Common Dialectal Chinese is a phonological system devised by Jerry Norman as a shared basis for varieties of Chinese with the exception of Min dialects.
The categories were derived from those of the Qieyun, a medieval rhyme dictionary, and later rhyme tables, by merging categories not distinguished in the modern varieties. The assignment of words to categories is determined from reflexes in the modern varieties, and occasionally differs from the placement in the Qieyun. Similarly the phonetic characteristics of the categories are based on modern reflexes, and not the Sino-Xenic readings and transcription evidence usually also used in studies of Middle Chinese.
Labials [2] | Dentals [3] | Dental sibilants [4] | Alveolopalatals [5] | Velars [6] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop or affricate |
tenuis | *p- 幫 | *t- 端 | *ts- 精 | *c- 知,照 | *k- 見 |
aspirated | *ph- 滂 | *th- 透 | *tsh- 清 | *ch- 徹,穿 | *kh- 溪 | |
voiced | *b- 並 | *d- 定 | *dz- 從 | *j- 澄,牀 | *g- 群 | |
Nasal | *m- 明 | *n- 泥,娘 | *nh- 日 | *ng- 疑 | ||
*mv- 微 | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | *f- 非,敷 | *s- 心 | *sh- 審 | *x- 曉 | |
voiced | *v- 奉 | *z- 邪 | *zh- 禪 | *h- 匣 | ||
Approximant | *w- 喻 | *l- 來 | *y- 喻 | *∅- 影 |
Yunjing rhyme group (shè 攝) |
開 kāi division | 合 hé division | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | |
遇 yù [7] | *-ie | *-u | *-iu [a] | |||||
果 guǒ [8] | *-o | *-io | *-uo | *-iuo | ||||
假 jiǎ [9] | *-a | *-ia | *-ua | |||||
止 zhǐ [10] | *-ei | *-i | *-uei | *-ui [b] | ||||
蟹 xiè [12] | *-oi | *-ai | *-iai | *-uoi | *-uai | [c] | ||
流 liú [13] | *-eu | *-ieu | ||||||
效 xiào [14] | *-ou | *-au | *-iau | |||||
深 shēn [15] | *-em/p, *-im/p [d] | |||||||
咸 xián [16] | *-om/p | *-am/p | *-iam/p | |||||
臻 zhēn [17] | *-en/t | *-in/t | *-un/t | *-iun/t | ||||
山 shān [18] | *-on/t | *-an/t | *-ian/t | *-uon/t | *-uan/t | *-iuan/t | ||
通 tōng [19] | *-ung/k | *-iung/k | ||||||
曾 zēng [20] | *-eng/k | *-ing/k | *-ueng/k | *-iuek | ||||
梗 gěng [21] | *-ang/k | *-iang/k | *-uang/k | *-iuang/k | ||||
宕 dàng, 江 jiāng [22] | *-ong/k | *-(i)ong/k [e] | *-iong/k | *-uong/k | *-iuong/k |
The tones are the four tones of Middle Chinese.
Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Old Mandarin | Beijing dialect | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early | Late | |||
*p-, *pr-, *prj-, *pj- | p- | 幫 p- | p- | p- |
*pj- | 非 f- | f- | f- | |
*t- | t- | 端 t- | t- | t- |
*tr-, *trj- | ʈ- | 知 ʈ- | tʂ- | tʂ- |
*tj-, *kj- | tɕ- | 照 ʈʂ- | ||
*tsr-, *tsrj- | ʈʂ- | |||
*ts- | ts- | 精 ts- | ts- | ts- |
*tsj- | tɕ- | |||
*kr-, *krj-, *kj-, *kʷrj-, *kʷj- | k- | 見 k- | k- | |
*k-, *kʷ-, *kʷr- | k- |
Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Old Mandarin | Beijing dialect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early | Rhyme tables | |||||
*-ən | 痕 -on | 臻 zhēn | open | I | -ən | -ən |
*-rjin, *-rjən | 真 -in | III | -in | -in | ||
*-jin | 真 -jin | |||||
*-jən | 欣 -jɨn | |||||
*-un | 魂 -won | closed | I | -un | -un | |
*-rjun | 諄 -win | III | -yn | -yn | ||
*-ʷjin | 真 -jwin | |||||
*-jun | 文 -jun | |||||
*-an | 寒 -an | 山 shān | open | I | -an | -an |
*-ran | 刪 -æn | II | -jan | -jɛn | ||
*-rin, *-rən, *-ren | 山 -ɛn | |||||
*-rjen, *-rjan | 仙 -jen | III | -jɛn | |||
*-jen | 仙 -jien | |||||
*-jan | 元 -jon | |||||
*-in, *-en | 先 -en | IV | ||||
*-on | 桓 -wan | closed | I | -wɔn | -wan | |
*-ron | 刪 -wæn | II | -wan | |||
*-run | 山 -wɛn | |||||
*-rjon | 仙 -jwen | III | -ɥɛn | -ɥan | ||
*-ʷjen | 仙 -jwien | |||||
*-jon | 元 -jwon | |||||
*-ʷin, *-ʷen | 先 -wen | IV |
Works cited
Common Dialectal Chinese is a phonological system devised by Jerry Norman as a shared basis for varieties of Chinese with the exception of Min dialects.
