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Speech–language pathology | |
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MeSH | D013066 |
Disability |
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Speech–language pathology (or speech and language pathology) is a healthcare field of expertise practiced globally. Speech-language pathology (SLP) specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders ( speech and language impairments), cognitive-communication disorders, voice disorders, and swallowing disorder across the lifespan. It is an independent profession that is sometimes considered [ by whom?]a "related health profession" or allied health profession by professional bodies like the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)[ clarification needed] and Speech Pathology Australia. Allied health professions include audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, rehabilitation psychology, physical therapy and others.
The field of speech-language pathology is practiced by a clinician known as a speech–language pathologist (SLP) [1] or a speech and language therapist (SLT), and sometimes as a speech therapist. An SLP is a university-trained individual who provides professional services in the areas of communication and swallowing. SLPs also play an important role in the screening, diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder often in collaboration with pediatricians and psychologists.
In the 18th century, speech problems were viewed as symptoms of disease. Speech therapy was therefore provided to treat the diseases using a medical framework. Jean-Marc Itard, one of the known physicians from this era, practiced the medical model. In his 1817 writings he theorized that stuttering was as a result of a problem of the nerves that control the tongue and larynx. [2] Other therapists (referred to as elocutionists) like John Thelwall were against the medical model. Instead of surgeries, Thelwall's therapy practices included, imitation, education and stimulation depending on individual needs. [2]
The development of SLP into a profession took different paths in the various regions of the world. Three identifiable trends influenced the evolution of SLP in the United States during the late 19th century to early 20th century: the elocution movement, scientific revolution, and the rise of professionalism. [2] Although there were some groups of self-proclaimed speech correctionists in early 1900s, the professional organization that is now the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association was founded in 1925. [3]
The ICF is a framework that was published in 2001 by World Health Organization (WHO) for organizing information about functioning and disability. The ICF framework in the field of SLP to guide the organization and documentation of assessment data, development of individualized functional goals, and monitoring intervention progress for individuals with communication disability.
Speech–language pathologists (SLPs) provide services, mainly on an individual basis or in groups. They also provide support for individuals, families, support groups and communities. They also provide information to the general public to create awareness about communication disorders and services. SLPs assess levels of communication needs, make diagnoses based on the assessments, and then treat the diagnoses or address the needs. Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes, such as congenital factors, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss, developmental delay, cleft lip and palate, cerebral palsy, head and neck cancers, neurodegenerative diseases or emotional issues. SLP services begin with initial screening, then assessment and diagnosis, consultation and intervention planning, treatment implementation and progress monitoring. Education and counseling and other follow-up services are also provided.
Services are provided in the following areas:
A common misconception is that speech–language pathology is restricted to the treatment of articulation disorders (e.g. helping English-speaking individuals enunciate the traditionally difficult r) and/or the treatment of individuals who stutter but, in fact, speech–language pathology is concerned with a broad scope of speech, language, literacy, swallowing, and voice issues involved in communication, some of which include:
The components of speech production include: (i) phonation (producing sound), (ii) resonance, (iii) fluency, (iv) intonation, (iv) pitch variance; (v) voice (including aeromechanical components of respiration).
The components of language include: (i) Phonology (manipulating sound according to the rules of a language); (ii) Morphology (understanding components of words and how they can modify meaning); (iii) Syntax (constructing sentences according to the grammatical rules of a target language), (iv) Semantics (interpreting signs or symbols of communication such as words or signs to construct meaning); (v) Pragmatics (social aspects of communication).
Primary pediatric speech and language disorders include: (i) receptive and (ii) expressive language disorders, (iii) speech sound disorders, (iv) childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), (v) stuttering, and (vi) language-based learning disabilities. Speech pathologists work with people of all ages.
Swallowing disorders include difficulties in any system of the swallowing process (i.e., oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), as well as functional dysphagia and feeding disorders. Swallowing disorders can occur at any age and can stem from multiple causes.
