This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.
The lead does a good job presenting an overview of what E-democracy is and the essential components of E-democracy such as technology that facilitates the spread of information and helps with communication. However, it doesn't really go over what the article would include in the different sections, since the topic is quite broad. The lead also specifically references a person who does not appear again in the article, and because his reference is in the lead, readers may have to look him up to see the relevance he has to the subject.
This article provides a great variety of relevant information on the topic since e-democracy is quite a broad topic to talk about. At the end of the article, there was a section on the idea of "Wikidemocracy" which I think slightly deviates from the topic, since it introduces and promotes a possible project or system a group or individual is in favor of creating and utilizing, rather than simply providing information on e-democracy. I don't think this should be a section in this article and may belong better on a page of its own. Otherwise, the content in the article all introduces key components and propellers of e-democracy and other platforms that tried to allow e-democracy to play a bigger role in society, which provides more insight on the topic.
I think the article leans more on the side of promoting e-democracy and associates it with positive terms. However, it is not completely unbalanced since it not only shows the pros of e-democracy but also outlines the opposition that it faces which provides an alternate point of view. Opposition is slightly underrepresented though since it only talks about groups or governments that can not accept or opposes e-democracy, but doesn't necessarily shine much light on the negative effects e-democracy may lead to. The article seems to want to put e-democracy in positive light.
Throughout the article, there were frequent citations that successfully led to reference links. I spot-checked links throughout the article and many led to research papers, academic journals, government websites, and also posts from big news platforms such as CNN and the Huffington Post. However, there were also a few links that didn't work, for example citation [85] led to "404 page not found" and citation [97] led to "story no longer available". The sources do provide information on the claims, for example, the claim on how the OPEN Act allows people to participate in deliberative democracy is supported by a CNN post on the OPEN Act and how it makes the process easier. Most of the sources are also relatively current. There were sources from as current as 2020, whereas very few that are dated from before 2010.
Throughout reading the article, I haven't caught any spelling or grammatical errors. Most of the sentences are also concise and clearly expresses what they intend to say. However organization wise, I think some parts and sections can be put in a different order to make things more clear. For example, in my opinion the "Requirements" section should come before the "Goals" section (which immediately follows the lead) because it provides more details on what e-democracy is to the readers. I think this would provide more information for people who don't know much about the topic to understand it first, before looking at its goals and what e-democracy wishes to accomplish.
There aren't a lot of images in this article; more specifically there is only one. In my opinion, the image that shows a 3D roadmap of e-democracy is a little hard to understand and I think it could be summarized better. More pictures could definitely be added to this article to make it less dense and text heavy. It would make the article more interesting to read as well. For example, under the section of "Effects", there are many movements outlined and if images are included it can really enhance readers' experiences and help them visualize the effects. However for other sections, because it is largely about the internet and the connection with e-democracy, it would probably be repetitive to continuously put snapshots of websites.
The article is part of WikiProject Politics and it has a B-Class rating. There were many discussions on overlapping topics with other articles on Wikipedia, and the potential for merging articles or clarifying the difference between some. Other parts of the talk page talked about editing external links for e-democracy and there are many interactions between Wikipedians verifying each others edits. However there was also a very random section where the Wikipedian started talking about aliens and the galaxy which was not relevant to the topic at all.
Overall I think the article is very comprehensive and clearly written. Every section of the content is relevant to the topic, provided more details, and was concise. However tone wise, I think the article leans towards promoting e-democracy and the positive side of e-democracy, whereas possible negative effects are underrepresented. I believe the tone can be more neutral to adhere to Wikipedia's standards, and perhaps alternative point of views can also be represented under the "Opposition" section. For sources, there were also some links that did not work. For example, citation [85] led to "404 Page not found", and citation [97] led to "story no longer available". This may make it hard for others to check the source and authenticate or dive deeper into the information.
**Kriplean citation link on wiki page is broken: change to https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~bestchai/papers/chi-smt09-2.pdf (same UW study; updated link)
A number of tools and models have emerged as part of Web 2.0 that can be used or inspire the design of architecture for e-participation. Many online communities have created tools that makes it possible to design technology that facilitates interaction and collaboration between the public and the government [1].
