Work in progress, please do not edit or delete.
Old | New |
Neutral point of view is a fundamental Wikimedia principle and a cornerstone of Wikipedia; all significant views are represented fairly and without bias, with representation in proportion to their prominence. [1] In this context, this guideline advises which fringe theories and opinions may be included in Wikipedia, and to a certain extent how those articles should approach their subjects. | This guideline advises which fringe theories and opinions may be included in Wikipedia, and to a certain extent how those articles should approach their subjects. It is an extension of neutral point of view, which is a fundamental Wikimedia principle and a cornerstone of Wikipedia. While all significant views should be represented fairly and without bias, the placement and amount of representation each view receives must be in proportion to that view's prominence. [2] |
Coverage on Wikipedia should not make a fringe theory appear more notable than it actually is. [3] Since Wikipedia describes significant opinions in its articles, with representation in proportion to their prominence, [4] it is important that Wikipedia itself does not become the validating source for non-significant subjects. Other well-known, reliable, and verifiable sources that discuss an idea are required so that Wikipedia does not become the primary source for fringe theories. Furthermore, one may not be able to write about a fringe theory in a neutral manner if there are no independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality about it. | Coverage on Wikipedia should not make a subject appear more notable than it actually is. [5] Since Wikipedia describes significant opinions in its articles, it is important that Wikipedia itself does not become the validating source for non-significant theories. Other well-known, reliable, and verifiable sources which discuss the theory first are required so that Wikipedia is not the primary source for such claims. Furthermore, one may not be able to write about a subject in a neutral manner if the subject completely lacks independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality. |
[Footnote] | [Footnote] |
For information on determining "prominence", see WP:WEIGHT. | For other pertinent guidelines, see WP:NOTABILITY. |
Centre | Inhabitants 1910 | Inhabitants today | Area in km² | Pop. density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hadamar (main town) | 2,735 | 3,649 | 15.04 | 535.6 |
Niederhadamar | 1,193 | 3,959 | * | * |
Niederzeuzheim | 877 | 1,456 | 7.65 | 190.3 |
Oberzeuzheim | 673 | 1,267 | 6.61 | 191.7 |
Steinbach | 641 | 1,257 | 6.15 | 204.4 |
Oberweyer | 560 | 859 | 4.16 | 206.5 |
Niederweyer | 132 | 203 | 1.36 | 149.3 |
Faulbach | 138 | 148 | * | * |
whole town | 6,811 | 12,798 | 40.99 | 312.2 |
Estates in excess of 800,000 gulden between 1700 and 1816
Year Name Occupation Estate in gulden 1780 Jakob Bolongaro Snuff tobacco manufacturer 2,000,000 1793 Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715-1793) Banker 2,000,000 1800 Peter Heinrich Bethmann-Metzler Banker 2,000,000 1808 Johann Jakob Bethmann-Hollweg Banker 1,500,000 1816 Johann Friedrich Städel Merchant 1,414,472 1782 Simon Moritz Bethmann (1721-1782) Banker 1,370,000 1797 Brothers Bernard Snuff tobacco producers 1,250,000 1783 Peter Anton Bolongaro-Crevenna Tobacco producer 1,110,000 1780 Johann Jakob Casimir Leonhardi Materialist 1,107,203 1812 Franz Maria Schweitzer Merchant 1,042,748 1802 Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta Banker and tobacco producer 1,000,000 1797 Peter Anton Brentano Spezereihändler 934,766 1719 Heinrich Bernus Banker 800,000 1719 Johann Bernus Banker 800,000 1724 Jakob Bernus-Peltzer Banker 800,000 1783 Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta Tobacco producer 800,000 1800 Johann Peter von Leonhardi Materialist 800,000 1810 Harnier Court banker 800,000 1810 Mayer Amschel Rothschild banker 800,000 1810 Rüppel Court banker 800,000
Estates in Frankfurt in excess of 800,000 gulden between 1700 and 1816
[6] | |||
Year | Name | Occupation | Estate in gulden |
1780 | Jakob Bolongaro | Snuff tobacco manufacturer | 2,000,000 |
1793 | Johann Philipp Bethmann | Banker | 2,000,000 |
1800 | Peter Heinrich Bethmann-Metzler | Banker | 2,000,000 |
1808 | Johann Jakob Bethmann-Hollweg | Banker | 1,500,000 |