SLPs collaborate with other health care professionals, often working as part of a multidisciplinary team. They can provide information and referrals to audiologists, physicians, dentists, nurses, nurse practitioners, occupational therapists, rehabilitation psychologists, dietitians, educators, behavior consultants ( applied behavior analysis) and parents as dictated by the individual client's needs. For example, the treatment for patients with cleft lip and palate often requires multidisciplinary collaboration. Speech–language pathologists can be very beneficial to help resolve speech problems associated with cleft lip and palate. Research has indicated that children who receive early language intervention are less likely to develop compensatory error patterns later in life, although speech therapy outcomes are usually better when surgical treatment is performed earlier. Another area of collaboration relates to auditory processing disorders, where SLPs can collaborate in assessments and provide intervention where there is evidence of speech, language, and/or other cognitive-communication disorders.
SLPs work in a variety of settings. These include public and private hospitals, private practices, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities, hospice, and home healthcare. SLPs may also work as part of the support structure in the education system, working in both public and private schools, colleges, and universities. Some SLPs also work in community health, providing services at prisons and young offenders' institutions and they may also provide expert testimony in applicable court cases.
Following the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association's 2005 approval of the delivery of speech/language services via video conference or telepractice, SLPs in the United States have begun to use this service model.
SLPs conduct research related to communication sciences and disorders, swallowing disorders, or other upper aerodigestive functions.
SLPs are university trained professionals. However, different countries have varied educational requirements for becoming an SLP. Continuing education is also required for professionals to maintain their certifications and licenses.
In the United States, speech–language pathology is a master's entry-level professional degree field. Clinicians must hold a master's degree in communicative disorders / speech–language pathology (e.g., MA, MS, or MEd) obtained from a communication sciences and disorders (CSD) program at a university that holds regional accreditation. CSD programs at the master's level are accredited by the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association (ASHA) and individual state's governing boards. Programs that offer the MEd degree are often housed within a university's college of education but offer the same education and training as programs with a MA or MS degree. Beyond the master's degree, some SLPs may choose to earn a clinical doctorate in speech–language pathology (e.g., CScD or SLPD), or a doctoral degree that has research and/or professional focus (e.g., PhD, or EdD). All degrees must be from a university that holds regional accreditation.
All clinicians are required to complete 400 clinical hours (25 observation hours often completed during the undergraduate degree and 375 hours of graduate Clinical Practicum). They must pass multiple comprehensive exams also called Knowledge and Skills Acquisition (KASA) exams.
After all the above requirements have been met during the SLP's path to earning the graduate degree, SLPs obtain state licensure and national certification by:
To maintain licensure, SLPs are required to participate in Continuing Educational Units (CEU). Continuing education and training obligations:
Professional suffix:
For many parents, the decision of whether or not to enroll students into school-based speech therapy or privately practiced therapy is challenging. Speech–language pathologists work as part of a team alongside teachers, counselors, social workers and parents when in a school setting. Because school-based speech therapy is run under state guidelines and funds, the process of assessment and qualification is stricter. To qualify for in-school speech therapy, students must meet the state's criteria on language testing and speech standardization. Due to such requirements, some students may not be assessed in an efficient time frame or their needs may be undermined by criteria. For a private clinic, students are more likely to qualify for therapy because it is a paid service with more availability.
Speech–language pathologists work with clients and patients who may present with a wide range of issues throughout the life span.
In the US, some children are eligible to receive speech therapy services, including assessment and lessons through the public school system. If not, private therapy is readily available through personal lessons with a qualified speech–language pathologist or the growing field of telepractice. Teleconferencing tools such as Skype are being used more commonly as a means to access remote locations in private therapy practice, such as in the geographically diverse south island of New Zealand. More at-home or combination treatments have become readily available to address specific types of articulation disorders. The use of mobile applications in speech therapy is also growing as an avenue to bring treatment into the home.
In the UK, children are entitled to an assessment by local NHS speech- and language-therapy teams, usually after referral by health visitors or education settings, but parents are also entitled to request an assessment directly. If treatment is appropriate, an educational plan will be drawn up. Speech therapists often play a role in multi-disciplinary teams when a child has speech delay or disorder as part of a wider health condition. The Children's Commissioner for England reported in June 2019 that there was a postcode lottery; £291.65 a year per head was spent on services in some areas, while the budget in some areas was £30.94 or less. In 2018, 193,971 children in English primary schools were on the special educational needs register needing speech-therapy services.
