996
Zev Yanovsky	September 1996 – November 1998
Slomo Frommer	November 1998 – March 2001
Daniel Maoz	March 2001 – February 2003
Menachem Levi	February 2003 – September 2005
Yoram Lex	September 2005 – August 2008	Operation Summer Rains and Operation Warm Winter
Yaron Levy	August 2008 – February 2010	Operation Cast Lead
David Sa'ar Selma	February 2010 – August 2011
Dror Friedman	August 2011 – March 2014
Ido Ben-Moshe	March 2014-April 2016
Guy Goldferb	April 2016 – July 2017
Yoval Eilon	July 2017 – September 2019
Amir Gutman	September 2019 – September 2021
Eli Sohulitsky	September 2021 – August 2023
Eitan Paz	August 2023 – Present

• Batia Shem-El, בסיס חיל הים באשדוד, 'Between Waves' October 1975, p. 22.
• Shay Bandman, "'Time goes by fast here,'" on the control posts Erez and Tel Ridan, "Between Waves" July 1984, pp. 41-43.
• "'Ashdod 18 years'" - the story of the Ashdod base, between the waves, April 1986.
• Annie El Roei, Raviv Hadar and David Bar- בסיס לנוכח האויב - הקמת בסיס אשדוד, "Marine Systems" 86-85, July 1967, pp. 24-25.
• Uri Porat, בסיס אשדוד, 'Marine Systems' 104, July 1971, pp. 32–33.
• P. courage, על אנשים, ספינות ומלח – בסיס עין גדי, 'Marine Systems' 107–108, March 1972, p. 36.
• Orly Azoulai, חיל הים באגם המר, 'Between Waves' December 1973, p. 8.
• Orly Azoulai, על אנשים ספינות ומלח, 'Between Waves' April 1975, p. 18.
• Shlomo Man, סימן חיים בים המוות - בסיס עין גדי, 'Between Waves' March 159, 1983, p. 22.
• Shay Bandman, הזמן עובר פה מהר - יומיים בתחנות המכם הדרומיות, 'Between Waves' 162 July 1984 p. 41.
• Shlomo Man, מוסף מיוחד - ח"י לאשדוד, 'Between Waves' 167 April 1986 p. 25.
• Ruthie Rodner, נחה עליהם הרוח וגרמה להן להתקשר למצוף באשדוד, ' Galim. 170-171 June 1987, p. 23.
• Ruthie Rodner and Sigal Buchris, מ' על המים - מ' שנים לחיל הים - עצרת יום חיל הים תשמ"ח בקיסריה וגם יום החיל באשדוד, "Between Waves" 176 October 1988 pp. 1 and 4
• Sigal Buchris, ימי קרב בסיס אשדוד, 'Between Waves' 177 April 1989 p. 11.
• Sigal Buchris, בסיס אשדוד, 'Between Waves' 180 April 1990 p. 6.
• Ido Laur, הגבול הכי חם של ישראל, "Between Waves", 10, July 2006, p. 44.
• Nir Kosti, מח"ט הים מפקד בסיס אשדוד ירון בעופרת יצוקה, "Between Waves", May 2009, p. 42
• Tal Hefer and Rose Barel, חדשות חיל ים: מועדון חיילים חדש בבסיס אשדוד, Contributed by the Goldberg family of Toronto "Between Waves", December 2009, p. 12
• Raz Sharga, Ari Shabiv, Nateel Bandel and Rose Barel, "'Quiet takeover of the "provocation flotilla" and also "'Trends of dealing with maritime terrorism' and also "'Talking about the flotilla'", "Bin Galim", October 2010, pp. 36, 37 and 40
• Dario Nitzan יחידת הברטרמים באשדוד ובים המלח July 15, 2015 at the website of the Maritime Heritage Conservancy
• Annie Elroy, מבצע צוק איתן: עזה באחריותנו 24/7, וגם העיניים היפות של הגזרה, "Between Waves", October 2014, p. 33
• Dawn as a window, בסיס חיל הים אירח תלמידי ישיבות ההסדר Article in Ashdodent December 27, 2016

he:שייטת הצוללות

7th Flotilla
שייטת הצוללות
Coat of arms of Shayetet 7
Active	1959-present
Country	Israel
Branch	Israeli Navy
Type	Submarine Flotilla
Size	6 submarines and 300 personnel
Part of	Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Haifa naval base
Nickname(s)	700 Club
Engagements	Six Day War 1982 Lebanon War Sudan strikes Syrian Civil War
Commanders
Current commander	Colonel Uri
Notable commanders	#Commanders
Insignia
Service Pin

Shayetet 7 or Submarine Flotilla is the only submarine flotilla of the Israeli Navy. It is based in Haifa naval base and operates Dolphin-class submarines. It was established in 1959.

The service in the submarine fleet is difficult, challenging and often far from the country's borders, so the submarine crews have to be very cohesive. Another derivative of the great distance from the country's borders is that the submarine crew is operationally competent and ready for war at any time. ^[374]

Every operational mission of the submarine has a military doctor and a medic on board who have undergone special training to treat the wounded, including dealing with a multi-casualty incidents, deep under the surface of the water. In the absence of an emergency, the doctor who joins any operational mission also carries an intelligence role for everything, in which he is engaged throughout the mission as one of the combatants. ^[375]

Class	Photo	Boats	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Dolphin class		INS Dolphin, [do̞lˈfin] (Dolphin) INS Livyathan, [livjaˈtan] (Whale) INS Tekumah, [tkuˈma] (Revival)	1999 1999 2000	Germany	Expected to be replaced with the Dakar-class submarines starting in the early 2030s
AIP Dolphin 2 class		INS Tanin, [taˈnin] (Crocodile) INS Rahav, [ˈʁahav] ( Rahab) INS Drakon, [dʁaˈko̞n] (Dragon)	2012 2014 2023?	Germany

Two used S model submarines were purchased from the Royal Navy . These submarines were built in World War II , and refurbished in England for the Israeli Navy. An Israeli team that went through a training period in France and United kingdom was the crew for the first submarine and went through training under British supervision. The Flotilla was established on December 16, 1959 , when INS Tanin (C-71) entered the port of Haifa. ^[376] The second submarine, INS Rahav (C-73) , arrived at the shores of Israel in July 1960. ^[377]

During the Six Day War, the Flotilla participated in the Operation Alexandria in which INS Tanin (C-71) led six fighters from Shayetet 13 into action in the port of Alexandria . While waiting to collect the divers, the submarine was attacked by an Egyptian vessel and damaged. The next day she returned to the meeting place to collect but the divers had already been captured by the Egyptians. ^{[378] [379]} Multiple civilian ships were destroyed in this operation.

In 1965, Israel purchased 3 T submarines from the British Navy - Leviathan ^[380], Decker , and Dolphin ^[381] . The T submarines were larger and more sophisticated than the S submarines, but they were also outdated submarines from the Second World War period that had undergone a process of Upgrade and renovation. The submarines arrived after the Six Day War.

