“ | In times of such commotion as present, while the passions of men are worked up to an uncommon pitch, there is great danger of fatal extremes. The same state of the passions which fits the multitude, who has not the sufficient stock of reason and knowledge to guide them, for opposition to tyranny and oppression, very naturally leads to a contempt and disregard of all authority. The due medium is hardly to be found among the more intelligent. It is almost impossible among the unthinking populace. When the mind of these are loosened from their attachment to ancient establishments and courses, they seem to grow giddy and are apt more or less to run into anarchy. | ” |
— Alexander Hamilton, 1775. |
“ | In the excitement of contested elections and of party spirit, judgement becames the slave of the will - Men of intelligence, talents, and even of integrity upon other occasions surrender themselves up to their passions - Believe everything, with, without, or even against evidence, according as it suits their their own wishes. | ” |
— John Quincy Adams, 1827. |
“ | The demagogues in Congress disgrace the body and the country. Noisy and loud professions, with no useful policy or end, exhibit themselves daily. | ” |
— Gideon Welles, 1862. |
“ | The contact with the greed and selfishness of Congressmen is unspeakably repulsive. The constant contact with envy, meanness, ignorance and the swinish selfishness which ignorance breeds needs a stronger heart and a more obedient nervous system than I can boast. | ” |
— John Hay, 1881. |
Scandinavian | English | Old English | Icelandic, German, French | Medieval Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lómr, Lom | Loon | Loom, Lumme | Himbrimi, Taucher, Plongeon1682 | Mergus |
Dopping | Grebe1766 | Dopfugel | Goði, Taucher, Grèbe1557 | Mergulus |
Hegri, Häghri, Häger | Heron1300 | Hrāgra | Hegri, Reiher, Héron/Hairon1150 | Ardea, Herodius |
Storkr, Stork | Stork | Storc | Storch, Cigogne1113 | Ciconia, Cigonia |
Gás, Gås | Goose | Gōs | Gæs, Gans, Bernache/Oie1175 | Anser |
Svanr, Svan | Swan | Swan | Svan, Schwann, Cygne/Cisne1170 | Olor |
Alpt, Ǫlpt, Emt, Svan | Whooper, Hooper1556, Elk1552 | Ylfete, Elfete | Álft | Cignus |
Ǫnd, And | Duck | Ened | Önd, Ente, Canard1199 | Anas |
Æþar, Æðr, Ejder | Eider | ´ | Æður, Eiderente, Eider/Edre1260 | |
Skrake, stor | Goosander, Merganser1752 | Gulönd, Gänseäger, Harle/Herle1290 | Mergus, Merganser1550 |
Scandinavian | English | Old English | Icelandic, German, French | Medieval Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gióðr, Giuþer, Fiskgjuse | Osprey1450 | Herefong | Gjóður, Fischadler, Balbuzard1770 | Ossifragus Lammergeier |
Vákr, Vråk | Buzzard1300 | Tysċa, Wrocc? | Vok, Bussard1500 (BūsantMHD/ MūsarMHD/MūsaroAHD) Buse1460 |
Buteo |
Gleða, Glada | Kite | Cȳta, Glede/Glida, Frysca | Milan1700/Weihe/WīoAHD, Milan1500 | Milvus |
Haukr, Höker, Hök | Hawk, Hauk1300 Havek1200 | Heafoc | Haukur, Habicht/HabuhAHD, Autour/Épervier (Hostur1100/Esprever1100) | Accipiter |
Örn | Erne, Eagle1450 | Earn | Örn, Adler1100/AarAHD, Aigle/EgleOF | Aquila |
Valr, Falkr, Falker, Falk | Falcon1350 | Fealca | Fálki, Falke/FalkoAHD, Faucon/Falcun1100 | Falco |
English | French | German | Medieval Latin | Scandinavian | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gyrfalcon gerfalcon 1200 |
girfauc Faucon gerfaut girfaus 1180 |
Gerfalke/Jagdfalke | Jaktfalk |
![]() | |
Peregrine 1550 | faulcon pelerin 1250 Faucon pèlerin |
Wanderfalke | falco peregrinus | Pilgrimsfalk |
![]() |
Hobby | Faucon hobereau 1377 hoberel 1195 |
Baumfalke | Lärkfalk |
![]() | |
Kestrel castrell 1400 windhover 1670 |
