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- This timeline of Russia gives an outline of the history of northern and western
Russia expanding into united Russia. The history of other parts of Russia can be found at
Northern Russia (until 1501),
Southern Russia (until 1783),
Caucasus (until 1774/2000),
Dagestan (until 1860s), and on the
Southern Principalities (882-1389/1654). The history of
Siberia is not included. As far as Crimea can be considered part of Russia, its history is outlined at
Crimea.
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Grand Principality of Rus'
- 882:
Varangians from
Sweden settle in present-day Northern Russia.
Rurik or Rørik, a Varangian chieftain, became in 862 the first prince of Rus', centered in
Novgorod. His son
Oleg conquers
Kiev (Kiyiv) and makes it the capital of Rus'. The state is from that moment also rendered as Kievan Rus'. Rus' includes large parts of present-day
Northern, Western and
South Western Russia,
Ukraine, Polish
Galicia and
Belarus. In this state the Varangians merge into the East Slavs.Novgorod becomes a principality inside Rus'.
- 907: Kievan Rus'
attacks Constantinople. The attack ends with a
treaty that regulates the status of the colony of
Varangian merchants in the city.
- 941: The
attack by
Igor, son of Rurik, on the Bosporus and Byzantine Bithynia is defeated.
- 971: After a succesful
invasion of Thrace and
Bulgaria, grand prince
Svyatoslav is defeated by the Byzantine emperor
Ioannes Tzimiskes. After the capture of the Bulgarian tsar
Boris II, he claims the annexation of Bulgaria. The conquest of Bulgaria commences.
- Since 980s:
Khazaria is defeated by Rus'. The grand princes of Rus'(or Kiev), like
Vladimir Svyatoslavich, create principalities inside Rus' as appanages. Among them are
Chernigov,
Halych,
Kiev,
Minsk,
Moscow,
Murom-Ryazan,
Novgorod,
Novgorod-Seversk,
Pereyaslavl,
Polotsk,
Rostov,
Smolensk,
Tmutarkan,
Turov,
Tver,
Vladimir-Suzdal,
Volhynia, and
Yaroslavl.
- 988: To surpress an uprising, emperor
Basileios II is supported by the Rus' grand prince Vladimir. Vladimir accepts to make Rus' a Christian nation.
- 1048: Renmants of
Khazaria are conquered by Rus'.
- 1093: The Cumans
defeat at the Stugna River an alliance of Rus' princes.
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Principality of Rostov
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Principality of Rostov-Suzdal
- 1125: Yuri becomes prince of Rostov-Suzdal.
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Grand Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal
[1]
- 1157:
Andrey Yurevich becomes prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. Vladimir becomes dominant inside Rus'.
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Principality of Rostov
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Principality of Rostov
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Principality of Yaroslavl
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Grand Principality of Suzdal
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Grand Principality of Vladimir
- 1246: Vladimir remains ruled by Yaroslavl II.
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Grand Principality of Tver
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Grand Principality of Moscow
- 1283:
Daniel, son of Aleksandr Nevsky, becomes grand prince of Moscow.
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Grand Principality of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod
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- 1425:
Vasily II Vasiliyevich becomes grand prince and annexes Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod. His reign (until 1462) is plagued by the
Muscovite Civil War between him and his uncle
Yury Dmitrievich and sons.
- 1433: Vasily II is
overthrown by Yury Dmitrievich. He dies in 1434 and is succeeded by
Vasily Yuriyevich.
- 1435: Vasily II regains the throne.
- 1438: The Tatars from
Kazan
raid Moscow.
- 1445: A Kazan campaign ends with their
victory at Suzdal. Grand prince Vasily II is captured and released against a enormous ransom.
- 1446: Vasily II is overthrown by
Dmitry Shemyaka, but recaptures the throne the same year.
- 1451:
Perm becomes a vassal state of Moscow.
- 1452:
Qasim becomes a vassal state of Moscow.
- 1456: After a victory of Moscow over
Novgorod, the
Treaty of Yazhelbitsy establishes peace between Vasily II and the people of Novgorod.
- 1462:
Ivan III Vasiliyevich becomes grand prince. He triples the territory of his state and ends the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus' principalities.
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- 1486: Ivan III conquers Tver.
- 1486: Ivan III conquers
Beloozero.
- 1487: Grand Prince Ivan III
intervenes in Kazan and puts
Möxämmädämin on the throne.
