The Malagasy Wars (
Malagasy: Ny Ady Malagasy,
French: Les Guerres Malgaches) was a
civil war in
Madagascar which happened between 1960 and 2008. The wars began immediately after the full independence of Madagascar in 1960. The
Merina, the largest Malagasy ethnic group, had major disputes with with the
Bantu peoples (notably the
Sakalava,
Bara, and
Betsimisaraka) who controlled major ports.
Nearly 70,000 Angolans became amputees as a result of land mines[36]
^
abShubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249.
ISBN978-0-7453-2472-2.
^Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–207.
ISBN978-1850439936.
^Wolfe, Thomas; Hosmer, Stephen (1983). Soviet policy and practice toward Third World conflicts. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87.
ISBN978-0669060546.
^
abcHughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 65–79.
ISBN978-1845196271.
^Chan, Stephen (2012). Southern Africa: Old Treacheries and New Deceits. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 42–46.
ISBN978-0300184280.
^Mitchell, Thomas G. (2013). Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc. pp. 94–99.
ISBN978-0-7864-7597-1.
^Baynham, Simon (1986). Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 216–219.
ISBN978-0367677275. The Soviets provided direction, heavy lift and training staffs, the East Germans technical specialists ranging from helicopter pilots to medical personnel, and the Cubans a mass of soldiery...The next pattern was one of mixed Angolan and Cuban ground units, supported by East German-manned helicopters...[conditions dictated] the withdrawal of Cuban units to garrison roles, the actual ground fighting being left to Angolan units (now equipped with some very recent Soviet weaponry), very closely supported by East German and Russian training logistic cadres.
^
abJames III, W. Martin (2011) [1992]. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245.
ISBN978-1-4128-1506-2.
^Polack, Peter (13 December 2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War. Casemate Publishers. pp. 66–68.
ISBN9781612001951.
^Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). "Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community"". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 18 (1): 25–58.
doi:
10.2307/174815.
JSTOR174815.
^Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature.
^
abClodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. McFarland. p. 566.
ISBN978-0786474707.
^Polack, Peter (2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Casemate Publishers. pp. 164–171.
ISBN978-1612001951.
^Armed Conflict and Environmental Damage. 2014. p. 98.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the
help page).
The Malagasy Wars (
Malagasy: Ny Ady Malagasy,
French: Les Guerres Malgaches) was a
civil war in
Madagascar which happened between 1960 and 2008. The wars began immediately after the full independence of Madagascar in 1960. The
Merina, the largest Malagasy ethnic group, had major disputes with with the
Bantu peoples (notably the
Sakalava,
Bara, and
Betsimisaraka) who controlled major ports.
Nearly 70,000 Angolans became amputees as a result of land mines[36]
^
abShubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249.
ISBN978-0-7453-2472-2.
^Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–207.
ISBN978-1850439936.
^Wolfe, Thomas; Hosmer, Stephen (1983). Soviet policy and practice toward Third World conflicts. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87.
ISBN978-0669060546.
^
abcHughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 65–79.
ISBN978-1845196271.
^Chan, Stephen (2012). Southern Africa: Old Treacheries and New Deceits. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 42–46.
ISBN978-0300184280.
^Mitchell, Thomas G. (2013). Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc. pp. 94–99.
ISBN978-0-7864-7597-1.
^Baynham, Simon (1986). Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 216–219.
ISBN978-0367677275. The Soviets provided direction, heavy lift and training staffs, the East Germans technical specialists ranging from helicopter pilots to medical personnel, and the Cubans a mass of soldiery...The next pattern was one of mixed Angolan and Cuban ground units, supported by East German-manned helicopters...[conditions dictated] the withdrawal of Cuban units to garrison roles, the actual ground fighting being left to Angolan units (now equipped with some very recent Soviet weaponry), very closely supported by East German and Russian training logistic cadres.
^
abJames III, W. Martin (2011) [1992]. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245.
ISBN978-1-4128-1506-2.
^Polack, Peter (13 December 2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War. Casemate Publishers. pp. 66–68.
ISBN9781612001951.
^Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). "Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community"". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 18 (1): 25–58.
doi:
10.2307/174815.
JSTOR174815.
^Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature.
^
abClodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. McFarland. p. 566.
ISBN978-0786474707.
^Polack, Peter (2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Casemate Publishers. pp. 164–171.
ISBN978-1612001951.
^Armed Conflict and Environmental Damage. 2014. p. 98.
Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the
help page).