Participation tools
**Blogs are a form of social networking services (merge with social networking bullet point)
Social networking services, such as popular media platforms and blogs, have built online platforms that makes it possible for people to connect with others and participate in interactive activities. Social activities such as the engagement between citizens and government agencies have been facilitated by online platforms and social networking has been increasingly used by the government to keep up with public trends and identify political issues people are most passionate about. Popular platforms such as Twitter and Facebook has allowed users to actively engage in politics online by expressing their political stand points and opinions as well as organize movements to bring attention to issues of importance [2]. The instantaneous sharing and response mechanisms social networking platforms generate has become an important tool of e-participation that enables citizens to engage in decision-making and government agencies to take initiative in addressing public concerns.
Wikis are another way people can participate collaboratively online with others, although not directly with politicians and government administrators. The evolving and collaborative nature of wikis allows citizens to contribute to topics they are knowledgable about and share that knowledge with others who want to learn about it. At the same time, it allows for debate about the topic and interaction between different contributors. The ease of updating articles allows each topic to be up to date and present viewers with the most recent and comprehensive understanding of each topic. Wikis can be tools to facilitate and inspire e-participation by allowing people to bring attention to certain movements and issues and informing others of the impact of potential issues.
Mechanisms
Electronic voting generally comes in two different forms: e-voting physically such as electronic voting machines at polling stations [3], or remote e-voting through the Internet. Remote e-voting is a powerful tool that contributes to e-participation by offering the ability to vote from anywhere at anytime, which reduces the time and cost of voting. This can lead to an increase in voter turnout and civic engagement as it increases citizen's accessibility to offer their support for different policies and political figures [4]. Especially with the rise of blockchain technology, the security and transparency of electronic voting has been drastically improved and the decentralized nature of blockchain technologies can transform the model of electronic voting in the future [5]. However, there are obvious drawbacks with e-voting, most clearly seen in the digital inequality of the country. Electronic voting can emphasize and enhance the digital divide between people of different socioeconomic backgrounds and age groups, and the technology may not be accessible to all. [6] In this sense, e-voting can alienate those without access to technology and stable internet access, and in fact hinder citizen engagement rather than facilitate it.
Quadratic voting is another emerging technology that uses blockchain technology to facilitate e-participation. Quadratic voting allows citizens to express how strongly they feel about a policy by assigning individuals with a set amount of tokens, then allowing them to vote multiple times with the tokens to express urgency or passion for the policy they feel most strongly about. [7] Quadratic voting enables more flexibility and interactivity in the voting process. The idea of expressing the "strength" of voter's voices and opinions more clearly in the voting process increases the engagement of citizens and shows more feedback about certain issues and policies than a traditional voting system can. [8] [9]
Internet petitions have become a popular platform for citizens to engage in policy reviewing and issue petitioning. Internet petitions allow for flexibility and ease to achieve political impact and to voice concerns about urging issues both socially and politically. It increases citizen engagement while also allowing administration to be more responsive to the opinions and needs of the population. Petitioning platforms created by the government such as We The People is directly linked to administration officials who can provide response and propel important movements [10]. Internet petitions contributes a greater citizen participation and in return, a more inclusive relationship between government and society.
The e-participation index (EPI) was designed by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs as "a supplementary index to the UN E-Government Survey" [11]. The EPI is used to evaluate the effectiveness of online services that propels the interaction and exchange of information between government and individuals, as well as the engagement of citizens in policy and decision-making. It is evaluated on the bases of how well a government relays information to its constituents, how engaged citizens are in the designing of policies, and how empowered citizens feel in the decision-making process, together these factors make up the framework of "e-information", "e-consultation", and "e-decision making". Specifically, the index is calculated by subtracting the lowest e-participation score from the e-participation score of the country, then divided by the range of scores for all countries. [12] The resulting index score is a foundation measure that captures how inclusive a government is. [11]
One of the biggest challenges to e-participation is the existence of a digital divide, as e-participation highly relies on access to new technologies as well as access to stable Internet connections. Oftentimes, e-participation also requires a higher digital literacy such as skills to digitally analyze policy proposals and provide input in a digital sphere. In addition, Internet safety and collaboration are also abilities and knowledge needed to better navigate tools for e-participation [13]. These, along with physical access to technology, exist as barriers to people of different socioeconomic levels and those who lack or can not afford access to these technologies. The digital divide hinders and limits the ability for certain groups to voice their opinions, which in return excludes them from participation, backfiring the initial goal of e-participation [13].