- 1493: Ivan III commences a
war with grand duke
Aleksandras Jogailaitis of Lithuania over the possession of the region at the
Oka river. The next year Lithuania loses territory including
Mosalsk to Russia.
- 1495: Russia and Denmark commence a
war against Sweden.
- 1500: Ivan III stages a new war with Aleksandras Jogailaitis, leading after a
victory at Vedrosha and further fightings to further losses of territory to Russia in 1503.
- 1503:
Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to Moscow.
- 1505: Grand Prince
Vasily III Ivanovich annexes
Perm to Moscow.
- 1506: Despite a
victory over Moscow, Möxämmädämin pays homage to grand prince Vasily III.
- 1507: Vasily III intervenes in a
rebellion against grand duke
Žygimantas of Lithuania.
- 1508: Both the Russians and the rebels are defeated.
- 1510: Vasily III annexes
Pskov.
- 1512: Vasily III commences a new
war with Poland-Lithuania.
- 1514: Moscow conquers
Smolensk. With the
victory at Orsha Poland-Lithuania stops the further expansion of Moscow into their dominion.
- 1521: Vasily III annexes
Ryazan. The combined forces of Crimea under
Mehmed Giray and his Kazan allies attack Moscow.
- 1522: The war between Moscow and Poland-Lithuania ends with a truce.
- 1532: After a Russian
victory, Russia replaces
Safa Giray with
Canghali, until that moment Khan of Qasim.
- 1534-1537: Grand duke Žygimantas of Lithuania commences a
war to regain the lost territories. The war ends after little gains with a truce.
- 1535: Kazan, led by Safa Giray and his successors, enact various raids on Russian cities.
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Tsardom of Russia
- 1547: Grand Prince
Ivan IV Vasiliyevich, a.k.a. Ivan the Terrible, makes himself the first tsar of Russia.
- 1500s:
Cossacks, Russian colonists from the north, settle in the south. The Cossacks who settle near the
Don river, the
Don Cossacks establish inside Russia the Don Cossack Host or Almighty Don Host.
- 16th/18th century: The
Northern Caucasus is long time disputed between Russia,
Persia and the
Ottoman Empire. The region is populated by various peoples.
- 1552: The last khan,
Yadegar Mokhammad, is captured by Russia and
Kazan is annexed to Russia. A
rebellion starts, but is defeated in 1556.
- 1556: Ivan IV annexes
Astrakhan.
- 1557: The
Treaty of Novgorod between Russia and Sweden ends a
war that started in 1554 with a truce.
- 1558: Russia commences the
Livonian War to conquer present-day
Estonia and
Latvia against Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark. The Bishopric of
Dorpat is destroyed by Russia.
- 1566: Russia annexes
Trubetsk.
- 1570: Ivan IV orders the massacre of inhabitants of Novgorod.
- 1571: Khan
Devlet Giray of
Crimea
invades and devastates Moscow.
- 1582: With the
Truce of Yam-Zapolsky the
victory of the Polish king
Báthory István over tsar Ivan IV is confirmed.
Yermak Timofeyevich starts the conquest of the
Khanate of Sibir.
- 1590: Russia
invades Swedish
Estonia.
- 1595: The
Treaty of Teusina restored to Russia all territory ceded in 1583 to Sweden except for Narva. Russia renounces all claims on Estonia.
- 1598:
Boris Godunov is elected by the
estates to become tsar. He annexes the
Khanate of Sibir (1598) and starts the conquest the rest of
Siberia (completed in 1639). In 1601–03, Russia suffers a
famine that killed one-third of the population.
- 1603: Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk fall to
Poland-Lithuania.
- 1605: After the death of Boris Godunov, Russia goes to the
time of troubles. Polish-Lithuanian private armies and mercenaries start
raiding Moscow. During the
Polish-Muscovite War parts of Russia are occupied by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
- 1606:
Vasily IV Shuyskiy becomes tsar of Russia.
- 1607: A
rebellion for the abolition of
serfdom is suppressed.
- 1609:
Poland-Lithuania gets into a
formal war with Moscow.
- 1610: The
Polish-Lithuanian army
defeats at Klushino a combined Russian-Swedish army and conquers Moscow. Vasily IV is overthrown. Russia is ruled by
seven boyars. They select the Polish prince
Władysław IV Vasa as tsar. De facto Russia is ruled by the Poles. It is followed by a truce in 1611 between Poland-Lithuania and Sweden.