A submarine of the Flotilla INS Dakkar sunk on January 25, 1968 , on its way from Britain to Israel and all 69 members of its crew perished. The remains of the submarine and the place where it sank were only discovered in 1999. ^{[382] [383]}

The Flotilla did not take part in the Yom Kippur War due to maintainence issues.

Gal-class submarine entered the service in the Flotilla in the late 1970s, these small but agile and sophisticated submarines were continuously upgraded with newer systems to maintain their technological edge. They were somewhat unusual in that all boats of the class were at equipped with six-tube retractable Blowpipe surface-to-air missile launchers controlled from inside the boat, though these were later removed. ^[384]

The Flotilla participated in the 1982 Lebanon War and carried out Operation Dreyfus which was a military operation to locate and identify enemy ships using submarines . In June 1982 , during the operation, a Navy submarine hit a civilian ship carrying refugees , due to the suspicion that they were terrorists. 25 people were killed in the incident. ^[385]

Starting from 1999, the Dolphin-class submarines have continued to serve the Israeli Navy as a part of the Flotilla and are expected to continue their service till 2030.

In November-December 2011 two Israeli air raids against Gaza-bound weapon smugglers in Sudan were accompanied by Israeli submarine activity off the Sudanese coast. ^{[386] [387]}

On July 5 2013, during the Syrian Civil War Israeli missile strike against the Syrian port of Latakia, was made in coordination with the United States, and long range missiles were launched from a Dolphin-class submarine. The attack targeted newly unloaded Russian-made Yakhont long range high performance anti-ship missiles and associated radars. ^{[388] [389] [390]}

Name	Period of office	Comments	Photo' [391]
Yosef Dror	April 1959 to April 1963	First Commander
Hadar Kimchi	April 1963 - May 1968
Abraham Dror	1968 - August 1972	Holder of the Adoration of Courage for the Operation Alexandria
Gideon Raz	June 1972 - August 1973
Leshem Berg	1973 - 1976
Gideon Raz	January - October 1977	Second term of office
Doron Amir	October 1977 - April 1980
Shaul Horev	May 1980 - June 1983
Michael Kisari	June 1983 - July 1987
Haim Kfir-Kopert	July 1987 - July 1990
Nir Maor	1990 - 1992
David Luria	July 1992 - March 1996
Uri Distnik	1996 - 1998
Yoval Tzur	1998 - 2001
Eyal Ben-Zion	2001 - 2004
Yonathan Vert	2004 - 2006
Amit Farber	2006 - 2008
Oded Gur Lavi	2008 - 2011
Gil Aginsky-Peretz	2011 - 2015
Col. Doron	2015 - 2016
Col. Assaf	2016 - 2019
Col. Guy	July 2019 - July 2021
Col. Uri	July 25, 2021 -	Current commander of the flotilla

• אתר שייטת הצוללות An unofficial website of the history of submarines in Israel.
• אגף שייטת הצוללות On the unit website - the IDF units website.
• Shamuel Tankos, עם רכישת הצוללות, "Marine Systems" 39-N, March 1959, pp. 4-5.
• Shmuel Tankos, פקודת יום לבוא אחי תנין, תפילת הדרך לצוות הצוללת, מעמקי התנין, "Marine Systems" MD, December 1959 p. 3.
• Zev Schiff, מדוע כדאי לשרת בצוללת, "Marine Systems" NA, January 1961, p. 10.
• Yosef Dror, דבר מפקד שייטת הצוללות, "Marine Systems" n.d., July 1961, p. 3.
• Uri Dan, עם תנין ורהב במצולות, "Marine Systems" n.d., July 1961, p. 4.
• Yohai ben Nun, בהנפת נס שירות פעיל על אח"י תנין, 'Marine Systems' 61, September 1962, p. 2.
• Yosef Dror, מפקד השייטת לאנשיו, 'Marine Systems' 61, September 1962 p. 2.
• Yosef Dror, מפקד צוללת לאנשיו, 'Marine Systems' 63, March 1963 p. 2.
• Eli Shaf הצוללות שבדרך, 'Marine Systems' 76, February 1966, p. 16
• That. Yosef, הצוללות - חלום שנתגשם. 'Marine Systems' 111 March 1973, p. 12.
• Shlomo Man, על ההרגשה האישית והחיים בצוללת המפליגה מתחת לפני המים, 'Between Waves' January 1981 p. 31.
• Remy Antian, בצוללת כאן הטבח הוא המפקד, 'Between Waves' June 1981 p. 10.
• Shlomo Man, הדור אשר לא ידע את דקר, 'Between Waves' March 159, 1983, p. 6.
• Aryeh Kiesel, זה לא לאנשים נורמלים צוללת, 'Between Waves' 162 July 1984 p. 16.
• Naama Toren, רק גמרו את הקורס נקלטים בשייטת הצוללות, 'Between Waves' 166 November 1985, p. 12.
• מנהגים ומסורת בשייטת הצוללות, "Between Waves" 181 August 1990, p. 51.
• Dror Gat, שייטת 7 בעידן החדש, "Between Waves", May 2009, p. 4.
• Raz Sharga, יובל להגעת אח"י תנין לישראל, "Between Waves", December 2009, p. 13
• Jordan Gore, שייטת הצוללות חוגגת 55 שנה ומתכוננת לאח"י תנין, 'Between Waves' May 2014, p. 28.
• Brith Almog, החלפת פיקוד בשייטת הצוללות - מדורון לאסף באוגוסט 2016 וגם נס שירות פעיל לאח"י רהב, "Between Waves", October 2016, p. 14.
• Gadi Yampel and Avital Rahavit, חשיפה תת-מימית - צוללות בחופי לבנון, "Between Waves", October 2016, p. 43.
• Oral Elhadad and Brit Almog טקס פרס הרמטכ"ל לשנת 2016 וגם סונאר חדש בצוללות חיל הים, "Between Waves", May 2017, pp. 9-10.
• Hi. Sutton, היסטוריה של הצוללות הישראליות On the Historian website May 20, 2017.
• שייטת הצוללות Lecture at Alfredo Forum September 2018.
• Adir Yizrif, טקס החלפת פיקוד שייטת הצוללות, the 'Hai Fe' website, July 19, 2019.
• Yitzhak Noy, על שייטת הצוללת בתוכנית שבת עולמית, Broadcast interviews with Hadar Kimchi, Shaul Horev and David Rotenberg, April 17, 2021.
• Amnon Gonen and others, הדבורים של שייטת הצוללות, October 2021
• שייטת 7 - סיפורו של צי הצוללות בחיל הים, in the framework of a global discussion with Yitzhak Noy, Israel Broadcasting Corporation, April 17, 2021
• Dan Arkin, הצוללת אח"י דרקון צולמה במספנה בקיל שבגרמניה, אמורה להגיע לחיל הים עוד השנה, Israel Defense, August 6, 2023.
• Ronit Zilberstein, מים שקטים חודרים עמוק: הצטרפנו למסע המסכם של חניכי שייטת 7, Israel today, August 17, 2023.
• תיעוד בלעדי: לוחמי הצוללות בפעילות מבצעית במרחב הצפון, October 14, 2023.

