This is an incomplete list of papal calls for military assistance. Both Pope Leo IV and John VIII promised heavenly reward and forgiveness of sins for combating these "enemies of the Faith". [1]
| Year | Pope | Reason for call | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 846c. | Pope Leo IV | Saracens sack Ostia and Rome [2] | None |
| 872c. | Pope John VIII | Saracens raiding throughout Campania and Sabine Hills | By 877, five cities in Campania had formed an alliance against Saracen raiders. [3] |
| 1064 | Pope Alexander II | Muslim occupation of Spain. | French knights, organized by Alexander II, besieged Barbastro. [4] |
- ^ Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam, (Princeton University Press, 1997), 65.
- ^ Bernard Lewis, The Middle East:A brief history of the last 2000 years, (Scribner, 1995), 235.
- ^ Barbara M. Kreutz, Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 58.
- ^ Bernard F. Reilly, The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031-1157, (Blackwell, 1995), 69.
This is an incomplete list of papal calls for military assistance. Both Pope Leo IV and John VIII promised heavenly reward and forgiveness of sins for combating these "enemies of the Faith". [1]
| Year | Pope | Reason for call | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 846c. | Pope Leo IV | Saracens sack Ostia and Rome [2] | None |
| 872c. | Pope John VIII | Saracens raiding throughout Campania and Sabine Hills | By 877, five cities in Campania had formed an alliance against Saracen raiders. [3] |
| 1064 | Pope Alexander II | Muslim occupation of Spain. | French knights, organized by Alexander II, besieged Barbastro. [4] |
- ^ Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam, (Princeton University Press, 1997), 65.
- ^ Bernard Lewis, The Middle East:A brief history of the last 2000 years, (Scribner, 1995), 235.
- ^ Barbara M. Kreutz, Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 58.
- ^ Bernard F. Reilly, The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain 1031-1157, (Blackwell, 1995), 69.