Roman Republic
- 50s BC: The Roman Empire conquers present-day Luxembourg, populated by the
celtic tribe of the
Treveri.
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Roman Empire
- 27 BC:
Gaius Octavianus becomes sole ruler of Rome and as Augustus the first emperor.
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Gallic Empire
- 260: The region becomes part of the seccessionist Gallic Empire.
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Roman Empire
- 274: Emperor
Gaius Pius Esuvius Tetricus is defeated and the Gallic Empire is reincorporated into the Roman Empire.
- 300s:
Franks enter the Roman Empire as allies.
- 395: After the death of emperor
Theodosius I, the Roman Empire is partitioned in the (Eastern)
Roman Empire and the (Western)
Roman Empire. The region becomes part of the Western part of the Empire.
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Franks
- 410s: Rome abandons the region, the Franks take over.
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Kingdom of the Franks
- 481:
Chlodovechus or Clovis unites most Frankish tribes as king of the Franks. His kingdom gradually annexes most of the other
Frankish states in and outside the Western Roman Empire. During the area of partitions, the region is part of
Austrasia.
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Kingdom of the Middle Franks
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Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 855: With the partition of Middle-Francia, the region becomes part of Lotharingia.
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Kingdom of the East Franks
[1]
- 869: Lotharingia becomes part of East Francia.
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Kingdom of Lotharingia
- 895: The kingdom of Lotharingia is restored.
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Duchy of Lotharingia
- 903: Lotharingia is continued as duchy.
- 911: After the election of
Konrad as king of East Francia, duke
Reginar attaches Lotharingia to king
Carolus III of
West Francia.
- 922: Carolus III is overthrown in West Francia by
Robert I, but remains king in
Lotharingia.
- 923: Carolus III is overthrown and Lotharingia becomes a fief of
East Francia.
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Duchy of Lower Lotharingia
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County of Luxembourg
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Duchy of Luxembourg
- 1354: Wenzel is raised in rank to duke of the Luxembourg.
- 1355: Wenzel becomes by marriage duke of
Brabant and
Limburg.
- 1383: After his death
Brabant and
Limburg are separated from Luxembourg. His nephew and son of Karel IV, king
Wenzel of
Bohemia becomes duke of Luxembourg.
- 1388: Wenzel IV gives Luxembourg in pawn to his cousin
Jobst, who is also margrave of
Moravia and
Brandenburg
- 1411: After the death of Jobst, the duchy goes to
Elisabeth of Görlitz.
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The Netherlands
- 1443: Duke
Philippe II of
Burgundy becomes by conquest duke of Luxembourg, uniting them with other Netherlands entities.
- 1477: The duchy of Burgundy itself is annexed to
France.
Maximilian I of the
House of Habsburg becomes by marriage with duchess
Marie duke of Burgundy and Luxembourg and ruler of the Netherlands.
- 1482: Maximilian is succeeded by his son
Philipp under guardianship of Maximilian until 1494.
- 1504: Philipp IV becomes by marriage king Felipe of
Castile.
- 1506: He dies the same year and is succeeded by his son
Karl as duke of Burgundy.
- 1516: Karl becomes as Carlos I also king of
Spain.
- 1519: Karl becomes as Karl V
Holy Roman Emperor and archduke of
Austria.
- 1521: Karl V grants the
Austrian lands to his younger brother
Ferdinand I, whereby the personal union with Spain ends. He remains as duke of Burgundy and Luxembourg ruler of the Netherlands.
- 1555: Karl V abdicates in the Netherlands and is succeeded by his son
Felipe II as ruler of the Netherlands.
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Spanish Netherlands →
Spain
- 1556: Felipe II becomes king of Spain and brings the Netherlands under Spanish rule.
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- 1683: →
France conquers and occupies Luxembourg.
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- 1697: Luxembourg is returned to
Spain.
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Austrian Netherlands →
Habsburg Monarchy
- 1713: After
Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession, emperor
Karl VI, ruler of Habsburg Monarchy becomes ruler of the Netherlands, renamed into the Austrian Netherlands.
- 1740: After the death of emperor
Karl VI his daughter,
Maria Theresia, becomes archduchess and ruler of Austria. Her succession is disputed and this dispute leads to the
War of the Austrian Succession.
- 1748: The
Treaty of Aachen ends the War of the Austrian Succession. France withdraws from the Austrian Netherlands.
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United Belgian States
- 1790: Luxembourg secedes as part of the United Belgian States.
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Austrian Netherlands →
Habsburg Monarchy
- 1790: Austrian rule is restored the same year.
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French Republic
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French Empire
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Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- 1815: In the
Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, shortly before the final
defeat at Waterloo of Napoleon, Austria, France, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Sweden and the United Kingdom agree on the end of the
Napoleonic Wars and the re-division of Europe. Its provisions include king
Willem I of the
Netherlands as grand duke of Luxembourg in a personal union and Luxembourg joining the
German Confederation.
- 1830: The
Belgian Revolution leads to the separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the establishment of
Kingdom of Belgium. The western part of Luxembourg is ceded to
Belgium.
- 1839: The
Treaty of London makes the eastern part of Luxembourg an independent country in a personal union with the Netherlands. The western part is recognized as part of
Belgium.
- 1841: Luxembourg gets a parliament indirectly elected by limited suffrage.
- 1848: A constituent assembly is elected. The new constitution enlarges the powers of the parliament and the government is responsible to the parliament.
- 1856: The pre-1848 constitution is restored.
- 1866: After the
Austro-Prussian War the
German Confederation is dissolved.
- 1867: After a
diplomatic crisis after an attempt of France to buy Luxembourg, the
Treaty of London reaffirms the neutrality of Luxembourg.
- 1868: The 1848 constitution is restored. The parliament is elected in elections on a limited suffrage. The government is responsible to parliament.
- 1890: After the death of king
Willem III, the personal union with the
Netherlands ends.
Adolph, former duke of
Nassau, becomes grand duke.
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German Empire
- 1940: Nazi Germany invades and conquers as part of
World War II
Belgium, Luxembourg and the
Netherlands as well as the Northern and Western part of
France. Luxembourg is annexed to Germany.
- 1944: The allied forces of the United States, the United Kingdom,
Canada, the
Free French,
Poland launch an invasion of Normandy, creating a third Front.
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Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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