12th Operational Brigade

129th special motorized militia battalion (1990-1992) 10th separate battalion of the NGU (1992-1995) 17th separate special motorized battalion (1995-2014) 18th operational regiment of the National Guard of Ukraine (2014-2019) 12th separate operational brigade (2019-2023)
Brigade Insignia
Active	1990-2023
Disbanded	Late 2023
Country	Ukraine
Allegiance	Ukraine
Branch	National Guard of Ukraine (1990-1995) Internal Troops of Ukraine (1995-2014) National Guard of Ukraine (2014-23)
Type	Brigade
Size	Five Battalions
Garrison/HQ	Mariupol
Nickname(s)	Dmytro Vyshnevetsky Brigade
Engagements	Russo-Ukrainian War War in Donbass Battle of Mariupol (2014) Russian invasion of Ukraine Siege of Mariupol
Decorations	Courage and Bravery
Commanders
Notable commanders	Colonel Denis Oleksiyovych Shlega Colonel Serhii Yevhenovich Sovinskyi Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovych Kryachko

12th brigade of operational assignment (12 BrOP — military unit 3057) was military formation of the National Guard of Ukraine . It was part of the Eastern operational territorial association . Location — Mariupol , Donetsk Oblast. ^[392]

On January 18, 1990, the 129th special motorized militia battalion of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (military unit 5509) was formed in Mariupol. ^[393]

On January 2, 1992, on the basis of the 129th special motorized police battalion, the 10th separate battalion of the NGU (military unit 1041) was formed, which was part of the 4th Northern Division . In 1995, the battalion was transferred to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and renamed the 17th separate special motorized battalion (military unit 3057).

In April 2014, the situation in the city of Mariupol became significantly complicated. Supporters of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic held systematic unauthorized rallies with attempts to seize state authorities, including the seizure of the Mariupol City Hall building. In the period from April 10 to 14, 2014, supporters of the DPR led by the so-called "people's mayor" Denis Kuzmenko and representatives of the force block of their security service repeatedly arrived at the checkpoint of military unit 3057 in order to persuade the command to submit to the leadership of the DPR and transfer weapons for their use. But after receiving a refusal, saboteurs blocked the checkpoint with wheels, sandbags and other objects. By the next morning, the remains of the barricade were removed with the assistance of the police. On April 16, 2014, servicemen of the 17th separate battalion under the command of Serhiy Sovinskyi ^[394] repelled an attempt to capture the HQ of the military unit. ^[140] At 20:00, a group of female protestors started an unauthorized rally at the gate of the unit. In this way, they distracted the attention of military personnel. The attack on the military unit began at 20:30. Protesters started throwing Molotov cocktails and tearing down gates. They demanded that the personnel hand over their weapons. Realizing that this would not bring success, they began to request reinforcements over the radio. The minibuses arrived in twenty minutes. Armed men in uniforms and balaclavas disembarked from them. A total of about 200 people started shooting with firearms in the direction of the unit. The shelling was carried out along the entire perimeter from nearby houses. ^[395] The servicemen of the 17th battalion opened fire first in the air, and then at the targets. ^[140] The personnel of the unit held the defense until midnight. At 24:00, all units of the Mariupol police arrived to help, and the cleaning of the adjacent part of the territory began. ^[395] At least 19 attackers were wounded, 3 of them fatally. ^[140]

In December 2014, unit 3057 was reformed into the 18th operational regiment of the National Guard of Ukraine , during the next four months, its ranks were replenished with servicemen from the "Azov" and "Donbas" special forces battalions .

Thus, in 2015, the regiment included:

• A patrol battalion ^[396]
• Donbas Battalion ^[397]
• Azov Battalion ^[398]
• A Special patrol company ^[399]
• A Rifle company (reserve) ^[400]

On September 9, 2016, the "Donbas" battalion was transferred to the 15th regiment , which was stationed in the city of Sloviansk. ^[138]

In October 2019 , the regiment was reorganised as 12th separate operational brigade. ^[401]

The brigade took part in the Siege of Mariupol. ^[402] After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, the brigade took up the defense in the city of Mariupol. On 16 April 2022, Russian forces captured the base of the unit, in western Mariupol. ^[403] Together with other units, the brigade defended the city until May 2022, until the final blockade of the Ukrainian troops at the Azovstal plant. On May 3, the brigade commanders reported on the catastrophic situation at the plant and called on the military-political leadership of Ukraine and the International community to evacuate all troops from the territory of "Azovstal". ^[404]

During the Siege of Mariupol, most of the troops of the Azov Regiment were captured, the remaining troops and the 12th Brigade were then reorganised into the 12th Special Purpose "Azov" Brigade. ^{[405] [406]}

On March 24, 2018, by decree of the President of Ukraine, with the 18th operational regiment was awarded the honorary title "name of Dmytro Vyshnevetsky" after Dmytro Vyshnevetsky. ^[407]

On October 27, 2022, the unit received the honorary award " For Courage and Bravery" by the decree of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky. ^[408]

• Colonel Serhii Yevhenovich Sovinskyi (2014) ^[409]
• Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovych Kryachko (2014-2021)
• Colonel Denis Oleksiyovych Shlega (2021—2022) ^[410].

he:בסיס אילת

Eilat Naval Base
Israel
Logo of the base
Type	Naval Base
Site information
Owner	Israel Defense Forces
Operator	Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison	Israeli Navy 915th Squadron Patrol Unit Fin Unit

Eilat Naval Base is a major Israeli naval base situated in the Israeli coastal city of Eilat. It was established in 1949 and serves to be the sole Israeli Navy Base on the coast of Red Sea.

The main task of the base in Eilat is to maintain the security and peace of Eilat. The main activity in the city of Eilat is based on recreation and tourism, which include, among other things, about two hundred vessels moving in a relatively small maritime region. ^[411]

In the past this area was a meeting area between four conflicting countries: Israel, Egypt , Jordan and Saudi Arabia. However, today all the 4 countries are at peace. ^[412]

At the base operates the Patrol Squadron 915 , which operates the Dvora-class fast patrol boats and Super Dvora Mk III-class patrol boats.

The base was established in 1949 after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war to serve as a naval base at the point of junction with three hostile states.

During the Six Day War, the base played a vital role in the capture and occupation of Sharm El Sheikh.On 7 June, Israel began its attack on Sharm el-Sheikh. The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval defences. An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought. At about 4:30 am, three Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries, while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al-Tur, as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in Sharm el-Sheikh. ^[413] However, the city had been largely abandoned the day before, and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el-Sheikh. There, the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took the city, killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking eight more prisoners. At 12:15 pm, Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction. ^[413]. The entire operation was carried out from this base.