1816 | Johann Friedrich Städel | Merchant | 1,414,472 |
1782 | Simon Moritz Bethmann | Banker | 1,370,000 |
1797 | Brothers Bernard | Snuff tobacco producers | 1,250,000 |
1783 | Peter Anton Bolongaro-Crevenna | Tobacco manufacturer | 1,110,000 |
1780 | Johann Jakob Casimir Leonhardi | Materialist | 1,107,203 |
1812 | Franz Maria Schweitzer | Merchant | 1,042,748 |
1802 | Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta | Banker and tobacco producer | 1,000,000 |
1797 | Peter Anton Brentano | Spezereihändler | 934,766 |
1719 | Heinrich Bernus | Banker | 800,000 |
1719 | Johann Bernus | Banker | 800,000 |
1724 | Jakob Bernus-Peltzer | Banker | 800,000 |
1783 | Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta | Tobacco producer | 800,000 |
1800 | Johann Peter von Leonhardi | Materialist | 800,000 |
1810 | Harnier | Court banker | 800,000 |
1810 | Mayer Amschel Rothschild | Banker | 800,000 |
1810 | Rüppel | Court banker | 800,000 |
Nazi Party Election Results | ||||
Date | Votes | Percentage | Seats in Reichstag | Background |
May 1924 | 1,918,300 | 6.5 | 32 | Hitler in prison |
December 1924 | 907,300 | 3.0 | 14 | Hitler is released from prison |
May 1928 | 810,100 | 2.6 | 12 | |
September 1930 | 6,409,600 | 18.3 | 107 | After the financial crisis |
July 1932 | 13,745,800 | 37.4 | 230 | After Hitler was candidate for presidency |
November 1932 | 11,737,000 | 33.1 | 196 | |
March 1933 | 17,277,000 | 43.9 | 288 | During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany |
The establishment of the Bethmann bank in Frankfurt am Main is dated to 1748, the year when Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715-1793), who had inherited the trading enterprise of his uncle Jacob Adami in 1746, officially took his brother Simon Moritz as a partner. From that point the enterprise was called Gebrüder Bethmann.
Within a short span of time, the Bethmann bank developed into one of Frankfurt's leading (Christian-owned) banks, on a scale comparable only to its younger rival, the House of Rothschild. The bank's fortunes began to rise in 1754 based on its business in imperial, princely and municipal bonds and skyrocketed from 1778, thanks to the bank's innovation of breaking the Austrian emperor's borrowing down into "sub-bonds" (Partialobligationen) at 1000 guldens each offered to the public, which made them tradeable in secondary markets. This transformed the bank from a lender to an underwriter of bond issues. At one point, the profits of Gebrüder Bethmann exceeded those of all its Frankfurt competitors together, and it ranked first among all German banks.
Egon Caesar Conte Corti (1927) |
|
---|
Paul Johnson (1988) |
|
---|
Niall Ferguson (1999) | ||
---|---|---|
More than most German towns in the eighteenth century, Frankfurt was a businessman's town. At the junction of several major trade routes linking the towns of South Germany (
Strasbourg,
Ulm,
Augsburg and
Nuremberg) to the
Hanseatic ports of the North (
Hamburg,
Bremen and
Lübeck), and linking Germany as a whole to the economies of the Atlantic seaboard, the Baltic and the Near East, its prosperity was bound up with the
two annual fairs in the autumn and the spring which had been held in the town since the
Middle Ages. And because of the enormous variety of coinage circulating in Europe up until the late nineteenth century, the town's commerce necessarily went hand in hand with banking: in particular, money-changing and bill-broking (buying and selling the
IOUs generated by more complex transactions).
|
Michael Jurk (2004) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Besides an extensive business in imported goods, natural dyes and textiles, between 1754 and 1778 the brothers Bethmann mediated bond issues totaling 1.9 million guldens for their customers among the princes and electors of southern and central Germany. The Frankfurt Almanach of Trade assigned pride of place among banks to the Gebrüder Bethmann already in 1773. However, their breakthrough did not come until the year 1778. From then until 1793, they underwrote additional bond issues for the
Holy Roman Emperor totaling 17.2 million guldens, besides bonds underwritten on behalf of various princes and cities totaling 20.5 million guldens. The descendants of
Johann Philipp and
Simon Moritz managed to preserve their achievements:
|
Work in progress, please do not edit or delete.