Sweden declares the
Ingrian War against the new rulers in Russia.
- 1611: The Polish-Swedish War ends with a truce. Russia loses Smolensk to
Poland-Lithuania.
Vladislav IV of the
House of Vasa becomes tsar and succeeds the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty.
- 1612: The Poles are defeated in Moscow.
- 1613: The time of troubles ends with the election of
Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov of the
house of Romanov by the estates as tsar of Russia.
- 1617: The
Treaty of Stolbovo ends the
Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Russia loses
Ingria, populated by
Izhorians and
Votes to
Sweden and is stripped of of its access to the
Baltic Sea.
- 1618: The
Truce of Deulino ends the war between Poland-Lithiania and Moscow, after a Polish-Lithuanian victory.
- 1632: Russia commences the
Smolensk War to conquer Smolensk from Poland-Lithuania.
- 1634: Russia is defeated by the Poles and and with the
Treaty of Polyanovka the war ends. Russia annexes the
Nogai Horde.
- 1645: After his death, Michail is succeeded by
Aleksey Mikhailovich Romanov.
- 1648: Cossacks in Polish Ukraine start an
uprising against Polish nobility. Russia annexes
Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversk. The Cossacks establish the
Cossack Hetmanate, a.k.a. the Zaporizhian Host.
- 1654: Russia together with the Zaporizhian Host commences a
war with
Poland-Lithuania. Russia annexes
Smolensk.
- 1655: Russia conquers large parts of the east of
Poland-Lithuania.
- 1656: Russia starts a
war with
Sweden and invades Livonia. In the war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania the
Truce of Vilna is agreed.
- 1658: The war between Russia and Poland-Lithuania resumes.
- 1661: In the
Treaty of Cardis the
Second Northern War between Russia and
Sweden ends and Russia returns the conquered territories.
- 1667: After recapturing most of the areas earlier conquered by Russia, the
Treaty of Andrusovo ends the war between Russia and
Poland-Lithuania. Russia annexes
Kiev and other Ukrainian cities.
- 1670–1671: The Cosack leader
Stepan Razin starts a
rebellion. The rebellion is suppressed.
- 1676: The
Ottoman Empire commences a
war against Russia in Ukraine.
- 1681: The
Treaty of Bakhchisarai ends the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire and establishes a truce whereby the
Dnieper River separates the Ottoman Empire from Russian territories. After the death of khanbika
Fatima Soltan of Qasim,
Qasim is reincorporated into Russia.
- 1686: With the
Treaty of Perpetual Peace Russia and Poland agree on their borders in Ukraine. Russia joins the
war against the Ottoman Empire.
- 1698: A
uprising of the Streltsy regiments against the tsar is suppressed.
- 1699: The
Treaty of Karlowitz ends the
Great Turkish War with the Ottoman Empire.
- 1700: The
Treaty of Constantinople confirms the peace with the Ottoman Empire, that cedes
Azov to Russia. Tsar
Pyotr Alekseyevich Romanov, a.k.a. Peter the Great, leads a coalition with Denmark, Saxony and Poland-Lithuania to contest in the
Great Northern War the supremacy of
Sweden in Northern Europe. During the war Great Britain, Brunswick-Lüneburg (1715) and Prussia join the coalition.
- 1703: Russia conquers part of Ingria and establishes in the region its new capital
Saint Petersburg.
- 1707–1708: A
rebellion of
Don Cossacks is defeated.
- 1709: Russia
defeats at Poltava the
Swedish army.
- 1710: The
Swedes in
Livonia,
Estonia and
Ingria
surrender in the Swedish-Russian
Great Northern War to Russia and th region is annexed to Russia. The annexation of Estonia, Livonia and Ingria is confirmed at the
Treaty of Nystad in 1721. After the flee of the Swedish king to the Ottoman Empire, it refuses to evict the king. A Russian-Moldavian
Pruth River Campaign commences of Russia and
Moldavia against the Ottoman Empire. Russia loses the war and in the
Treaty of the Pruth Azov is returned to the Ottomans.
- 1720/1721:
Sweden loses the war against the coalition. With the
Treaty of Nystad the annexation of the Swedish possessions Estonia, Livonia and Ingria as well as parts of Karelia is confirmed.