On January 24, 1970 at the Eilat base ,a truck loaded with ammunition exploded . As a result of the explosion, 24 people were killed, 17 of them on the spot, and seven died of their wounds in the days after the explosion, and dozens were injured. ^[414]

From the late 1990s, discussions began on the evacuation of the naval base in Eilat, in favor of the establishment of tourist projects and the further development of the Eilat beach strip towards the south. However, the realization of the project did not come to fruition for many years. In 1996 , the Ministry of Defense and the Navy Headquarters decided to close the Navy shipyard in Eilat. In the area of the shipyard, planning has begun for the establishment of tourist projects. ^[415] But in May 1997, the Minister of Defense, Yitzhak Mordechai , decided not to close the base. ^[416]

At the end of 2002 , a plan was drafted according to which the Ports Authority will manage a project that includes the expansion of the Eilat port and the relocation of the Eilat base into it. ^[417] In March 2003, the IDF, the Ports Authority and the Eilat Municipality agreed that the Navy base would be moved to Eilat Port and the area would be available for development. ^[418] But the project did not go ahead, due to a dispute over the financing of the plan. ^[419]

Operation Full Disclosure was a military operation carried out by the Israel Defense Forces on March 5, 2014, in the Red Sea. ^[420] After days of surveillance far out to sea, Israeli Navy Shayetet 13 commandos seized the Iranian-owned and Panamanian- registered merchant vessel Klos C that had set sail from Iran, heading for Port Sudan via Iraq. ^[421] On board, the commandos found long-range missiles suspected to be destined for the Gaza Strip concealed in containers full of Iranian bags marked as Portland cement. ^[422] The operation was carried out from this base.

The Red Sea crisis began on 17 October 2023. On 27 October 2023 two loitering munitions were fired in a northerly direction from the southern Red Sea. According to Israel Defense Forces (IDF) officials, their target was Israel, but they did not cross the border from Egypt. Of the two drones, one fell short and hit a building adjacent to a hospital in Taba, Egypt, injuring six; the other was shot down near an electricity plant close to the town of Nuweiba, Egypt. ^{[423] [424] [425]} A Houthi official later made a one-word post on Twitter after the drone crashed in Taba, mentioning Eilat. ^[426]

On 31 October an alert was triggered in Eilat, Eilot kibbutz and the Shahorit industrial park area regarding the penetration of hostile aircraft from the Red Sea. The aircraft was successfully intercepted over the Red Sea. The Arrow system intercepted a ballistic missile and the Air Force intercepted several cruise missiles fired from the Red Sea toward Eilat. The Houthis took responsibility for the launches. ^[427]

On 1 November at 00:45 the IDF intercepted an air threat fired from Yemen and identified south of Eilat. ^[428]

On 9 November, the Houthis fired a missile toward the city of Eilat. ^[429]

On 14 November the Houthis fired numerous missiles, one of which was aimed toward the city of Eilat. The missile was intercepted by an Arrow missile according to Israeli officials. ^[430]

On 22 November, the Houthis fired a cruise missile aimed toward the city of Eilat. Israeli officials said the missile was successfully intercepted. ^[431]

On 6 December 2023, the Houthi movement launched several ballistic missiles at Israeli military posts in Eilat including this base. ^[432]

By 21 December 2023, the Port of Eilat, which gives Israel via the Red Sea its only easy shipping access to Asia without the need to transit the Suez Canal, had seen an 85% drop in activity due to the Houthi action. ^[433]

On 2 February, the Houthis claimed that they had fired a ballistic missile towards Eilat. The IDF also said that the Arrow defense system intercepted a missile over the Red Sea. ^[434]

On 18 March, Yemeni Houthis launched a cruise missile that successfully struck Israel, reportedly hitting an open area north of Eilat. Israel stated there was no damage or injuries caused. ^[435]

On 21 March 2024, IDF also announced on the same day that it intercepted a "suspicious aerial target" approaching Israeli territory over the Red Sea. ^[436]

On 9 April, the IDF used a seaborne missile from the INS Magen to shoot down a UAV for the first time. The UAV, which came from the Red Sea, breached Israeli airspace and crossed into the area of the Gulf of Aqaba, setting off sirens in Eilat. ^{[437] [438]}

On 3 June, the IDF's Arrow defense system intercepted a surface-to-air missile aimed at Eilat from the direction of the Red Sea. ^[439]

On 3 November 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on Eilat. ^[440]

On 12 November 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on Eilat. ^[441]

On 31 December 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed drone attack on Eilat. ^[140]

On 28 January 2024 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed a drone attack on Eilat. ^[442]

On 1 April 2024, Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a drone attack on Eilat. The drone struck this base causing damage to a building and no casualties. ^{[443] [444]}

Multiple strikes were reported on 9 April 2024 ^[445],20 April 2024 ^[446],7 May 2024 ^[447],20 May 2024 ^[448] 23 May 2024 ^[449] and 27 May 2024 ^[448]

The squadron is divided into two units, the vessel fighters, who make up the bulk of the force, and the fin fighters.

Objectives of vessel fighters are

• Constant patrols in the seas of Israel.
• Identification of watercraft entering Israeli waters.
• Preventing smuggling through the sea
• Protecting national assets, such as drilling rigs.
• Various operations carried out alone, or with other units in and outside of the navy.

The objective of Fin fighters is the security of the base.

The commanders of the base' [450]
Name	term of office	Remarks	Image
Abraham Luxemburg	1949–1950
Un­known	1950–1952
Yosef Almog	1952–1955
Un­known	1955–1957
Yehuda Ben-Zur	1957–1958	Chinese evaluation
Jacob Hamel	1958
Arya Barak	1958–1959
Jacob Etzion	1959–1960
Menachem Cohen	1960–1962
Yaakov Ritov	December 1962–1964
Lt. Col. Menashe Lifshitz	1964–1967	transferred from his command due to a complaint by the people of Eilat about the transfer of the families of the base staff during the war.
Avraham Butzer	during the period of Six Day War	The liberation of Sharm al-Sheikh
Yaakov Gilad	August 1967 to August 1968
Ezra Kedem	1970–1972
Solomon beautiful	1972–1973
Zvi Paz	1973–1974
Ephraim Sela	from the beginning of 1974 to the end of 1975	Exchange of boats in barterams with beavers, rescuing a tourist on a boat that drifted to Aqaba carried out by a beaver
Moshe Oron	September 1981–September 1982
Ami Sarel	September 1982-May 1985
Udi Aral	May 1985–August 1988
Dodu Hayver	August 1988-May 1989
Yossi Israel	May 1989-July 1991
Aryeh Gabish	July 1991-July 1992
Udi Dvir	July 1992-July 1994
Shloma Cohen	July 1994–June 1996
Shlomo Frommer	July 1996-June 1998
Ofer Dubnov	June 1998–October 2001
Yehuda Siso	October 2001–September 2002	Seizure of drug boats
Yossi Shachaf	September 2002-September 2006
Lieutenant Colonel Oren Guter	September 2006-August 2007
Chen Tal	August 2007-August 2008
David Sa'ar Selma	August 2008–February 2010
Lt. Col. Zvi Shahar	February 2010-August 2012
Lieutenant Colonel Ilan Mintz	August 2012-2015
Oren Nahabs	2015-2017
Ofir David	2019-2017
Tamir Shemesh	2017- July 2021
Lt. Col. Shay Khudara	June 2021–