"The original structure of the article had many flaws to it, and I believe this user added lots of relevant and up-to-date content, such as Quadratic voting. Furthermore, instead of just listening options for things like participation tools and mechanisms, the user expands on each and does a good job of adding proper support for each."
"The tone is somewhat neutral but there may be moments where there is not a cited source to support a seemingly obvious statement. For example, within the quadratic voting section, there are certain parts that may seem obvious to many but to maintain an encyclopedic tone it may be worth citing a source or finding a reference."
"While there are sources added, the actual implementation may need to be double checked for certain sections. As I mentioned before, to maintain the encyclopedic tone, it may be worth citing some sources again to re-enforce some of the points made."
"The content is well organized and is presented in a manner that makes it easy to read for the user and easier to follow than what was originally presented."
"I think that overall the contributions does a really excellent job of filling in clear holes that were missing in the original article. The expansion on the bullet point list of information originally presented is well organized and supported by lots of strong content. I think a potential step could be to include more resources or integrate them better into the text to give the reader a better understanding of what is being presented."
"In the first section defining E-participation I think the definition is long-winded and includes direct quotes which should not be used in a wiki article. Next, in the section "on the definition" I had trouble understanding the section due in part because it lacks concision. Lastly, I agree that there should be mention of e-participation because that is a newer and relevant topic. Esk00 ( talk) 06:57, 14 October 2020 (UTC) "
"Peer Editing (Sid Gupta - Sid900) -
The term "e-participation" originated in the early 2000s and stems from the concept of enhancing civic participation in public policies through the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). E-participation generally draws on three developments: development of ICTs, increase in e-democracy, and growth of e-government. [13]
The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the greatest element that propelled the growth of e-participation by enabling and easing better collaboration between the public and the government. Development of CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) and groupware directed towards collaborative environments better supports human ICT-mediated interaction, both in work and social environments. Through enhanced ICT support, e-participation has evolved as a social activity involving the collaboration between politicians, administrative figures, and the public. [13]
Developments in e-democracy since the late 1990s has also contributed to the origination of e-participation. Interest rapidly evolved from e-voting to several forms of ICT-supported and ICT-enabled interaction between governments and citizens, including not only direct ones (such as consultations, lobbying, petitioning and polling) but also ones pursued outside of government itself, including electioneering, campaigning, and community informatics. To a large extent, the institutional framework conditions of the chosen democratic model define at which part of the democratic processes participation is permitted (such as direct or representative democracy, or any intermediate forms).
The development in e-government towards increasingly complex service-delivery is another factor that contributed to the growth of e-participation. Complex services require considerable interaction including searching, selecting options based on multiple criteria, calculating outcomes, notifications, inquiries, complaints, and many other activities. There are several ICT tools for such tasks, ranging from FAQs to call centers, but there is a need to coordinate all these into user-friendly but powerful toolsets for client-organization encounters. Because interaction in such contexts is complex, and because goals have to be reached, the arenas where it takes places become social arenas for ICT-supported participation.
Rephrasing and condensing "On the Definition" section:
Participation is a goal-oriented process that involves decision making and control. E-participation, which encompasses participation in political science and theory of management, refers to direct public participation in political, economical, or management decisions. When participation becomes complicated, decision making becomes necessary and any participatory process is potentially important for the rule system governing the activities. In this sense, when service processes become complex, the implementation of them will not be in all details based on political decisions but also on what is found to be practical.
Instead of taking in and accepting knowledge as is disseminated by the media and government, by participating, one becomes an active citizen and further contributes to a democratic society. When such practical doings become implemented in government e-service systems, they will affect decision making, as many changes will later be hard to make simply because existing procedures would have been implemented in ICT systems and government agencies’ procedures. There are many theories dealing with institutionalization, for example structuration theory, institutional theory, and actor-network theory. These different theories all deal with how methods of operation becomes established or rejected, and how those that become established increasingly affect the ways society habitually accomplish tasks. Alternatively, when viewed from the citizen's perspective, the capability approach is being applied to understand the behaviors of individuals. This approach allows institutions to identify normative capabilities that can improve citizen's opportunities to participate in the governance process.
![]() | This is a user sandbox of
H.Susanna. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
{{
cite web}}
: line feed character in |title=
at position 48 (
help)CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: Check date values in: |date=
(
help)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: line feed character in |title=
at position 44 (
help)CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.