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Russian Empire
- 1721: Pyotr proclaims himself emperor of All Russia.
- 1722–1723: Russia commences a
Russo-Persian War with
Persia. Russia wins the war and annexes
Derbent and the region around
Baku.
- 1723: Pyotr converts household
slaves into house
serfs
- 1724: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the
Treaty of Constantinople, partitioning
Persia between themselves.
- 1732–1734: Crimean Tatars raid into Russia.
- 1735: Russia commences a
war with the
Ottoman Empire and the
Crimean Khanate after Crimean attacks on the
Cossack Hetmanate. Russia cedes Derbent to
Persia.
- 1737: Austria joins Russia in the war with the Ottoman Empire.
- 1739: Russia
defeats at Savuchany the Ottomans. At the same time the Ottomans defeat the Austrians and in the
Treaty of Belgrade the Kingdom of Serbia is abolished and returned to the Ottoman Empire.
- 1740: Russia supports
Maria Theresia as archduchess of Austria and her husband
Franz Stefan as
Holy Roman Emperor in the
War of the Austrian Succession.
- 1741:
Sweden
invades from Finland Russia. The invasion fails.
- 1743: Russia conquers Finland, but agrees in the
Treaty of Åbo to end the occupation.
- 1748: The
Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession.
- 1756: Austria's desire to recover Silesia from
Prussia leads France and Austria to put aside their rivalry. A
Seven Years' War involving most European great power and affecting Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India and the Philippines commences between two coalitions, led by the Great Britain (incl. Prussia, Portugal, Brunswick-Lüneburg and other small German states) on one side and led by France (incl. Austria, the Holy Roman Empire, Russia, Spain and Sweden on the other.
- 1762: The war ends with a
Status quo ante bellum in Europe. The
Treaty of Saint Petersburg arranges peace between Prussia and Russia.
- 1763: Empress
Yekaterina II a.k.a. Catherine the Great, starts the
war to conquer
Circassia, which last more than a century.
- 1764: Under here rule Russia annexes the
Zaporizhian Host.
- 1768: Russia and the Ottoman Empire commence a
war over the Northern Caucausus, but is also fought in other border areas.
- 1771:
Kalmykia is fully incorporated into Russia.
- 1772: The Russian victory over the
Bar Confederation leads to the
first partition of Poland and Lithuania. Russia annex part of the
country.
- 1774: The
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ends the war after a decisive Russian victory. The Ottomans cede areas to Russia at both the
Ukrainian and Caucasian fronts. In addition, the
Crimean Khanate is granted independence, in reality becoming a Russian satellite state. The same year a large
cossacks rebellion is defeated. Russia annexes
Kabardia.
- 1777: The north western part of Moldavia,
Bukovina is annexed to Russia.
- 1783: The
Treaty of Georgievsk makes
Kartli-Kakheti a protectorate under suzerainty of Russia. The
Crimean Khanate is annexed to Russia.
- 1787: The Ottoman Empire commences a
war with Russia to reconquer the lost areas.
- 1788: King Gustav III of Sweden commences a
war against Russia. As part of the Russo-Turkish war, Russia occupies
Moldavia.
- 1790: The Russian-Swedish war ends inconclusive with the
Treaty of Värälä.
- 1792: In reaction to a new
constitution an alliance of Polish nobles and Russia stage a
war. The Russian victory leads to the
second partition of Poland, in which Russia and Prussia annexes large parts of the
country. The same year the Russian-Ottoman war ends after a Russian victory with the
Treaty of Jassy, in which the Ottomans cede another area (
Yedisan) to Russia. Russia conquers
Moldavia east of the
Dnestr.
- 1793: In the second partition Russia annexes a larger part of Poland-Lithuania, including the city of
Minsk.
- 1794: An
uprising against Poland’s foreign occupiers commences. Poland is
defeated at Maciejowice by Russia and the uprising is suppressed.
- 1795: In a reaction to the
Kościuszko Uprising Russia, Prussia and Austria decide to wipe out Poland-Lithuania and with the
third partition they divide
Poland-Lithuania between themselves.
- 1801: Russia
annexed
Kartli-Kakheti. During the ule of
Aleksandr Pavlovich Romanov Russia conquers more of the Caucasus is conquered.
- 1804-1813:
Persia commences a
war to reconquer lost areas in Georgia.