cresserele 1200 crécelle <1200 Faucon crécerelle |
Turmfalke | Tornfalk |
![]() | |
Merlin ~1375 | esmerillon 1165 émerillon Faucon émerillon |
*smiril Frankiska smerlo/smiril AHD Merlin/Schmerl(in) |
Stenfalk Smyrill |
![]() |
State | Size | ~~1475 | ~~1555 | ~~1595 | ~1630 | ~1650 | ~1710 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark–Norway | 1.3 [1] | .. | .. | .. | 30-40 [2] | 35 [3] | 53 [2] |
Sweden-Finland | 1.1 [1] | .. | .. | 15 [4] | 45 [4] | 70 [4] | 100 [4] |
Brandenburg-Prussia | 0.5 [5] | .. | .. | .. | 12 [6] | 8 [7] | 40 [8] |
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | 11 [9] | .. | .. | .. | 17 [10] | 53 [11] | 50 [11] |
100* [11] | |||||||
Tsardom of Russia | 15 [12] | .. | .. | .. | 45 [4] | 92 [6] | 170 [4] |
Kingdom of England | 4.7 [13] | 25 [4] | 20 [4] | 30 [4] | . . | 70 [4] | 87 [4] |
Dutch Republic | 1.5 [14] | .. | .. | 20 [4] | 70 [15] | 30 [15] | 120 [15] |
Kingdom of France | 18 [16] | 40 [4] | 50 [4] | 45 [4] | 80 [15] | 100 [15] | 340-380 [15] |
Habsburg Monarchy | 8 [17] | .. | .. | .. | 100 [18] | 20-24 [17] | 110-130 [17] |
Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon |
7 [16] | 20 [4] | 155 [4] | 200 [4] | 300 [4] | 100 [4] | 50 [4] |
Ottoman Empire | 18 [19] | .. | .. | .. | 40** [20] | 50** [20] | 50** [20] |
* All Polish forces, on both sides in the Great Northern War. | ** Janissaries only. |
Year | Yaya & Musellem | Azab | Akıncı | Timarli Sipahi | (Total) Timarli Sipahi & Cebelu | Janissary | Kapikulu Sipahi | Other Kapikulu | (Total) Kapikulu | Fortress guards, Martalos and Navy | Sekban | Nizam-ı Cedid | Total Strength of Ottoman Army |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1350 | 1,000 est. | 1,000 est. | 3,500 est. | 200 est. | 500 est. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6,000 est. |
1389 | 4,000 est. | 8,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 5,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 500 est. | 250 est. | 250 est. | 1,000 est. | 4,000 est. | - | - | 37,000 est. |
1402 | 8,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 1,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 2,000 est. | 6,000 est. | - | - | 81,000 est. |
1453 | 8,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 6,000 [21] | 2,000 est. | 4,000 est. | 12,000 est. | 9,000 est. | - | - | 94,000 est. |
1528 | 8,180 [22] | 20,000 est. | 12,000 [22] | 37,741 [22] | 80,000 est. | 12,000 est. | 5,000 est. | 7,000 est. | 24,146 [22] | 23,017 [22] | - | - | 105,084 – 167,343 est. |
1574 | 8,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 90,000 est. | 13,599 [23] | 5,957 [23] | 9,619 [23] | 29,175 [23] | 30,000 est. | - | - | 192,175 est. |
1607/ 1609 |
[1] | [2] | [3] | 44,404 (1607) [24] 50,000 est. (1609) | 105,339 (1607) [24] 137,000 (1609) [25] | 37,627 (1609) [26] | 20,869 (1609) [23] | 17,372 (1609) [23] | 75,868 (1609) [23] | 25,000 est. | 10,000 est. | - | 196,207–247,868 est. |
1670 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 22,000 est. | 50,000 est. | 39,470 [23] | 14,070 [23] | 16,756 [23] | 70,296 [23] | 25,000 est. | 10,000 est. | - | 70,296- 155,296 est. |
1807 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 400 est. | 1,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 16,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10.000 est. | 25,000 [27] | 25,000–67,000 est. |
1826 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 400 est. | 1,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 16,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 15,000 est. | - | 47,000 est. |
Notes: [1] [a] |[2]| [b]|[3] [c]