• Zeev Fried, חיל הים כובש את מפרץ אילת, "Marine Systems" 11, December 1956, p. 54.
• Orly Azoulai, בסיס אילת פנים רבות לו, 'Marine Systems' 111, March 1973, p. 30.
• Batia Shem-El, מפגש אמנים בבסיס אילת, 'Between Waves', April 1974 p. 32.
• Giorgio concocted, שומרים על השקט בבריכה, 'Between Waves' 164 February 1985, p. 21.
• Aryeh Tal, ביקור ספינות נאטו בסיס אילת, "Between Waves", 8, May 2005 p. 10.
• sapphire paid, זירת ים סוף למען הסביבה, "Between Waves", May 2017, p. 16.
• Oren, Michael B. (2002). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-515174-9.
• Oren, Michael B. (2002e). Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East (electronic ed.). New York: RosettaBooks. ISBN  978-0-79-532684-4.

he:שייטת ספינות הטילים

3rd Flotilla
שייטת ספינות הטילים
Coat of arms of Shayetet 3
Active	1962-present
Country	Israel
Branch	Israeli Navy
Type	Corvette and Missile boat Flotilla
Size	15 Ships and about 1,000 soldiers and officers
Part of	Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQ	Haifa naval base
Nickname(s)	Missile Ship Flotilla
Commanders
Current commander	Colonel Eldad Borochovich
Insignia
Badge
Warrior pin

The Missile Ship Fleet , or as it's officially called Shayetet 3, is the main surface combat force of the Israeli Navy . The fleet was established in 1967 and includes , 15 missile ships of the Saar 4.5 , Saar 5 and Saar 6 models . In addition, the Ahi Bat Yam auxiliary ship is under its command. It is the only fleet of Israeli Navy operating Surface vessels (as Israeli Navy only uses submarines and missile ships)

The cruise missions of the missile ships are derived from the mission of the Israeli Navy: "to give a safe coast and open navigation to Israel" . In times of war, the Navy's duties are naval warfare against the enemy's fleets, assistance to the ground forces, shelling of installations and traffic routes on the enemy's coast, securing the shipping lanes to Israel and protecting the country's beaches. ^[451]

Except in times of war, the fleet is assigned various tasks: operations to gather intelligence , regular security patrols against hostile sabotage activity and preventing the supply of weapons to terrorist elements and providing backup to ground forces in operational operations. In the 2nd decade of the 21st century , with the establishment of the drilling arrays and gas production, drilling: Tamar , Leviathan and Tanin in the Mediterranean Sea , the navy's missions were expanded and they also include security of the state's assets at sea.

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Sa'ar 5 [ˈsa'ar] (Tempest)		INS Eilat, [ejˈlat] ( Eilat) INS Lahav [ˈlahav] (Blade) INS Hanit [χaˈnit] (Spear)	1994 1994 1995	United States	-
Sa'ar 6		INS Magen [maˈgen] (Shield) INS Oz (Courage) INS Atzmaut (Independence) INS Nitzachon (Victory)	2020 2021 2023 2023	Germany

Class	Photo	Ships	Commission year	Origin	Notes
Sa'ar 4.5		INS Romach, [ˈʁo̞maχ] (Lance) INS Keshet, [ˈke̞ʃe̞t] (Bow) INS Hetz, [ˈχe̞t͡s] (Arrow) INS Kidon, [kiˈdo̞n] ( Javelin) INS Tarshish, [tarˈʃiʃ] ( Tarshish) INS Yaffo, [ˈjafo̞] ( Jaffa) INS Herev, [ˈχe̞ʁe̞v] (Sword) INS Sufa [suˈfa] (Storm)	1981 1982 1991 1995 1995 1998 2002 2003	Israel	INS Kidon was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1974 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1994 INS Tarshish was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998 INS Yaffo was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998 The Sa'ar 4.5 boats are expected to be replaced with the 76m-long Reshef class corvette starting in the late 2020s

The fleet is divided into four combat squadrons.

• Squadron 31 - Squadron of Sa'ar 4.5 : INS Tarshish , INS Herev and INS Sufa , INS Hetz.
• Squadron 32 - Another squadron of Sa'ar 4.5: INS Kidon and INS Yaffo , Achi Keshet , INS Romach and the auxiliary ship INS Bat Yam 2 , which is used for underwater detection.
• Squadron 33 - Corvette squadron of the Sa'ar 5 : INS Lahav , INS Hanit and INS Eilat.
• Squadron 36 - Corvette squadron of the Sa'ar 6 : INS Magen , INS Oz , INS Atzmaut and INS Nitzachon.
• Extra Auxiliary ship - An Auxiliary ship INS Bat Galim 3 , was sold to the government company Israel Seas and Lakes Research in 2015 , but the Navy retains the right to recruit for wartime service. ^[452]

The organization of the ship is done in four departments. Each department is headed by a naval officer in the rank of captain who reports to the ship's commander. The departments are: ^[453]

• GNK department - activates the detection and communication devices and creates a situational picture for the commander.
• Weapons department - operates and maintains the missile cannons.
• Electronics department - maintains the detection and communication devices and operates the electronic warfare means .
• Machine department - operates and maintains the engines and the electrical and hydraulic systems.
• Anti-submarine warfare - ships designed for anti-submarine warfare do not have a separate department. The means of detection are operated by the GNAK department and the means of armament are operated and maintained by the weapons department.

On October 1, 1966, the first command structure of the fleet was established: Squadron 311. In the order of establishment, its mission was defined: ^[454]

• Fighting with missiles and cannons .
• Anti- submarine warfare

The Cherbourg Project (or Boats of Cherbourg) was an Israeli military operation that took place on 24 December 1969 and involved the escape of five remaining armed Sa'ar 3 class boats from the French port of Cherbourg ( Cherbourg-Octeville since 2000, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin since 2016). The boats had been paid for by the Israeli government but had not been delivered due to the French arms embargo in 1969. The whole operation was planned by the Israeli Navy, and was codenamed Operation Noa, after the daughter of Captain Binyamin "Bini" Telem. ^[455]

The boats taken from Cherbourg were still unarmed platforms on their arrival in Israel. They were brought into the navy and armed with Gabriel missiles and ECM and EW systems produced by MABAT and RAFAEL. ^[456] Their commissioning into the Israeli Navy was overseen by Commodore Yehoshua Lahav Schneidemesser, a Haganah member who had volunteered with the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and who was at the time the division head of Equipment and Platforms.