- 1805: France
decisively defeats at Austerlitz an Austrian-Russian army and ends the
War of the Third Coalition with both countries. The
Ganja Khanate is annexed.
- 1806: After the Russian defeat, the Ottoman sultan overthrows the pro-Russian hospodars of
Wallachia and
Moldavia. A
war between the
Ottoman Empire and Russia commences. The
Derbent,
Baku and the
Quba Khanates are annexed.
- 1807: With the
Treaties of Tilsit France, Russia and Prussia create the
Duchy of Warsaw. France is victorious at the decisive
Battle of Friedland which marks the end of the
War of the Fourth Coalition with amongst others Russia.
- 1808: Russia starts the
Finnish War against
Sweden by invading
Finland.
- 1809: The
Treaty of Fredrikshamn confirms the Russian victory in 1808 over Sweden. Sweden cedes
Finland to Russia, the tsar of Russia becomes grand prince of Finland.
- 1810:
Imereti is annexed by the Russian Empire.
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- 1812: The
French emperor Napoléon
invades Russia. After initial successes, including entering
Moscow, largely abandoned, France has to retreat.
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- 1812: France is
defeated at Berezina and the invasion of Russia fails.
- 1813: The allied forces of Russia, Austria, Prussia, Sweden
defeats at Leipzig the forces of France and allies. The same year Russia wins the war with Persia and in the
Treaty of Gulistan, Persia is forced to irrevocably cede what is now
Georgia,
Dagestan, including
Tabasaran, parts of
Armenia and most of
Azerbaijan to Russia.
Bessarabia is annexed.
- 1814: France is finally defeated in the
War of the Sixth Coalition. In the
Treaty of Fontainebleau Russia, Prussia and Austria accept Napoleon's abdication as Emperor of France. France loses the annexed territories.
- 1815: The
Final Act of the Congress of Vienna provides for the Russian annexation of most of the Duchy of Warsaw as the
Kingdom of Poland.
- 1817: Russia commences its
conquest of the Caucasus.
- 1818: Russia and Georgia
dispute over Sochi.
- 1819: The
Shaki Khanate is annexed.
- 1820: The
Shirvan Khanate is annexed.
- 1822: The
Karabakh Khanate is annexed.
- 1825: A
revolt is defeated. In the upcoming years Russia annexes the
Talysh Khanate, the
Elisu Sultanate and the
Nakhichevan Khanate (1828).
- 1826: Russia and the Ottoman Empire agree in the
Akkerman Convention to the Ottoman retreat from Moldavia and Wallachia and to grant autonomy to Serbia. Persia commences the
Russio-Persian War to retake territory lost to Russia.
- 1828: After the Ottoman Empire revokes the Akkerman Convention and closes the
Dardanelles to Russian ships, a
war between the Ottomans and Russia commences. Russia occupies
Moldavia and
Wallachia. Russia defeats Persia and Persia irrevocably cedes in the
Treaty of Turkmenchay
Armenia (Erivan Khanate) and Azerbaijan to Russia. The
Caucasian Imamate is formed in resistance to Russia.
- 1829: Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire and in the
Treaty of Adrianople the Ottoman Empire cedes areas at the Black Sea coast to Russia and recognizes Russia's possession of
Imeretia,
Mingrelia and
Guria.
- 1831: An
uprising in Poland and Lithuania since 1830 is
defeated at Warsaw.
- 1832: The occupation of
Moldavia and
Wallachia ends. They become Russian protectorates.
- 1846: Russia annexes the
Kazakh Khanate.
- 1848: After a defeated revolution, Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Austria occupy
Wallachia.
- 1853:
France and the
United Kingdom start the
Crimean War with Russia over
Crimea. The Ottoman Empire and Sardinia join France and the United Kingdom.
- 1855:
Sevastopol is
conquered by French and British forces.
- 1856: The war is lost by Russia, which is confirmed with the
Treaty of Paris. The protectorate over
Moldavia and
Wallachia ends.
- 1857: Russia conquers [[user:electionworld/sandbox/Georgia#1857|Mingrelia}}
- 1859: Russia conquers
Svaneti and the
Caucasian Imamate.
- 1860: Russia annexes the
Gazikumukh Khanate.
- 1861: Russia
abolishes serfdom.