“ | In times of such commotion as present, while the passions of men are worked up to an uncommon pitch, there is great danger of fatal extremes. The same state of the passions which fits the multitude, who has not the sufficient stock of reason and knowledge to guide them, for opposition to tyranny and oppression, very naturally leads to a contempt and disregard of all authority. The due medium is hardly to be found among the more intelligent. It is almost impossible among the unthinking populace. When the mind of these are loosened from their attachment to ancient establishments and courses, they seem to grow giddy and are apt more or less to run into anarchy. | ” |
— Alexander Hamilton, 1775. |
“ | In the excitement of contested elections and of party spirit, judgement becames the slave of the will - Men of intelligence, talents, and even of integrity upon other occasions surrender themselves up to their passions - Believe everything, with, without, or even against evidence, according as it suits their their own wishes. | ” |
— John Quincy Adams, 1827. |
“ | The demagogues in Congress disgrace the body and the country. Noisy and loud professions, with no useful policy or end, exhibit themselves daily. | ” |
— Gideon Welles, 1862. |
“ | The contact with the greed and selfishness of Congressmen is unspeakably repulsive. The constant contact with envy, meanness, ignorance and the swinish selfishness which ignorance breeds needs a stronger heart and a more obedient nervous system than I can boast. | ” |
— John Hay, 1881. |
Scandinavian | English | Old English | Icelandic, German, French | Medieval Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lómr, Lom | Loon | Loom, Lumme | Himbrimi, Taucher, Plongeon1682 | Mergus |
Dopping | Grebe1766 | Dopfugel | Goði, Taucher, Grèbe1557 | Mergulus |
Hegri, Häghri, Häger | Heron1300 | Hrāgra | Hegri, Reiher, Héron/Hairon1150 | Ardea, Herodius |
Storkr, Stork | Stork | Storc | Storch, Cigogne1113 | Ciconia, Cigonia |
Gás, Gås | Goose | Gōs | Gæs, Gans, Bernache/Oie1175 | Anser |
Svanr, Svan | Swan | Swan | Svan, Schwann, Cygne/Cisne1170 | Olor |
Alpt, Ǫlpt, Emt, Svan | Whooper, Hooper1556, Elk1552 | Ylfete, Elfete | Álft | Cignus |
Ǫnd, And | Duck | Ened | Önd, Ente, Canard1199 | Anas |
Æþar, Æðr, Ejder | Eider | ´ | Æður, Eiderente, Eider/Edre1260 | |
Skrake, stor | Goosander, Merganser1752 | Gulönd, Gänseäger, Harle/Herle1290 | Mergus, Merganser1550 |
Scandinavian | English | Old English | Icelandic, German, French | Medieval Latin |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gióðr, Giuþer, Fiskgjuse | Osprey1450 | Herefong | Gjóður, Fischadler, Balbuzard1770 | Ossifragus Lammergeier |
Vákr, Vråk | Buzzard1300 | Tysċa, Wrocc? | Vok, Bussard1500 (BūsantMHD/ MūsarMHD/MūsaroAHD) Buse1460 |
Buteo |
Gleða, Glada | Kite | Cȳta, Glede/Glida, Frysca | Milan1700/Weihe/WīoAHD, Milan1500 | Milvus |
Haukr, Höker, Hök | Hawk, Hauk1300 Havek1200 | Heafoc | Haukur, Habicht/HabuhAHD, Autour/Épervier (Hostur1100/Esprever1100) | Accipiter |
Örn | Erne, Eagle1450 | Earn | Örn, Adler1100/AarAHD, Aigle/EgleOF | Aquila |
Valr, Falkr, Falker, Falk | Falcon1350 | Fealca | Fálki, Falke/FalkoAHD, Faucon/Falcun1100 | Falco |
English | French | German | Medieval Latin | Scandinavian | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gyrfalcon gerfalcon 1200 |
girfauc Faucon gerfaut girfaus 1180 |
Gerfalke/Jagdfalke | Jaktfalk |
![]() | |
Peregrine 1550 | faulcon pelerin 1250 Faucon pèlerin |
Wanderfalke | falco peregrinus | Pilgrimsfalk |
![]() |
Hobby | Faucon hobereau 1377 hoberel 1195 |
Baumfalke | Lärkfalk |
![]() | |