The flotilla's working up was overseen by Captain Hadar Kimhi, who was later promoted to commodore commanding the Naval base of Haifa. New concepts of sea missile warfare were developed by the navy and new ECM/EW techniques were developed with the leadership of Captain Herut Zemach ^[457] who was awarded the Israel Defense Prize for his efforts, creating a new generation of missile boats. Later, new Israeli Sa'ar boats were developed and built in Haifa Shipyards under the leadership of Haim Schachal, the chief engineer of the Israel Shipyards. ^[458]

Two of the boats were launched a few months before the Yom Kippur War, INS Reshef (Flash) and INS Keshet (Bow), Sa'ar 4 class missile boats. For his leadership, Schachal was awarded the Israel Defense Prize.

The fleet's ships assisted in security missions . In the course of 1970s decade, ships of the Flotilla captured four militant boats en route to Israel. The first capture of a boat happened on July 27, 1970. A "Hatz" Saar 3 model captured a boat with three militants on their way to the Gaza Strip, west of Rosh Carmel. ^[459]

Palestinian Liberation Organisation militants in Lebanon launched maritime rifs into Israel. On the night of January 14/15, 1971, paratroopers and the 13th Fleet were deployed for the first time by sea in Operation Hood 20 , under the command of Haim Nadal - commander of the invading force, and Hadar Kimchi - commander of the naval force. The targets were found in Sarafand and Bas-Sheikh, south of Sidon on the coast of Lebanon. Six ships of the fleet, one "Hanit" under the command of Ephraim Ashed , four ships under the command of Shabtai. Levi - Achi "Hatz" under the command of Avraham ben Shoshan , Achi "Mishgav" under the command of Gadi ben Ze'ev, Achi "Mazanak" under the command of Avraham Ashur and Achi Haifa (Saar 2) under the command of Eli Rahab carried the force of the paratroopers. After a security guard under the command of Rafi Apel, she carried the 13th Fleet force, which was under the command of Hanina Amishav . The raiding forces were led from the steels to the coast in rubber boats. Two naval sabotage bases and a land training base were attacked and destroyed. ^[460]

The Battle of Latakia was a small but revolutionary naval action of the Yom Kippur War, fought on 7 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. It was the first naval battle in history to see combat between surface-to-surface missile-equipped missile boats and the use of electronic deception. ^[461]

The Battle of Baltim was fought between the Israeli Navy and the Egyptian Navy on 8–9 October, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War. It took place off the Nile delta, between Baltim and Damietta. The battle began when six Israeli Sa'ar-class missile boats heading toward Port Said were engaged by four Egyptian Osa-class missile boats coming from Alexandria. It lasted about forty minutes. ^[330] The Osas fired Styx missiles, missed, and began to withdraw back to Alexandria when the Israelis began to give chase. Two Osas were sunk by Gabriel missiles within a span of ten minutes, and a third was sunk twenty-five minutes later. The fourth made it back to base. ^[462]

The Second Battle of Latakia was a small naval battle of the Yom Kippur War fought on 11 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. The Israeli Navy force consisted of Sa'ar 2-class, Sa'ar 3-class, and Sa'ar 4-class missile boats armed with Gabriel anti-ship missiles while the Syrian Navy force consisted of Soviet-made Komar- and Osa-class missile boats armed with Soviet-manufactured P-15 Termit ( NATO reporting name SS-N-2 Styx) anti-ship missiles. ^[463]

INS Yaffo (Saar 4), under the command of Lt. Col. Hanina Amishev , took an active part during the 1978 South Lebanon conflict. In general, the ship fired about 1000 76 mm shells.

The Battle of Rabbit Island was the destruction of a militant base on an island north of Tripoli (Lebanon) . On June 27-28, 1984, a force that included the INS Reshef (under the command of Major Ami Segev), the submarine INS Rahav , (under the command of Haim Kafir), and a pair of swallows (under the command of the Sheitat 13 Commander Yadidia Yaari ) attacked the naval commando base of militants on the island of Al-Nahal and destroyed militant base and vessels. ^[464]

Operation Derech Netz was carried out by four assault ships of the Flotilla under the command of Col. Shimon Meir , carrying a force of submarine fighters from the 13th flotilla under the command of Yedidia Yaari to attack militant ships in the port of Annaba in Algeria. ^[465]

On April 20, 1985, a Panamanian-flagged ship Ateviros carrying militants and speedboats from Algeria was discovered heading for an assault on Kirya in Tel Aviv. After the ship refused to stop and an RPG missile was fired from it,It was sunk. INS Muledat (commanded by Dani Halevi) and INS Mevat (commanded by Capt. Yaron Zahar) also participated in the operation. ^[466]

The seizure of the 'Castlerdy' yach on August 25, 1985 . A small ship with an Australian flag and an American crew that tried to transport a platoon of trained militants from Cyprus to Lebanon. Their mission was to carry out an attack in Kiryat Shmona. A naval force under the command of Lt. Col. Alex Eyal , which included INS Gaula and Unit 881, the 31st squadron and the "Sheaf" naval patrol aircraft, ambushed it on its way. The ship was stopped and the terrorists were transferred for questioning. After an official confiscation process , she was used as a vessel to locate sea mines under the name "Octopus". ^[467]

Operation Mekset Shifur was the capture of the terrorist ship Angel, the farthest capture from the shores of the country was on the night of August 4, 1988 in the Adriatic Sea . When it became known that the yacht "Angel" carrying a group of Fatah officers was sailing from Yugoslavia to Libya , it was intercepted about 25 miles south of the Gulf of Trento in Italy by four Sa'ar ships - Achi "Jaffa" (Sa'ar 4), Ach "Keshet" (Saar 4.5 Noshav), one "Moldat" (Saar 4), and one "Gaula" (Saar 4.5 Hochit), under the command of the battalion commander Col. Yossi Levy . Four officers from the Fatah naval force were arrested and the yacht was towed to Haifa. ^[468]

Operation Dust Road In the early 1990s, ships of the navy engaged in patrols to prevent the infiltration of fast armed boats. In the security patrols, the fleet spent over 3000 hours at sea. The activity of the ships and patrol planes over the sea became known to the militants and deterred them from approaching. The attempted attack was carried out on 27–30 May 1990: six armed boats launched at a great distance ran out of fuel before reaching the shore and the attack was averted.