- 1864: An
uprising, started in 1863, of Polish and Lithuanian insurgents is crushed by Russia. Russia ends the conquest of the Northern Caucasus with the victory in the
Russo-Circassian War over the Circassians, which leads to the annexation of
Circassia and a mass
expulsion of Circassians.
Abkhazia and the
Avar Khanate are annexed to Russia.
- 1867: Russia sells
Russian America to the
United States of America. The same year the
Kingdom of Poland is fully integrated into Russia as is
Tarki.
- 1876: Russia annexes the
Khanate of Kokand.
- 1877: In reaction to the Ottoman reprisals after uprising in
Bulgaria, Russia starts the
Russo-Turkish War against the
Ottoman Empire.
- 1878: The
Treaty of Berlin ends the war and recognizes formal independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous.
- 1881: The assassination of tsar
Aleksandr II leads to major suppression of civil liberties and a wave of
pogroms.
- 1904:
Japan commences a
war against Russia.
- 1905: After initial successes, a bourgeois-liberal
revolution is suppressed. Peasants establish during the 1905 uprisings the
Markovo Republic. It is defeated the next year. After a Japanese victory the war with Japan ends with the
Treaty of Portsmouth which stops the Russian expansion in the Far East. In reaction to the revolution, tsar
Nikolay II Aleksandrovich enacts some reforms.
- 1906: A parliament with limited power is established, elected in multi-party elections on a limited suffrage.
- 1914: After
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, Russia declares war on Austria-Hungary and
Germany.
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Russian Republic
- 1917: A broad
revolution commences. After parts of the army joins the revolution, tsar Nikolay abdicates in favor of a
provisional government. The monarchy is abolished and Russia becomes a republic. An
coup attempt by the commander-in-chief is rapidly defeated. In a second
revolution the communists , led by
Vladimir Lenin, a.k.a. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, overthrows the provisional government. Lenin becomes chairman of the Committee of People's Commissars. Despite this second revolution a constituent assembly is
elected in relative free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage. The communists ignore this assembly and stay in power. In reaction to the revolution the
Russian Civil War commences in which non-Bolshevik forces as well as more
left wing forces fight the new government. The Bolsheviks start a
Ukrainian–Soviet War to fight separatist forces.
Finland,
Ukraine,
Naissaar,
Buryat-Mongolia,
Crimea, and Idel-Ural secede.
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Idel-Ural State
- 1917: Idel-Ural secedes and elects a parliament, that appoints a government.
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Russian Soviet Republic
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Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
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Almighty Don Host
[2]
- 1918: The assembly of the
Don Cossacks secedes. The state is governed by a provisional government of anti-communist Cossacks.
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Kuban People's Republic
- 1918: Kuban secedes, governed by a provisional anti-bolshevik military council.
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- 1919: After a
dispute with Georgia, Sochi becomes Russian. The wars with Poland, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Georgia come to an end with Soviet defeats. The
North Caucasian Emirate secedes.
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Republic of North Ingria
- 1919: North Ingria secedes and is governed by a provisional government.
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Republic of Uhtua
[3]
- 1919:
Karelian Uhtua secedes and is governed by a provisional parliament and government.
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- 1919: Kuban is defeated by Soviet-Russia.
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- 1922: The Russian SFSR
forms together with
Belarus,
Transcaucasia and
Ukraine the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, shortly the Soviet Union, of which these states become constituent states. The Soviet Union gets a general executive committee as head of state. The Union is ruled by the communist party. The supreme body is the
Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union, with as executive body the
Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union.
- 1923: The last anti-communist armies in Asian Russia are defeated.
- 1924: The death of Lenin triggers a power struggle, after which
Josif Stalin, a.k.a. Josif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, becomes the leader of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union annexes
Bukhara and
Khorezm.
Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan are seceded from Russia to become new contituent republics.
- 1925: The KPR(b) is continued by the
All-Union Communist Party (b) (VSKP(b))
- 1928: Josif Stalin enforces a
collectivization of the agricultural sector consolidating individual landholdings and labour into
kolkhozy and
sovkhozy. Many
kulaks, independent farmes, are
executed, arrested or deported to the eastern parts of the Soviet Union.
- 1929:
Tajikistan is seceded from Uzebkistan to become a new contituent republic.
- 1930: The Stalin governement establishes a
system of forced labour camps for political and other prisoners.
- 1932: A
famine kills millions of people in Ukraine and the Kuban region, which can be considered a
genocide carried out by the Soviet government
[4].
