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State of the Teutonic Order
[1]
- 1237: The Livonian Order is part of the Teutonic Order.
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Kingdom of Denmark
[1]
- 1219: King
Valdemar II of Denmark establishes the
Duchy of Estonia as a dominion of the Danish Crown. He bares the title of duke of Estonia.
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Bishopric of Dorpat
[1]
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Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
[1]
- 1228: Bishop
Gottfried becomes ruler of Ösel-Wiek.
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- 1345: An
uprising by the indigenous Estonian population is surpressed.
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- 1345: An
uprising by the indigenous Estonian population is surpressed.
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- 1345: An
uprising by the indigenous Estonian population is surpressed.
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Livonian Order
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- 1542: Bishop
Johann IV of Münchhausen of →
Courland becomes also prince-bishop of Ösel-Wiek.
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Tsardom of Russia
- 1558: Russia commences the
Livonian War to conquer present-day Estonia and Latvia against Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark. The Bishopric of Dorpat is destroyed by
Russia. Russian troops deport the last bishop
Hermann Wesel into the interior of Russia.
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- 1559: After the reformation bishop
Johann V von Münchhausen who is also bishop of Courland, sells his lands to king
Frederik II of Denmark. He gives Courland and Ösel-Wiek to his brother
Magnus, who becomes bishop of Courland and Ösel-Wiek.
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Kingdom of Sweden
- 1561: The Livonian Order loses Estonia to king
Erik XIV of Sweden, who becomes
duke of Estonia and appoints a governor-general.
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Kingdom of Denmark
- 1572: Magnus loses Ösel-Wiek, which is added to Denmark.
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Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1582: Dorpat becomes part of Poland-Lithuania.
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- 1601: Dorpat is occupied by Sweden.
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- 1601-1603: Dorpat is reconquered.
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- 1610: After the victory of Poland-Lithuania over Russia and Sweden, Sweden declares war, the
Ingrian War, against the new rulers in
Russia.
- 1617: The
Polish-Swedish War recommences, but ends in 1618 with another truce. The
Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Russia loses
Ingria and is stripped of of its access to the
Baltic Sea.
- 1621: After a
Swedish attack on Livonia and Riga the
war recommences.
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Tsardom of Russia
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Russian Empire
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Russian Republic
- 1917: After the
revolutions commence in Russia, several entities are established on the territory of Russia. The Estonian Provincial Assembly declares itself the sovereign power on Estonia and calls for the elections of the
Estonian Constituent Assembly.
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Republic of Estonia
- 1918: Russia pulls out of the war with the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Assembly elects the
Estonian Salvation Committee and issues the
Estonian Declaration of Independence. A provisional government is formed. Russia allows the election of a Constitutional Assembly. In these
elections separatist parties win an absolute majority. The assembly is not allowed to convene. As a contra-government the
United Baltic Duchy is established as a German client state. At the same time the
Soviet Republic of Naissaar
[2] Is established. Later that year Estonia incorporates Naissaar. The same year Germany and the other Central Powers are defeated. A
war between the Estonians and Russia commences.
- 1919: Estonia introduces universal suffrage in the free multi-party election for the constituent assembly.
- 1920: The German-Balts and Russia are defeated. The new constitution provides for a parliament, the
State Assembly, elected in free multi-party elections on a universal suffrage, which appoints the
state elder as head of state and the ministers, all responsible to the parliament. The constitution is radically parliamentarian in character, and the state elder can be voted out of office at any time. Since the party system is fragmented, the state elder has to form coalitions.
- 1934: After a
referendum the
constitution is changed. It establishes a more authoritarian state order by introducing an executive state elder with a separate prime minister, and reducing the size and power of the State Assembly.
Konstantin Päts becomes prime minister and fulfills the function of state elder. To prevent the
Estonian Freedom Fighters Movement (EVL) to come to power, Päts takes power, suspends the constitution,
disbands the State Council and takes the office as state elder, establishing a dictatorship. He bans all parties.
- 1938: A new constitution establishes a bicameral parliament, a chamber elected and a chamber out of appointed specialist. Only one party and independents can take part in the elections. The function of president is created, elected by an electoral college.
- 1939:
Nazi Germany and the
Soviet Union sign the
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Estonia is forced to accept Soviet bases in their countries. Eenpalu is succeeded by
Jüri Uluots (PER).
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Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
- 1940: Estonia is occupied by the
Soviet Union that creates a Soviet puppet state. The Soviet Union force the appointment of a communist-dominated puppet government.
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Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
- 1940: Estonia becomes a constituent state of the Soviet Union.
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German Empire
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Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
- 1944: The Germans are defeated and withdraw. An attempt to re-create the independent Republic of Estonia fails. The Soviet Union conquers Estonia. A
rebellion starts, which lasts until the 1950s.
- 1990: The
Congress of Estonia is established as an innovative grassroots parliament as a part of the process of regaining of independence from the Soviet Union. Shortly after the Estonian Supreme Soviet is elected in free elections. The Supreme Soviet renames Estonia into the Republic of Estonia.
- 1991: In a
referendum independence is approved by a large majority of the voters. An
attempt to overthrow
Mikhael Gorbachev by a
communist group is defeated. It marks the
beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. The Warsaw Pact and the Comecon are disbanded.
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Republic of Estonia
- 1991: The Estonian Supreme Soviet restores the independence of Estonia. An elected constituent assembly draws up a new constitution. The new constitution is approved in a
referendum and comes into effect in 1992. The new constitution provides in a parliament elected in free multi-party elections, which elects the president, and a government responsible to the parliament.
- 1993: Estonia joins the
Council of Europe.
- 2004: Estonia joins the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the
European Union.
[3]
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