 | Warning This page contains syntax errors ("cite%20note") caused by a VisualEditor bug. Do not copy/move content from this page until the errors have been repaired. See {{
Warning VisualEditor bug}} for more information. |
Medical Uses
Warfarin overdose and coumarin poisoning
Vitamin K is one of the treatments for bleeding events caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin (Coumadin®). [1] Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide ( coumarin poisoning). [2]
Secondary hypoprothrombinemia
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns
The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts. Human milk contains 1–4 μg/L of vitamin K1, while formula-derived milk can contain up to 100 μg/L in supplemented formulas. Vitamin K2 concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K1. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0.25–1.7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births. [72] Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin, so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency.
Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, blood transfusions, brain damage, and death. Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn. Intramuscular administration (known as the Vitamin K shot [73]) is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration. [74] [75]
United States
As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0.5–1 mg of vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth. [74]
United Kingdom
In the UK, vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours. [76] This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second-line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month. [77]
Controversy
Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer. [78] However, poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two. [79] Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013, [80] after treating children for serious bleeding problems. They cited lack of newborn vitamin K administration as the reason that the problems occurred, and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose.
Osteoporosis
There is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation benefits the bone health of postmenopausal women. [3]
Cardiovascular health
Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening, [4] but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. [5]
One 10-year population study, the Rotterdam Study, did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone (mainly MK-4 from eggs and meat, and MK-8 and MK-9 from cheese) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men and women. [6]
Cancer
Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth; however, no good medical evidence supports such claims. [7]
 | This is a user sandbox of
Kshim054. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G (February 2012). "Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e44S–e88S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2292. PMC 3278051. PMID 22315269.
- ^ Lung D (Dec 2015). Tarabar A (ed.). "Rodenticide Toxicity Treatment & Management". Medscape. WebMD.
- ^ Hamidi MS, Gajic-Veljanoski O, Cheung AM (2013). "Vitamin K and bone health". Journal of Clinical Densitometry (Review). 16 (4): 409–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.017. PMID 24090644.
- ^ Maresz K (February 2015). "Proper Calcium Use: Vitamin K2 as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health". Integrative Medicine (Review). 14 (1): 34–9. PMC 4566462. PMID 26770129.
- ^ Hartley L, Clar C, Ghannam O, Flowers N, Stranges S, Rees K (September 2015). "Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review). 9 (9): CD011148. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011148.pub2. PMID 26389791.
- ^ Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, Hofman A, Witteman JC (November 2004). "Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (11): 3100–5. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.11.3100. PMID 15514282.
- ^ Ades TB, ed. (2009). "Vitamin K". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 558–563. ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3.
|
| Warning This page contains syntax errors ("cite%20note") caused by a VisualEditor bug. Do not copy/move content from this page until the errors have been repaired. See {{
Warning VisualEditor bug}} for more information. |
Medical Uses
Warfarin overdose and coumarin poisoning
Vitamin K is one of the treatments for bleeding events caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin (Coumadin®). [1] Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide ( coumarin poisoning). [2]
Secondary hypoprothrombinemia
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in newborns
The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts. Human milk contains 1–4 μg/L of vitamin K1, while formula-derived milk can contain up to 100 μg/L in supplemented formulas. Vitamin K2 concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K1. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0.25–1.7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births. [72] Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin, so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency.
Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, blood transfusions, brain damage, and death. Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn. Intramuscular administration (known as the Vitamin K shot [73]) is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration. [74] [75]
United States
As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0.5–1 mg of vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth. [74]
United Kingdom
In the UK, vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours. [76] This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second-line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month. [77]
Controversy
Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer. [78] However, poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two. [79] Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013, [80] after treating children for serious bleeding problems. They cited lack of newborn vitamin K administration as the reason that the problems occurred, and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose.
Osteoporosis
There is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation benefits the bone health of postmenopausal women. [3]
Cardiovascular health
Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening, [4] but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. [5]
One 10-year population study, the Rotterdam Study, did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone (mainly MK-4 from eggs and meat, and MK-8 and MK-9 from cheese) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men and women. [6]
Cancer
Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth; however, no good medical evidence supports such claims. [7]
| This is a user sandbox of
Kshim054. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^ Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G (February 2012). "Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 Suppl): e44S–e88S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2292. PMC 3278051. PMID 22315269.
- ^ Lung D (Dec 2015). Tarabar A (ed.). "Rodenticide Toxicity Treatment & Management". Medscape. WebMD.
- ^ Hamidi MS, Gajic-Veljanoski O, Cheung AM (2013). "Vitamin K and bone health". Journal of Clinical Densitometry (Review). 16 (4): 409–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2013.08.017. PMID 24090644.
- ^ Maresz K (February 2015). "Proper Calcium Use: Vitamin K2 as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health". Integrative Medicine (Review). 14 (1): 34–9. PMC 4566462. PMID 26770129.
- ^ Hartley L, Clar C, Ghannam O, Flowers N, Stranges S, Rees K (September 2015). "Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review). 9 (9): CD011148. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011148.pub2. PMID 26389791.
- ^ Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, Hofman A, Witteman JC (November 2004). "Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (11): 3100–5. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.11.3100. PMID 15514282.
- ^ Ades TB, ed. (2009). "Vitamin K". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 558–563. ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3.