- 1934: The Soviet Union joins the
League of Nations.
- 1935: The Stalin government starts
mass deportations of minorities to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. This continues until 1949.
- 1936: The Soviet Union gets a bicameral parliament, the
Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, directly elected in a one-party system (first in 1938). The government which is de jure responsible to the parliament. Real power is in the hands of the leader of the VSKP(b). Transcaucasia is dissolved and
Armenia,
Georgia and
Azerbaijan become constituent republics.
Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan are seceded as separate republics from Russia. Russia is renamed.
Kazakhstan and
Kyrgyzstan are seceded as separate republics from Russia. The RSFSR is renamed into the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The government enacts a
purge against (supposed) opponents in and outside the communist party. This purge lasts until 1938. It has been estimated between 600,000 and 3 million people died in the purge.
- 1936-1938: The
suppression of oppositional forces in and outside the party costs between 600,000 and 3 million deads.
- 1939:
Nazi Germany and the Soviet-Union sign the
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
World War II starts with the
invasion by
Nazi Germany of
Poland.
France and the
United Kingdom declare war on Nazi Germany. The Soviet Union invades Poland.
Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is expelled from the League of Nations.
Estonia.
Latvia and
Lithuania are forced to accept Soviet bases in their countries, The Soviet Union start the
Winter War against
Finland.
- 1940: Finland is defeated by the Soviet Union and
loses some of its territory. The Soviet Union invades and annexes
Estonia,
Latvia and
Lithuania. The Soviet Union invades
Romania and annexes
Bessarabia and
Bukovina. An autonomous
insurgency in Chechnya against Soviet rule starts.
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Republic of Tatarstan
- 1990: The Tatarstan parliament declares it to be a sovereign republic.
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- 1990: The communist dictatorship is overthrown.
Lithuania and Tatarstan secede from the USSR.
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- 1991: An
attempt to overthrow Gorbachev by a
communist group is defeated. Parliament is dissolved, Gorbachev resigns as party leader and the Soviet Union falls apart.
Estonia and
Latvia secede from the USSR. The same year the USSR
is dissolved. The KPSS is banned. The Warsaw Pact and the Comecon are disbanded. Russia continues the membership of the Soviet Union in the United Nations and is a founding member of the
Commonwealth of Independent States.
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Russian Federation
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- 1992: Tatarstan approves a new constitution which is declared invalid by the Russian constitutional court.
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- 1992–1993: Russia intervenes in Abkhazia to support Abkhazian separatists in the
war with Georgia.
- 1993: After a
second referendum Russia gets a new constitution that stipulates that Russia is a federal republic with a bicameral parliament, a chamber elected in multi-party elections and a chamber with representatives of the federal entities and a popularly elected executive president.
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Scythia
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Sarmatia
- 3rd century BC: Scythia is conquered by the
Sarmatians. Sarmatians rule present-day
Ukraine, Southern Russia and surroundings.
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Huns
- 4th century: The area is conquered by the Nomadic
Huns, a
nomadic tribal confederation coming from the
Caucasus and/or
Central Asia. They defeat the Goths led by king
Aírmanareiks and conquer parts of present-day
Ukraine. They begin invading Europe from the eastern steppes, instigating the Great
Age of Migrations.
- 5th century: The Huns together with the Alans further conquer and rule an area including large parts of Central-Europe, including present-day
Hungary, where their realm is concentrated.
- 454: The Huns withdraw after the death of their king
Attila.
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Turkic Khaganate
- 552: The
Gökturks create the Turkic Khaganate.
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Western Turkic Khaganate
- 581: The Khaganate is partitioned. The Western Turkic Khaganate rules part of present-day Southern Russia.
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Kingdom of Khazaria
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Bulgarian Empire
- c 635s: The semi-nomadic
Turkic tribes of the
Bulgars and the
Onogurs, led by khan
Kubrat establish in the Pontic-Caspian steppe in present-day
Ukraine and Russia the Bulgarian Empire.
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- late 7th century:
Busir is khagan of Khazaria.
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- 668: This Bulgarian state is destroyed by Khazaria. Part of the Bulgars migrate to the west near the
Danube, where they create
Bulgaria, part of them settle near the
Volga present-day
Tatarstan.
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- 717: The second war between the Arab Caliphate and the Khazars commences.