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cite web}}
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help); Check date values in: |access-date=
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This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Speech–language pathology | |
---|---|
MeSH | D013066 |
Disability |
---|
|
Speech–language pathology (or speech and language pathology) is a healthcare field of expertise practiced globally. Speech-language pathology (SLP) specializes in the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication disorders ( speech and language impairments), cognitive-communication disorders, voice disorders, and swallowing disorder across the lifespan. It is an independent profession that is sometimes considered [ by whom?]a "related health profession" or allied health profession by professional bodies like the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)[ clarification needed] and Speech Pathology Australia. Allied health professions include audiology, optometry, occupational therapy, rehabilitation psychology, physical therapy and others.
The field of speech-language pathology is practiced by a clinician known as a speech–language pathologist (SLP) [1] or a speech and language therapist (SLT), and sometimes as a speech therapist. An SLP is a university-trained individual who provides professional services in the areas of communication and swallowing. SLPs also play an important role in the screening, diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder often in collaboration with pediatricians and psychologists.
In the 18th century, speech problems were viewed as symptoms of disease. Speech therapy was therefore provided to treat the diseases using a medical framework. Jean-Marc Itard, one of the known physicians from this era, practiced the medical model. In his 1817 writings he theorized that stuttering was as a result of a problem of the nerves that control the tongue and larynx. [2] Other therapists (referred to as elocutionists) like John Thelwall were against the medical model. Instead of surgeries, Thelwall's therapy practices included, imitation, education and stimulation depending on individual needs. [2]
The development of SLP into a profession took different paths in the various regions of the world. Three identifiable trends influenced the evolution of SLP in the United States during the late 19th century to early 20th century: the elocution movement, scientific revolution, and the rise of professionalism. [2] Although there were some groups of self-proclaimed speech correctionists in early 1900s, the professional organization that is now the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association was founded in 1925. [3]
The ICF is a framework that was published in 2001 by World Health Organization (WHO) for organizing information about functioning and disability. The ICF framework in the field of SLP to guide the organization and documentation of assessment data, development of individualized functional goals, and monitoring intervention progress for individuals with communication disability.
Speech–language pathologists (SLPs) provide services, mainly on an individual basis or in groups. They also provide support for individuals, families, support groups and communities. They also provide information to the general public to create awareness about communication disorders and services. SLPs assess levels of communication needs, make diagnoses based on the assessments, and then treat the diagnoses or address the needs. Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes, such as congenital factors, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss, developmental delay, cleft lip and palate, cerebral palsy, head and neck cancers, neurodegenerative diseases or emotional issues. SLP services begin with initial screening, then assessment and diagnosis, consultation and intervention planning, treatment implementation and progress monitoring. Education and counseling and other follow-up services are also provided.
Services are provided in the following areas:
A common misconception is that speech–language pathology is restricted to the treatment of articulation disorders (e.g. helping English-speaking individuals enunciate the traditionally difficult r) and/or the treatment of individuals who stutter but, in fact, speech–language pathology is concerned with a broad scope of speech, language, literacy, swallowing, and voice issues involved in communication, some of which include:
The components of speech production include: (i) phonation (producing sound), (ii) resonance, (iii) fluency, (iv) intonation, (iv) pitch variance; (v) voice (including aeromechanical components of respiration).
The components of language include: (i) Phonology (manipulating sound according to the rules of a language); (ii) Morphology (understanding components of words and how they can modify meaning); (iii) Syntax (constructing sentences according to the grammatical rules of a target language), (iv) Semantics (interpreting signs or symbols of communication such as words or signs to construct meaning); (v) Pragmatics (social aspects of communication).
Primary pediatric speech and language disorders include: (i) receptive and (ii) expressive language disorders, (iii) speech sound disorders, (iv) childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), (v) stuttering, and (vi) language-based learning disabilities. Speech pathologists work with people of all ages.
Swallowing disorders include difficulties in any system of the swallowing process (i.e., oral, pharyngeal, esophageal), as well as functional dysphagia and feeding disorders. Swallowing disorders can occur at any age and can stem from multiple causes.