The lead does a good job presenting an overview of what E-democracy is and the essential components of E-democracy such as technology that facilitates the spread of information and helps with communication. However, it doesn't really go over what the article would include in the different sections, since the topic is quite broad. The lead also specifically references a person who does not appear again in the article, and because his reference is in the lead, readers may have to look him up to see the relevance he has to the subject.
This article provides a great variety of relevant information on the topic since e-democracy is quite a broad topic to talk about. At the end of the article, there was a section on the idea of "Wikidemocracy" which I think slightly deviates from the topic, since it introduces and promotes a possible project or system a group or individual is in favor of creating and utilizing, rather than simply providing information on e-democracy. I don't think this should be a section in this article and may belong better on a page of its own. Otherwise, the content in the article all introduces key components and propellers of e-democracy and other platforms that tried to allow e-democracy to play a bigger role in society, which provides more insight on the topic.
I think the article leans more on the side of promoting e-democracy and associates it with positive terms. However, it is not completely unbalanced since it not only shows the pros of e-democracy but also outlines the opposition that it faces which provides an alternate point of view. Opposition is slightly underrepresented though since it only talks about groups or governments that can not accept or opposes e-democracy, but doesn't necessarily shine much light on the negative effects e-democracy may lead to. The article seems to want to put e-democracy in positive light.
Throughout the article, there were frequent citations that successfully led to reference links. I spot-checked links throughout the article and many led to research papers, academic journals, government websites, and also posts from big news platforms such as CNN and the Huffington Post. However, there were also a few links that didn't work, for example citation [85] led to "404 page not found" and citation [97] led to "story no longer available". The sources do provide information on the claims, for example, the claim on how the OPEN Act allows people to participate in deliberative democracy is supported by a CNN post on the OPEN Act and how it makes the process easier. Most of the sources are also relatively current. There were sources from as current as 2020, whereas very few that are dated from before 2010.
Throughout reading the article, I haven't caught any spelling or grammatical errors. Most of the sentences are also concise and clearly expresses what they intend to say. However organization wise, I think some parts and sections can be put in a different order to make things more clear. For example, in my opinion the "Requirements" section should come before the "Goals" section (which immediately follows the lead) because it provides more details on what e-democracy is to the readers. I think this would provide more information for people who don't know much about the topic to understand it first, before looking at its goals and what e-democracy wishes to accomplish.
There aren't a lot of images in this article; more specifically there is only one. In my opinion, the image that shows a 3D roadmap of e-democracy is a little hard to understand and I think it could be summarized better. More pictures could definitely be added to this article to make it less dense and text heavy. It would make the article more interesting to read as well. For example, under the section of "Effects", there are many movements outlined and if images are included it can really enhance readers' experiences and help them visualize the effects. However for other sections, because it is largely about the internet and the connection with e-democracy, it would probably be repetitive to continuously put snapshots of websites.
The article is part of WikiProject Politics and it has a B-Class rating. There were many discussions on overlapping topics with other articles on Wikipedia, and the potential for merging articles or clarifying the difference between some. Other parts of the talk page talked about editing external links for e-democracy and there are many interactions between Wikipedians verifying each others edits. However there was also a very random section where the Wikipedian started talking about aliens and the galaxy which was not relevant to the topic at all.
Overall I think the article is very comprehensive and clearly written. Every section of the content is relevant to the topic, provided more details, and was concise. However tone wise, I think the article leans towards promoting e-democracy and the positive side of e-democracy, whereas possible negative effects are underrepresented. I believe the tone can be more neutral to adhere to Wikipedia's standards, and perhaps alternative point of views can also be represented under the "Opposition" section. For sources, there were also some links that did not work. For example, citation [85] led to "404 Page not found", and citation [97] led to "story no longer available". This may make it hard for others to check the source and authenticate or dive deeper into the information.
**Kriplean citation link on wiki page is broken: change to https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~bestchai/papers/chi-smt09-2.pdf (same UW study; updated link)
A number of tools and models have emerged as part of Web 2.0 that can be used or inspire the design of architecture for e-participation. Many online communities have created tools that makes it possible to design technology that facilitates interaction and collaboration between the public and the government [1].