The categories were derived from those of the Qieyun, a medieval rhyme dictionary, and later rhyme tables, by merging categories not distinguished in the modern varieties. The assignment of words to categories is determined from reflexes in the modern varieties, and occasionally differs from the placement in the Qieyun. Similarly the phonetic characteristics of the categories are based on modern reflexes, and not the Sino-Xenic readings and transcription evidence usually also used in studies of Middle Chinese.
Labials [2] | Dentals [3] | Dental sibilants [4] | Alveolopalatals [5] | Velars [6] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop or affricate |
tenuis | *p- 幫 | *t- 端 | *ts- 精 | *c- 知,照 | *k- 見 |
aspirated | *ph- 滂 | *th- 透 | *tsh- 清 | *ch- 徹,穿 | *kh- 溪 | |
voiced | *b- 並 | *d- 定 | *dz- 從 | *j- 澄,牀 | *g- 群 | |
Nasal | *m- 明 | *n- 泥,娘 | *nh- 日 | *ng- 疑 | ||
*mv- 微 | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | *f- 非,敷 | *s- 心 | *sh- 審 | *x- 曉 | |
voiced | *v- 奉 | *z- 邪 | *zh- 禪 | *h- 匣 | ||
Approximant | *w- 喻 | *l- 來 | *y- 喻 | *∅- 影 |
Yunjing rhyme group (shè 攝) |
開 kāi division | 合 hé division | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | IV | I | II | III | IV | |
遇 yù [7] | *-ie | *-u | *-iu [a] | |||||
果 guǒ [8] | *-o | *-io | *-uo | *-iuo | ||||
假 jiǎ [9] | *-a | *-ia | *-ua | |||||
止 zhǐ [10] | *-ei | *-i | *-uei | *-ui [b] | ||||
蟹 xiè [12] | *-oi | *-ai | *-iai | *-uoi | *-uai | [c] | ||
流 liú [13] | *-eu | *-ieu | ||||||
效 xiào [14] | *-ou | *-au | *-iau | |||||
深 shēn [15] | *-em/p, *-im/p [d] | |||||||
咸 xián [16] | *-om/p | *-am/p | *-iam/p | |||||
臻 zhēn [17] | *-en/t | *-in/t | *-un/t | *-iun/t | ||||
山 shān [18] | *-on/t | *-an/t | *-ian/t | *-uon/t | *-uan/t | *-iuan/t | ||
通 tōng [19] | *-ung/k | *-iung/k | ||||||
曾 zēng [20] | *-eng/k | *-ing/k | *-ueng/k | *-iuek | ||||
梗 gěng [21] | *-ang/k | *-iang/k | *-uang/k | *-iuang/k | ||||
宕 dàng, 江 jiāng [22] | *-ong/k | *-(i)ong/k [e] | *-iong/k | *-uong/k | *-iuong/k |
The tones are the four tones of Middle Chinese.
Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Old Mandarin | Beijing dialect | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Early | Late | |||
*p-, *pr-, *prj-, *pj- | p- | 幫 p- | p- | p- |
*pj- | 非 f- | f- | f- | |
*t- | t- | 端 t- | t- | t- |
*tr-, *trj- | ʈ- | 知 ʈ- | tʂ- | tʂ- |
*tj-, *kj- | tɕ- | 照 ʈʂ- | ||
*tsr-, *tsrj- | ʈʂ- | |||
*ts- | ts- | 精 ts- | ts- | ts- |
*tsj- | tɕ- | |||
*kr-, *krj-, *kj-, *kʷrj-, *kʷj- | k- | 見 k- | k- | |
*k-, *kʷ-, *kʷr- | k- |
Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Old Mandarin | Beijing dialect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early | Rhyme tables | |||||
*-ən | 痕 -on | 臻 zhēn | open | I | -ən | -ən |
*-rjin, *-rjən | 真 -in | III | -in | -in | ||
*-jin | 真 -jin | |||||
*-jən | 欣 -jɨn | |||||
*-un | 魂 -won | closed | I | -un | -un | |
*-rjun | 諄 -win | III | -yn | -yn | ||
*-ʷjin | 真 -jwin | |||||
*-jun | 文 -jun | |||||
*-an | 寒 -an | 山 shān | open | I | -an | -an |
*-ran | 刪 -æn | II | -jan | -jɛn | ||
*-rin, *-rən, *-ren | 山 -ɛn | |||||
*-rjen, *-rjan | 仙 -jen | III | -jɛn | |||
*-jen | 仙 -jien | |||||
*-jan | 元 -jon | |||||
*-in, *-en | 先 -en | IV | ||||
*-on | 桓 -wan | closed | I | -wɔn | -wan | |
*-ron | 刪 -wæn | II | -wan | |||
*-run | 山 -wɛn | |||||
*-rjon | 仙 -jwen | III | -ɥɛn | -ɥan | ||
*-ʷjen | 仙 -jwien | |||||
*-jon | 元 -jwon | |||||
*-ʷin, *-ʷen | 先 -wen | IV |
Works cited