The flottia took part in the Operation Grapes of Wrath in southern Lebanon against Hezbollah by blockading the ports of Beirut, Sidon and Tyre. ^[469]

The Flotilla participated in the Second Lebanon War and fired a total of 2,500 shells. ^[470]. INS Hanit which was patrolling in Lebanese waters ten nautical miles off the coast of Beirut. It was damaged on 14 July 2006 on the waterline, under the aft superstructure ^{[471] [472]} by a missile (likely a Chinese-designed C-802 ^[473]) fired by Hezbollah that reportedly set the flight deck on fire and crippled the propulsion systems inside the hull. ^[474] However, INS Hanit stayed afloat, withdrew and made the rest of the journey back to Ashdod port for repairs under its own power. ^[475] Four crew members were killed during the attack: Staff Sergeant Tal Amgar, Corporal Shai Atas, Sergeant Yaniv Hershkovitz, and First Sergeant Dov Steinshuss. ^[476]

During the Gaza War (2008–2009) the Israeli Navy attacked Hamas' rocket launchers and outposts, command and control centers, a Hamas patrol boat, and the office of Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, using the Typhoon Weapon System and Surface to surface missiles. ^{[477] [478]} The navy coordinated with other Israeli forces and used powerful shipboard sensors to acquire and shell targets on land. ^{[338] [339]} Records of the attacks published by the navy indicate that for the first time vessels were equipped with Spike ER electro-optically guided anti-armor missiles. Videos of an attack showed precision hits from a Typhoon stabilizing gun despite a rolling sea. Versions of the Spike were also used by ground units ^[340] and possibly by helicopters or unmanned aerial vehicles. ^[479] Shayetet 13 naval commandos were also deployed to attack targets on land, ^[342] and reportedly attacked an Iranian ship loaded with arms for Hamas, which was docking in Sudan. ^[480] On 28 December, Naval vessels shelled the Port of Gaza. ^[344]

On 29 December, the Free Gaza Movement relief boat Dignity carrying volunteer doctors with 3.5 tons of medical supplies, human rights activists (Among them Caoimhe Butterly and former US Representative Cynthia McKinney), and a CNN reporter was involved in an altercation with Israeli patrol boats. The captain of the Free Gaza vessel said that their vessel had been rammed intentionally and that there had been no warning before it had been rammed. ^[481] An Israeli spokesman disputed this, and said the collision was caused by the Dignity attempting to outmaneuver the patrol boats after disobeying Israeli orders to turn back. ^[482]

On 4 January the Israeli Navy extended its blockade of the Gaza Strip to 20 nautical miles. ^[483]

Throughout the war, the Israeli Navy employed Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boats of the Flotilla in addition to Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boats .

Francop Affair, On November 4, 2009, the ship MV Francop was radioed by an Israeli Navy missile boat of the Flotilla, which ordered it to halt and prepare for inspection. Shayetet 13 naval commandos then boarded the ship without resistance. The navy said that the crew was not aware of the purported smuggling and cooperated with the commandos. ^[484] The commandos broke open the shipping containers and discovered crates of weapons and munitions hidden between sacks of polyethylene stacked along the openings and sides. ^[485]

The Flotilla participated in the Victoria Affair which was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in March 2011 in which the Israeli Navy intercepted the vessel Victoria on the international waters in the Mediterranean, and discovered concealed weapons which, according to the IDF, were destined for Palestinian militant organizations in the Gaza Strip. ^[486] The vessel was found to be carrying approximately 50 tons of weapons, including C-704 anti-ship missiles, rocket launchers, radar systems, mortar shells and rifle ammunition

The Flotilla participated in the 2012 Gaza War, carrying out bombardments of the Gaza strip.

Operation Full Disclosure was an Israeli seizure of an Iranian vessel heading towards Port Sudan via Iraq. The operation was led by Major General Ram Rothberg, commander-in-chief of the Israel Navy, on board Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Hanit. INS Hetz, a Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat of the folitta also participated in the Operation. ^[487]

During the 2014 Gaza War, the Flotilla off-shore fleet fired 3,494 naval shells, into the Gaza Strip. ^[488]

During the Israel Hamas war during the 7 October attacks, the Navy stopped militants who tried to enter Israel by sea during the Zikim attack. The Sa'ar 6 ships of the Flotilla INS Oz and INS Magen, carried out, for the first time, as part of the fighting, sea surface attacks towards the Gaza Strip. ^[489] As part of these attacks, they destroyed a facility for the production of weapons, an outpost and an observation post of Hamas. ^[490]

Fleet commanders
{{}}	commander		Beginning of term	end of term	Notes
1		Benjamin Talm	1967	1968	The first commander at the time of the reception of the ships in Shrevor.
2		Hadar Kimchi	1968	1971	Conversion from vessels to combat units, author of "Battle Theory for Assault Ships", escape commander Cherbourg Ships, beginning of operations against terrorist targets - Operation Hood 20, assimilation of combat theory.
3		Shabtai Levi	1971	1973	Institutionalization of naval procedures for missile combat, transport and security of raiding forces against terrorist targets - Operation Hood 54-55 and Operation Aviv Neorim. Preparation of combat plans for the attack on the Syrian coast and the ambush on the Sinai coast carried out in the Yom Kippur War
4		Michael Barkai	July 1973	June 1974	In the Yom Kippur War he was mentioned in the Masterpiece Decoration, improving the issue of controlling the forces.
5		Eli Rahav	June 1974	March 1976	Institutionalizing the ship's competency indicators and tests, implementing a "robust code" for instructions and reports by wireless, determining the centralized ship leave.
6		Micah Lazeros	April 1976	August 1978	Operation Liberty Bell, Operation Litany, sailing to Portugal
7		Haim Shaked	August 1978	1979
8		Zeev Yehezkali	August 1978	July 1979	Commander of Sheitat 5 at the same time.
9		Abraham Ben-Shoshan	1979	1981	First Visit of the Navy ships in the port of Alexandria in Egypt.
10		Aryeh Runa	1981	1983	Improving the level of execution of the "combined battle" and raising the level of artillery during the First Lebanon War.
11		Shimon Meir	July 1983	1985	The flotilla reached 26 combat units.
12		Shaul Chorev	1985	1987	Evolution of the naval helicopter, cooperation with the Sixth Fleet, combined operations with the Sheitat 13 in Lebanon, the beginning of the reduction in SDF.
13		Yossi Levy	August 1987	August 1989	Operational improvements
14	]	August 1989	August 1991	Integration of "Dolphin" naval helicopters in full operation
15		David ben Bashot	August 1991	May 1993	The long voyages, absorption of the naval helicopter and its integration into the naval combat system
16		Yaakov Gaz	1993	1995
17		Ali Marom	1995	1997
18		Hazi Mishita	September 1997	August 1999	Renewal of battle theory for assault ships
19		Noam Feig	1999	2001
20		Ran Ben Yehuda	August 2001	July 2003	Computerization of reports
21		Abby Arzoni	July 2003	September 2005	The author of the book "Sheit 3 - the missile ships in the Navy"
22		Danny Maoz	September 2005	August 2007	The Second Lebanon War
23		Ilan Sheriki	August 2007	August 2009	Operation Cast Lead
24		Eli Wand	2009	2011	Operation Iron Law ,Capture of the ship Victoria
25		David Salma	2011	September 2013	Operation Pillar of Cloud
26		Eyal Harel	September 2013	June 2015	The capture of the weapons ship "Closs Sea" in the Red Sea, Operation Tzuk Eitan
27		Ziv Rom	June 2015	August 2017 [491]
28		Guy Goldfarb	August 2017	August 2019	The flotilla was awarded a letter of appreciation from the Chief of Staff Aviv Kochavi and a certificate of appreciation from the commander of the sea arm Eli Sharvit for a series of operations.
29		Meir Azuri	August 2019 [492]	September 2021
30		Erez ben Zion	September 2021	July 2023
31	No Picture	Eldad Borochovich	July 2023 [493]	July 30, 2023	Present