Participation tools
**Blogs are a form of social networking services (merge with social networking bullet point)
Social networking services, such as popular media platforms and blogs, have built online platforms that makes it possible for people to connect with others and participate in interactive activities. Social activities such as the engagement between citizens and government agencies have been facilitated by online platforms and social networking has been increasingly used by the government to keep up with public trends and identify political issues people are most passionate about. Popular platforms such as Twitter and Facebook has allowed users to actively engage in politics online by expressing their political stand points and opinions as well as organize movements to bring attention to issues of importance [2]. The instantaneous sharing and response mechanisms social networking platforms generate has become an important tool of e-participation that enables citizens to engage in decision-making and government agencies to take initiative in addressing public concerns.
Wikis are another way people can participate collaboratively online with others, although not directly with politicians and government administrators. The evolving and collaborative nature of wikis allows citizens to contribute to topics they are knowledgable about and share that knowledge with others who want to learn about it. At the same time, it allows for debate about the topic and interaction between different contributors. The ease of updating articles allows each topic to be up to date and present viewers with the most recent and comprehensive understanding of each topic. Wikis can be tools to facilitate and inspire e-participation by allowing people to bring attention to certain movements and issues and informing others of the impact of potential issues.
Mechanisms
Electronic voting generally comes in two different forms: e-voting physically such as electronic voting machines at polling stations [3], or remote e-voting through the Internet. Remote e-voting is a powerful tool that contributes to e-participation by offering the ability to vote from anywhere at anytime, which reduces the time and cost of voting. This can lead to an increase in voter turnout and civic engagement as it increases citizen's accessibility to offer their support for different policies and political figures [4]. Especially with the rise of blockchain technology, the security and transparency of electronic voting has been drastically improved and the decentralized nature of blockchain technologies can transform the model of electronic voting in the future [5]. However, there are obvious drawbacks with e-voting, most clearly seen in the digital inequality of the country. Electronic voting can emphasize and enhance the digital divide between people of different socioeconomic backgrounds and age groups, and the technology may not be accessible to all. [6] In this sense, e-voting can alienate those without access to technology and stable internet access, and in fact hinder citizen engagement rather than facilitate it.
Quadratic voting is another emerging technology that uses blockchain technology to facilitate e-participation. Quadratic voting allows citizens to express how strongly they feel about a policy by assigning individuals with a set amount of tokens, then allowing them to vote multiple times with the tokens to express urgency or passion for the policy they feel most strongly about. [7] Quadratic voting enables more flexibility and interactivity in the voting process. The idea of expressing the "strength" of voter's voices and opinions more clearly in the voting process increases the engagement of citizens and shows more feedback about certain issues and policies than a traditional voting system can. [8] [9]
Internet petitions have become a popular platform for citizens to engage in policy reviewing and issue petitioning. Internet petitions allow for flexibility and ease to achieve political impact and to voice concerns about urging issues both socially and politically. It increases citizen engagement while also allowing administration to be more responsive to the opinions and needs of the population. Petitioning platforms created by the government such as We The People is directly linked to administration officials who can provide response and propel important movements [10]. Internet petitions contributes a greater citizen participation and in return, a more inclusive relationship between government and society.
The e-participation index (EPI) was designed by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs as "a supplementary index to the UN E-Government Survey" [11]. The EPI is used to evaluate the effectiveness of online services that propels the interaction and exchange of information between government and individuals, as well as the engagement of citizens in policy and decision-making. It is evaluated on the bases of how well a government relays information to its constituents, how engaged citizens are in the designing of policies, and how empowered citizens feel in the decision-making process, together these factors make up the framework of "e-information", "e-consultation", and "e-decision making". Specifically, the index is calculated by subtracting the lowest e-participation score from the e-participation score of the country, then divided by the range of scores for all countries. [12] The resulting index score is a foundation measure that captures how inclusive a government is. [11]
One of the biggest challenges to e-participation is the existence of a digital divide, as e-participation highly relies on access to new technologies as well as access to stable Internet connections. Oftentimes, e-participation also requires a higher digital literacy such as skills to digitally analyze policy proposals and provide input in a digital sphere. In addition, Internet safety and collaboration are also abilities and knowledge needed to better navigate tools for e-participation [13]. These, along with physical access to technology, exist as barriers to people of different socioeconomic levels and those who lack or can not afford access to these technologies. The digital divide hinders and limits the ability for certain groups to voice their opinions, which in return excludes them from participation, backfiring the initial goal of e-participation [13].