Old | New |
Neutral point of view is a fundamental Wikimedia principle and a cornerstone of Wikipedia; all significant views are represented fairly and without bias, with representation in proportion to their prominence. [1] In this context, this guideline advises which fringe theories and opinions may be included in Wikipedia, and to a certain extent how those articles should approach their subjects. | This guideline advises which fringe theories and opinions may be included in Wikipedia, and to a certain extent how those articles should approach their subjects. It is an extension of neutral point of view, which is a fundamental Wikimedia principle and a cornerstone of Wikipedia. While all significant views should be represented fairly and without bias, the placement and amount of representation each view receives must be in proportion to that view's prominence. [2] |
Coverage on Wikipedia should not make a fringe theory appear more notable than it actually is. [3] Since Wikipedia describes significant opinions in its articles, with representation in proportion to their prominence, [4] it is important that Wikipedia itself does not become the validating source for non-significant subjects. Other well-known, reliable, and verifiable sources that discuss an idea are required so that Wikipedia does not become the primary source for fringe theories. Furthermore, one may not be able to write about a fringe theory in a neutral manner if there are no independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality about it. | Coverage on Wikipedia should not make a subject appear more notable than it actually is. [5] Since Wikipedia describes significant opinions in its articles, it is important that Wikipedia itself does not become the validating source for non-significant theories. Other well-known, reliable, and verifiable sources which discuss the theory first are required so that Wikipedia is not the primary source for such claims. Furthermore, one may not be able to write about a subject in a neutral manner if the subject completely lacks independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality. |
[Footnote] | [Footnote] |
For information on determining "prominence", see WP:WEIGHT. | For other pertinent guidelines, see WP:NOTABILITY. |
Centre | Inhabitants 1910 | Inhabitants today | Area in km² | Pop. density |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hadamar (main town) | 2,735 | 3,649 | 15.04 | 535.6 |
Niederhadamar | 1,193 | 3,959 | * | * |
Niederzeuzheim | 877 | 1,456 | 7.65 | 190.3 |
Oberzeuzheim | 673 | 1,267 | 6.61 | 191.7 |
Steinbach | 641 | 1,257 | 6.15 | 204.4 |
Oberweyer | 560 | 859 | 4.16 | 206.5 |
Niederweyer | 132 | 203 | 1.36 | 149.3 |
Faulbach | 138 | 148 | * | * |
whole town | 6,811 | 12,798 | 40.99 | 312.2 |
Estates in excess of 800,000 gulden between 1700 and 1816
Year Name Occupation Estate in gulden 1780 Jakob Bolongaro Snuff tobacco manufacturer 2,000,000 1793 Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715-1793) Banker 2,000,000 1800 Peter Heinrich Bethmann-Metzler Banker 2,000,000 1808 Johann Jakob Bethmann-Hollweg Banker 1,500,000 1816 Johann Friedrich Städel Merchant 1,414,472 1782 Simon Moritz Bethmann (1721-1782) Banker 1,370,000 1797 Brothers Bernard Snuff tobacco producers 1,250,000 1783 Peter Anton Bolongaro-Crevenna Tobacco producer 1,110,000 1780 Johann Jakob Casimir Leonhardi Materialist 1,107,203 1812 Franz Maria Schweitzer Merchant 1,042,748 1802 Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta Banker and tobacco producer 1,000,000 1797 Peter Anton Brentano Spezereihändler 934,766 1719 Heinrich Bernus Banker 800,000 1719 Johann Bernus Banker 800,000 1724 Jakob Bernus-Peltzer Banker 800,000 1783 Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta Tobacco producer 800,000 1800 Johann Peter von Leonhardi Materialist 800,000 1810 Harnier Court banker 800,000 1810 Mayer Amschel Rothschild banker 800,000 1810 Rüppel Court banker 800,000
Estates in Frankfurt in excess of 800,000 gulden between 1700 and 1816
[6] | |||
Year | Name | Occupation | Estate in gulden |
1780 | Jakob Bolongaro | Snuff tobacco manufacturer | 2,000,000 |
1793 | Johann Philipp Bethmann | Banker | 2,000,000 |
1800 | Peter Heinrich Bethmann-Metzler | Banker | 2,000,000 |