- 737: The Arabs defeat the Khazars, weakening the Khazar Khaganate.
- c 750: Present-day
Romanian Moldavia and
Moldova populated by
Vlachs, are part of Khazaria.
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Bulgar state
- c. 700: They establish the Bulgar state.
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Pecheneg Khanates
- 860: The Khazars are defeated by the Pechenegs, who establish the Pecheneg Khanates.
- 900s: The Pechenegs are led by successively
Kurya,
Metiga and
Kuchug.
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- 860: Khazaria is limited tot the south-east of the region.
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- 920s: Volga Bulgaria becomes a islamic state.
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Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
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- 1091: The Pechenegs are annihilated as an independent force by the Rus’ and the Cumans and most of their area is included in the Cuman-Kipchak Confederation.
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Great Mongol State
- 1220: The Cuman Kipchak-Confederation is destroyed by
Genghis Khan, khagan of the Mongol Empire.
- 1223: The Mongol Empire attacks the Bulgar State, followed by a decisive
victory at the Kalka River, the first engagement between the Mongols and the
Rus' warriors.
- 1230: Large parts of what is now Russia, Central Asia, China and the Middle East, is conquered by and annexed to the Mongol Empire.
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- 1223: The Mongol Empire attacks the Bulgar State.
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Golden Horde
- 1259: The
Golden Horde under
Orda Ezen separates itself from the Mongol Empire. The Golden Horde rules an area including parts of the
Caucasus.
- 1271-1285: The Golden Horde holds various raids against Volga Bulgaria.
- 1273: The Golden Horde twice attacks
Novgorod.
- 1275: The Golden Horde raids
Lithuania.
- 1283:
Moscow secedes from Vladimir-Suzdal and becomes a tributary of the Golden Horde. The other successor states of Vladimir-Suzdal, like
Tver,
Pereslavl,
Rostov,
Yaroslavl,
Uglich,
Beloozero,
Kostroma and
Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod as well as states like
Novgorod become also tributaries of the Golden Horde.
- 1284-1285: The Golden Horde raids
Hungary.
- 1287-1288: The Golden Horde raids
Poland.
- 1315:
Öz Beg Khan converts himself and the Golden Horde to Islam and persecutes non-Muslim Tatar-Mongols.
- 1324 and 1337: The Golden Hode incurses against Roman Thrace.
- 1327: The Golden Horde organizes a
punitive expedition to
Tver and suppresses a rebellion.
- 1357:
Trubetsk secedes from the Golden Horde.
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Khanate of Kazan
- 1438: Kazan secedes from the Golden Horde. The Tatars from Kazan
raid
Moscow.
- 1445: A Kazan campaign ends with their
victory at Suzdal. Grand prince Vasily II is captured and released against a enormous ransom.
- 1467-1469: Russia is together with its ally Qasim at
war with Kazan.
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Qasim Khanate
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Astrakhan Khanate
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Crimean Khanate
- 1502: At the end of this proces It is destroyed by the Crimean Khanate and divided between Moscow, the Crimean Khanate and other succesor states.
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Nogai Horde
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- 1502: Mokhammad Amin is restored to the throne by a diplomatic intervention of Moscow.
- 1506: Despite a
victory over Moscow, Mokhammad Amin pays homage to grand prince
Vasily III.
- 1532: After a Russian
victory, Russia replaces
Safa Giray with
Canghali, until that moment Khan of Qasim.
- 1535: In a coup Canghali is assassinated and replaced by Safa Girayy. In the upcoming years Kazan troops enact various raids on Russian cities.
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Tsardom of Russia
- 1552: The last khan,
Yadegar Mokhammad, is captured by Russia and Kazan is annexed to Russia. A
rebellion starts, but is defeated in 1556.
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Kalmyk Khanate
- 1630s:
Oirats settle in the region. They defeat the Nogai Horde and their leader
Kho Orluk becomes khan under allegiance to Russia.
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- 1679: After khan
Sayed Borhan abdicates, his mother
Fatima Soltan, becomes khanbika. During his reign the Khanate was totally placed under control of Russia
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→
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- 1681: After the death of Fatima Soltan, Qasim is reincorporated into
Russia.
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Russian Empire
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- 1724: After the death of
Ayuka Khan Russia dilutes the authority of the khan and diminuish the autonomy of the Kalmyks.
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- 1783: The Crimean Khanate is annexed to
Russia.
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