Kestrel castrell 1400 windhover 1670 |
cresserele 1200 crécelle <1200 Faucon crécerelle |
Turmfalke | Tornfalk |
![]() | |
Merlin ~1375 | esmerillon 1165 émerillon Faucon émerillon |
*smiril Frankiska smerlo/smiril AHD Merlin/Schmerl(in) |
Stenfalk Smyrill |
![]() |
State | Size | ~~1475 | ~~1555 | ~~1595 | ~1630 | ~1650 | ~1710 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark–Norway | 1.3 [1] | .. | .. | .. | 30-40 [2] | 35 [3] | 53 [2] |
Sweden-Finland | 1.1 [1] | .. | .. | 15 [4] | 45 [4] | 70 [4] | 100 [4] |
Brandenburg-Prussia | 0.5 [5] | .. | .. | .. | 12 [6] | 8 [7] | 40 [8] |
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | 11 [9] | .. | .. | .. | 17 [10] | 53 [11] | 50 [11] |
100* [11] | |||||||
Tsardom of Russia | 15 [12] | .. | .. | .. | 45 [4] | 92 [6] | 170 [4] |
Kingdom of England | 4.7 [13] | 25 [4] | 20 [4] | 30 [4] | . . | 70 [4] | 87 [4] |
Dutch Republic | 1.5 [14] | .. | .. | 20 [4] | 70 [15] | 30 [15] | 120 [15] |
Kingdom of France | 18 [16] | 40 [4] | 50 [4] | 45 [4] | 80 [15] | 100 [15] | 340-380 [15] |
Habsburg Monarchy | 8 [17] | .. | .. | .. | 100 [18] | 20-24 [17] | 110-130 [17] |
Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon |
7 [16] | 20 [4] | 155 [4] | 200 [4] | 300 [4] | 100 [4] | 50 [4] |
Ottoman Empire | 18 [19] | .. | .. | .. | 40** [20] | 50** [20] | 50** [20] |
* All Polish forces, on both sides in the Great Northern War. | ** Janissaries only. |
Year | Yaya & Musellem | Azab | Akıncı | Timarli Sipahi | (Total) Timarli Sipahi & Cebelu | Janissary | Kapikulu Sipahi | Other Kapikulu | (Total) Kapikulu | Fortress guards, Martalos and Navy | Sekban | Nizam-ı Cedid | Total Strength of Ottoman Army |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1350 | 1,000 est. | 1,000 est. | 3,500 est. | 200 est. | 500 est. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6,000 est. |
1389 | 4,000 est. | 8,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 5,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 500 est. | 250 est. | 250 est. | 1,000 est. | 4,000 est. | - | - | 37,000 est. |
1402 | 8,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 1,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 2,000 est. | 6,000 est. | - | - | 81,000 est. |
1453 | 8,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 6,000 [21] | 2,000 est. | 4,000 est. | 12,000 est. | 9,000 est. | - | - | 94,000 est. |
1528 | 8,180 [22] | 20,000 est. | 12,000 [22] | 37,741 [22] | 80,000 est. | 12,000 est. | 5,000 est. | 7,000 est. | 24,146 [22] | 23,017 [22] | - | - | 105,084 – 167,343 est. |
1574 | 8,000 est. | 20,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 40,000 est. | 90,000 est. | 13,599 [23] | 5,957 [23] | 9,619 [23] | 29,175 [23] | 30,000 est. | - | - | 192,175 est. |
1607/ 1609 |
[1] | [2] | [3] | 44,404 (1607) [24] 50,000 est. (1609) | 105,339 (1607) [24] 137,000 (1609) [25] | 37,627 (1609) [26] | 20,869 (1609) [23] | 17,372 (1609) [23] | 75,868 (1609) [23] | 25,000 est. | 10,000 est. | - | 196,207–247,868 est. |
1670 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 22,000 est. | 50,000 est. | 39,470 [23] | 14,070 [23] | 16,756 [23] | 70,296 [23] | 25,000 est. | 10,000 est. | - | 70,296- 155,296 est. |
1807 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 400 est. | 1,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 16,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 10.000 est. | 25,000 [27] | 25,000–67,000 est. |
1826 | [1] | [2] | [3] | 400 est. | 1,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 500 est. | 500 est. | 16,000 est. | 15,000 est. | 15,000 est. | - | 47,000 est. |
Notes: [1] [a] |[2]| [b]|[3] [c]