"The original structure of the article had many flaws to it, and I believe this user added lots of relevant and up-to-date content, such as Quadratic voting. Furthermore, instead of just listening options for things like participation tools and mechanisms, the user expands on each and does a good job of adding proper support for each."
"The tone is somewhat neutral but there may be moments where there is not a cited source to support a seemingly obvious statement. For example, within the quadratic voting section, there are certain parts that may seem obvious to many but to maintain an encyclopedic tone it may be worth citing a source or finding a reference."
"While there are sources added, the actual implementation may need to be double checked for certain sections. As I mentioned before, to maintain the encyclopedic tone, it may be worth citing some sources again to re-enforce some of the points made."
"The content is well organized and is presented in a manner that makes it easy to read for the user and easier to follow than what was originally presented."
"I think that overall the contributions does a really excellent job of filling in clear holes that were missing in the original article. The expansion on the bullet point list of information originally presented is well organized and supported by lots of strong content. I think a potential step could be to include more resources or integrate them better into the text to give the reader a better understanding of what is being presented."
"In the first section defining E-participation I think the definition is long-winded and includes direct quotes which should not be used in a wiki article. Next, in the section "on the definition" I had trouble understanding the section due in part because it lacks concision. Lastly, I agree that there should be mention of e-participation because that is a newer and relevant topic. Esk00 ( talk) 06:57, 14 October 2020 (UTC) "
"Peer Editing (Sid Gupta - Sid900) -
The term "e-participation" originated in the early 2000s and stems from the concept of enhancing civic participation in public policies through the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). E-participation generally draws on three developments: development of ICTs, increase in e-democracy, and growth of e-government. [13]
The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is the greatest element that propelled the growth of e-participation by enabling and easing better collaboration between the public and the government. Development of CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) and groupware directed towards collaborative environments better supports human ICT-mediated interaction, both in work and social environments. Through enhanced ICT support, e-participation has evolved as a social activity involving the collaboration between politicians, administrative figures, and the public. [13]
Developments in e-democracy since the late 1990s has also contributed to the origination of e-participation. Interest rapidly evolved from e-voting to several forms of ICT-supported and ICT-enabled interaction between governments and citizens, including not only direct ones (such as consultations, lobbying, petitioning and polling) but also ones pursued outside of government itself, including electioneering, campaigning, and community informatics. To a large extent, the institutional framework conditions of the chosen democratic model define at which part of the democratic processes participation is permitted (such as direct or representative democracy, or any intermediate forms).
The development in e-government towards increasingly complex service-delivery is another factor that contributed to the growth of e-participation. Complex services require considerable interaction including searching, selecting options based on multiple criteria, calculating outcomes, notifications, inquiries, complaints, and many other activities. There are several ICT tools for such tasks, ranging from FAQs to call centers, but there is a need to coordinate all these into user-friendly but powerful toolsets for client-organization encounters. Because interaction in such contexts is complex, and because goals have to be reached, the arenas where it takes places become social arenas for ICT-supported participation.
Rephrasing and condensing "On the Definition" section:
Participation is a goal-oriented process that involves decision making and control. E-participation, which encompasses participation in political science and theory of management, refers to direct public participation in political, economical, or management decisions. When participation becomes complicated, decision making becomes necessary and any participatory process is potentially important for the rule system governing the activities. In this sense, when service processes become complex, the implementation of them will not be in all details based on political decisions but also on what is found to be practical.
Instead of taking in and accepting knowledge as is disseminated by the media and government, by participating, one becomes an active citizen and further contributes to a democratic society. When such practical doings become implemented in government e-service systems, they will affect decision making, as many changes will later be hard to make simply because existing procedures would have been implemented in ICT systems and government agencies’ procedures. There are many theories dealing with institutionalization, for example structuration theory, institutional theory, and actor-network theory. These different theories all deal with how methods of operation becomes established or rejected, and how those that become established increasingly affect the ways society habitually accomplish tasks. Alternatively, when viewed from the citizen's perspective, the capability approach is being applied to understand the behaviors of individuals. This approach allows institutions to identify normative capabilities that can improve citizen's opportunities to participate in the governance process.
![]() | This is a user sandbox of
H.Susanna. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
{{
cite web}}
: line feed character in |title=
at position 48 (
help)CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: Check date values in: |date=
(
help)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: line feed character in |title=
at position 44 (
help)CS1 maint: url-status (
link)