SLPs collaborate with other health care professionals, often working as part of a multidisciplinary team. They can provide information and referrals to audiologists, physicians, dentists, nurses, nurse practitioners, occupational therapists, rehabilitation psychologists, dietitians, educators, behavior consultants ( applied behavior analysis) and parents as dictated by the individual client's needs. For example, the treatment for patients with cleft lip and palate often requires multidisciplinary collaboration. Speech–language pathologists can be very beneficial to help resolve speech problems associated with cleft lip and palate. Research has indicated that children who receive early language intervention are less likely to develop compensatory error patterns later in life, although speech therapy outcomes are usually better when surgical treatment is performed earlier. Another area of collaboration relates to auditory processing disorders, where SLPs can collaborate in assessments and provide intervention where there is evidence of speech, language, and/or other cognitive-communication disorders.
SLPs work in a variety of settings. These include public and private hospitals, private practices, skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities, hospice, and home healthcare. SLPs may also work as part of the support structure in the education system, working in both public and private schools, colleges, and universities. Some SLPs also work in community health, providing services at prisons and young offenders' institutions and they may also provide expert testimony in applicable court cases.
Following the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association's 2005 approval of the delivery of speech/language services via video conference or telepractice, SLPs in the United States have begun to use this service model.
SLPs conduct research related to communication sciences and disorders, swallowing disorders, or other upper aerodigestive functions.
SLPs are university trained professionals. However, different countries have varied educational requirements for becoming an SLP. Continuing education is also required for professionals to maintain their certifications and licenses.
In the United States, speech–language pathology is a master's entry-level professional degree field. Clinicians must hold a master's degree in communicative disorders / speech–language pathology (e.g., MA, MS, or MEd) obtained from a communication sciences and disorders (CSD) program at a university that holds regional accreditation. CSD programs at the master's level are accredited by the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association (ASHA) and individual state's governing boards. Programs that offer the MEd degree are often housed within a university's college of education but offer the same education and training as programs with a MA or MS degree. Beyond the master's degree, some SLPs may choose to earn a clinical doctorate in speech–language pathology (e.g., CScD or SLPD), or a doctoral degree that has research and/or professional focus (e.g., PhD, or EdD). All degrees must be from a university that holds regional accreditation.
All clinicians are required to complete 400 clinical hours (25 observation hours often completed during the undergraduate degree and 375 hours of graduate Clinical Practicum). They must pass multiple comprehensive exams also called Knowledge and Skills Acquisition (KASA) exams.
After all the above requirements have been met during the SLP's path to earning the graduate degree, SLPs obtain state licensure and national certification by:
To maintain licensure, SLPs are required to participate in Continuing Educational Units (CEU). Continuing education and training obligations:
Professional suffix:
For many parents, the decision of whether or not to enroll students into school-based speech therapy or privately practiced therapy is challenging. Speech–language pathologists work as part of a team alongside teachers, counselors, social workers and parents when in a school setting. Because school-based speech therapy is run under state guidelines and funds, the process of assessment and qualification is stricter. To qualify for in-school speech therapy, students must meet the state's criteria on language testing and speech standardization. Due to such requirements, some students may not be assessed in an efficient time frame or their needs may be undermined by criteria. For a private clinic, students are more likely to qualify for therapy because it is a paid service with more availability.
Speech–language pathologists work with clients and patients who may present with a wide range of issues throughout the life span.
In the US, some children are eligible to receive speech therapy services, including assessment and lessons through the public school system. If not, private therapy is readily available through personal lessons with a qualified speech–language pathologist or the growing field of telepractice. Teleconferencing tools such as Skype are being used more commonly as a means to access remote locations in private therapy practice, such as in the geographically diverse south island of New Zealand. More at-home or combination treatments have become readily available to address specific types of articulation disorders. The use of mobile applications in speech therapy is also growing as an avenue to bring treatment into the home.
In the UK, children are entitled to an assessment by local NHS speech- and language-therapy teams, usually after referral by health visitors or education settings, but parents are also entitled to request an assessment directly. If treatment is appropriate, an educational plan will be drawn up. Speech therapists often play a role in multi-disciplinary teams when a child has speech delay or disorder as part of a wider health condition. The Children's Commissioner for England reported in June 2019 that there was a postcode lottery; £291.65 a year per head was spent on services in some areas, while the budget in some areas was £30.94 or less. In 2018, 193,971 children in English primary schools were on the special educational needs register needing speech-therapy services.
{{
cite web}}
: Check |url=
value (
help); Check date values in: |access-date=
and |date=
(
help)CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: Check date values in: |date=
(
help)