1808 | Johann Jakob Bethmann-Hollweg | Banker | 1,500,000 |
1816 | Johann Friedrich Städel | Merchant | 1,414,472 |
1782 | Simon Moritz Bethmann | Banker | 1,370,000 |
1797 | Brothers Bernard | Snuff tobacco producers | 1,250,000 |
1783 | Peter Anton Bolongaro-Crevenna | Tobacco manufacturer | 1,110,000 |
1780 | Johann Jakob Casimir Leonhardi | Materialist | 1,107,203 |
1812 | Franz Maria Schweitzer | Merchant | 1,042,748 |
1802 | Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta | Banker and tobacco producer | 1,000,000 |
1797 | Peter Anton Brentano | Spezereihändler | 934,766 |
1719 | Heinrich Bernus | Banker | 800,000 |
1719 | Johann Bernus | Banker | 800,000 |
1724 | Jakob Bernus-Peltzer | Banker | 800,000 |
1783 | Viktor Bolongaro-Simonetta | Tobacco producer | 800,000 |
1800 | Johann Peter von Leonhardi | Materialist | 800,000 |
1810 | Harnier | Court banker | 800,000 |
1810 | Mayer Amschel Rothschild | Banker | 800,000 |
1810 | Rüppel | Court banker | 800,000 |
Nazi Party Election Results | ||||
Date | Votes | Percentage | Seats in Reichstag | Background |
May 1924 | 1,918,300 | 6.5 | 32 | Hitler in prison |
December 1924 | 907,300 | 3.0 | 14 | Hitler is released from prison |
May 1928 | 810,100 | 2.6 | 12 | |
September 1930 | 6,409,600 | 18.3 | 107 | After the financial crisis |
July 1932 | 13,745,800 | 37.4 | 230 | After Hitler was candidate for presidency |
November 1932 | 11,737,000 | 33.1 | 196 | |
March 1933 | 17,277,000 | 43.9 | 288 | During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany |
The establishment of the Bethmann bank in Frankfurt am Main is dated to 1748, the year when Johann Philipp Bethmann (1715-1793), who had inherited the trading enterprise of his uncle Jacob Adami in 1746, officially took his brother Simon Moritz as a partner. From that point the enterprise was called Gebrüder Bethmann.
Within a short span of time, the Bethmann bank developed into one of Frankfurt's leading (Christian-owned) banks, on a scale comparable only to its younger rival, the House of Rothschild. The bank's fortunes began to rise in 1754 based on its business in imperial, princely and municipal bonds and skyrocketed from 1778, thanks to the bank's innovation of breaking the Austrian emperor's borrowing down into "sub-bonds" (Partialobligationen) at 1000 guldens each offered to the public, which made them tradeable in secondary markets. This transformed the bank from a lender to an underwriter of bond issues. At one point, the profits of Gebrüder Bethmann exceeded those of all its Frankfurt competitors together, and it ranked first among all German banks.
Egon Caesar Conte Corti (1927) |
|
---|
Paul Johnson (1988) |
|
---|
Niall Ferguson (1999) | ||
---|---|---|
More than most German towns in the eighteenth century, Frankfurt was a businessman's town. At the junction of several major trade routes linking the towns of South Germany (
Strasbourg,
Ulm,
Augsburg and
Nuremberg) to the
Hanseatic ports of the North (
Hamburg,
Bremen and
Lübeck), and linking Germany as a whole to the economies of the Atlantic seaboard, the Baltic and the Near East, its prosperity was bound up with the
two annual fairs in the autumn and the spring which had been held in the town since the
Middle Ages. And because of the enormous variety of coinage circulating in Europe up until the late nineteenth century, the town's commerce necessarily went hand in hand with banking: in particular, money-changing and bill-broking (buying and selling the
IOUs generated by more complex transactions).
|
Michael Jurk (2004) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Besides an extensive business in imported goods, natural dyes and textiles, between 1754 and 1778 the brothers Bethmann mediated bond issues totaling 1.9 million guldens for their customers among the princes and electors of southern and central Germany. The Frankfurt Almanach of Trade assigned pride of place among banks to the Gebrüder Bethmann already in 1773. However, their breakthrough did not come until the year 1778. From then until 1793, they underwrote additional bond issues for the
Holy Roman Emperor totaling 17.2 million guldens, besides bonds underwritten on behalf of various princes and cities totaling 20.5 million guldens. The descendants of
Johann Philipp and
Simon Moritz managed to preserve their achievements:
|