• Shmuel Yaniv, יום שייטת הסטילים, Between Waves, April 1975, p. 2.
• Remy Antian, פיליטון - יום בחייו של סטילן, Bin Galim, October 1975 (second booklet), p. 17
• Slomo Aral, "'Before the Sea'", the story of a sailor, commander and fighter, Ministry of Defense Publishing House, 1998
• Mike Elder, "'The Enemy and the Sea'", Chapters from the Operations Manual, pp. 170-181, 199-191, 246-235, Ministry of Defense - Publishing House, 1991
• Avraham Rabinowitz, "'Sherburg Ships'", (translation from English: Aryeh Marmari, editing: Efi Meltzer), Efi Meltzer Publishing Ltd., 2001
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• Col. Ido Shabach, "'Achi Lahav's voyage from the United States to Israel'", pp. 48-51, "Bin Galim" magazine Navy Association, May 2005. ^
• Moshe Imber and Gad Ariel, "Sheit 3 - the missile ships in the Navy", Ministry of Defense Publishing House, 2005
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he:בה"ד חיל הים

BHD 600
Israel
Symbol of the base
Type	Naval Training Base
Site information
Owner	Israel Defense Forces
Operator	Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison	Israeli Navy Training group Simulator Fleet Tash Kashrut squadron Stil Kashrut squadron Coastal Technical Training Squadron School for officers Submarine training squadron Naval Command School Tzur-Yam

BHD 600 or Haifa naval training base is the sole naval training base of the Israeli Navy. It is located in the port city of Haifa and is responsible for the training of most of Israeli Navy personnel.

The base is responsible for the training of all Israeli Navy personnel except Shayetet 13 and YILTAM fighters. All Shayetet 3, Shayetet 7 and regular personnel are trained here in addition to supplementary training for commanders. UAV and UUV operators are also trained here. In addition to training, regular military exercises are also held here.

• Training group - trains the instructors, the course commanders in building courses and improving them.
• Simulator Fleet - unites under it the simulator training course and the regular training in the various simulators in the fields of Shayetet 7 and Shayetet 3 and Naval intelligence
• Tash Kashrut squadron - training for recruiters, command and controls.
• Stil Kashrut squadron - For specialisation in secondary services.
• Coastal Technical Training Squadron - Training in small arms and electronic equipments.
• School for officers - a school for conscripts and military officer training.
• Submarine training squadron - Training for Shayetet 7 personnel.
• The Naval Command School - training for ship commanders.
• Tzur-Yam - a high school specializing in technological expertise.

The base was established in 1965 and training missions were initiated in 1967 after the arrival of new ships from Cherbourg after the Cherbourg Project. These vessels were initially used for training purpose.

In the 1960s, limited facilities at the training base prompted Israeli Navy to hold drills in Malta as Naval Combat exercises couldn't be held at the training base. With the passage of time, the facilities were gradually improved and helped to strengthen up the Israeli Navy before the Yom Kippur War.

At the end of the 1990s, the Haifa Administration wanted to promote a plan for the construction of a marina in Bat Galim . Environmental activists opposed the plan, which included drying up an extensive sea area, for the purpose of construction that would finance the construction of the marina. The Society for the Protection of Nature proposed an alternative plan that included the evacuation of the base and the construction of a marina in the area opposite to it, which was not accessible to the public. ^[494] In January 2003, the Israel Land Administration also presented a plan for the development of Bat Galim that included the evacuation of the base. ^[495] In May 2008 , local authorities approved the construction of a neighborhood of 1,000 housing units in the base area. ^[496] However, the plan did not go into effect, as the Ministry of Defense refused to sign an agreement to evacuate the base. In 2015, the plan was transferred to the National Committee for the Planning and Construction of Preferred Housing Complexes , with the hope that its rapid advancement would serve as leverage to renew negotiations with the Ministry of Defense, but it did not advance the plan. ^[497]

At the end of 2017, it was agreed that the base would vacate only a strip of beach along the seashore, so that for the first time so that a sequence of promenades would be created, in front of the sea from the Mediterranean coast, through the beach of the base, Bat Galim beach to the southern beaches of the Haifa. ^[498] The construction of the boardwalk began in 2018, most of it was completed, and in August 2020 it was decided to name it after Hulda Gurvitz. ^[499] however the Navy withdrew from the agreement and refused to allow the construction to be completed. ^[500]

Base commanders
#	Rank and name	Command period	Image
1	Abraham Ofer	1949 – 1950
2	Yehiel Zaltz	1950 – 1951
3	Shlomo Arel	1952
4	Aryeh Friedman	1953 – 1954
5	Yitzhak Gazit	1954 – 1956
6	Yehuda Igra	February 1957 – February 1962
7	Yehuda Ben-Zur	June 1962 – May 1965
8	Lt. Col. Yekutiel Netz	May 1965 – March 1968
9	Yitzhak Shoshan	March 1968 – July 1968
10	Aryeh Barak	July 1968 – March 1971
11	Eli Levy	April 1971 - June 1971
12	Pinchas Pinhasi	June 1971 – June 1974
13	Shabtai Levy	July 1974 – June 13, 1975
14	Shaul Sela	June 13, 1975 – July 1977
15	Abraham Ben Shushan	August 1977 – June 1978
16	Yitzhak Koral Almog	July 1978 – August 1981
17	Alex Tal	August 1981 – August 1983
18	Doron Amir	August 1983 – July 1986
19	Danny Melamed	July 1986 – July 1989
20	Bani Arieli	August 1989 – July 1991
21	Dror Aloni	August 1991 – January 1993
22	Dodo Iver	June 1993 – April 1995
23	Bnei Hod	April 1995 – October 1997
24	Shloma Cohen	October 1997 – September 1999
25	Eli Gambash	September 1999 – April 2002
26	Benny Shefnier	April 2002 – October 2004
27	Ilan Shariki	October 2004 – August 2007
28	Ronan Niemani	August 2007 – July 2011
29	Tzachi Appelman	July 2011 – August 2013
30	Sami Tzemach	August 2013 – 2015
31	Yuval Ilon	2015 – July 2017
32	Nadav Turgeman	July 2017 – August 2019
33	Boris Shuster	August 2019 – July 2021
34	Tamir Shemesh	July 2021 - incumbent [501]

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