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The official language of Martinique is French, which is spoken by most of the population. The department was integrated into France in 1946, and consequently became French.
[1] Most residents also speak Martinican
Creole (Martinique Creole, Kréyol Mat'nik, Kreyòl), a form of
Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martinican Creole is based on French,
Carib and African languages, with elements of English, Spanish, and
Portuguese.
citation needed Also, unlike other varieties of French-based creoles, such as
Mauritian Creole, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation.
citation needed It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.
citation needed
French and Creole are in a diglossic situation in Martinique, [2] [3] where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts. [3] Creole was a spoken language with a developed "oraliture"; it wasn't until the mid 20th century that Martinican Creole began to be written. [3] Since then, decreolization of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features, mostly unconsciously, but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did. [3]
Being an overseas department of France, the island has European, French, Caribbean, Martinican, black and Creole markers of identity, all being influenced by foreign factors, social factors, cultural factors and, as a reportedly important marker, linguistic practices. [1] Martinican and Creole identities are specifically asserted through encouragement of Creole and its use in literature, in a movement known as Créolité, that was started by Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant. [1] [4] Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language, and it wasn't until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing code switching. [1] [3] [4] People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts. [4]
Speaking Martinican Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982.
citation needed [it seems there is an original citation for this, so please do include it] In collaboration with GEREC (Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone)
Raphaël Confiant created KAPES KREYOL
[2] (
CAPES for Creole, Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré), which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school
[3]. This debuted the 9th of February, 2001.
[2] Recently, the education authority, Académie de la Martinique, launched "Parcours Creole +" in 2019, a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican Creole. Rather than being a topic to be learned itself, Creole became a language that classes were taught in, such as arts, math, physical activity, etc.
[5]
One of the features of Martinican Creole is that is has General Locative Marking (GLM, also called General Locative Adposition, Goal/Source (in)difference and Motion-to=Motion-from). This means that source locations, final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identical. [6] Some West-African languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM. [6] Martinican Creole locative marking exists in in 3 morphological types, including:
- spatial prepositions as free morphemes;
- These include "an" (in), "adan" (inside), "douvan" (in front), "anba" (under) and "anlè" (on).
- spatial morphemes "a-", "an(n)-", and "o(z)-" bound to the noun on their right;
- Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles
- phonologically null locative markers
- In ambiguous sentences, these are added to polysyllabic city names [6]
Édouard Glissant was later influenced by Césaire and Ménil, and in turn had an influence on
Patrick Chamoiseau, who founded the
Créolité movement with
Raphaël Confiant and
Jean Bernabé.
citation needed
Raphaël Confiant was a poetry, prose and non-fiction writer who supports Creole and tries to bring both French and Creole (Martinican and
Guadeloupean) together in his work.
[2] He is specifically known for his contribution to the
Créolité movement.
- ^ a b c d Sheringham, Olivia (2016-01-26). "Markers of identity in Martinique: being French, black, Creole". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 39 (2): 243–262. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992. ISSN 0141-9870.
- ^ a b c d Hardwick, Louise (2006-09-12). "Du franais-banane au crole-dragon: entretien avec Raphal Confiant". International Journal of Francophone Studies. 9 (2): 257–276. doi: 10.1386/ijfs.9.2.257_7. ISSN 1368-2679.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f Bernabé, Jean; Confiant, Raphaël (2002).
"Le CAPES de Créole: stratégies et enjeux". Hermès. n° 32-33 (1): 211.
doi:
10.4267/2042/14377.
ISSN
0767-9513.
{{ cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text ( help) - ^
a
b
c Burton, Richard D.E. (1992-02).
"Towards 1992: political-cultural assimilation and opposition in contemporary Martinique". French Cultural Studies. 3 (7): 061–86.
doi:
10.1177/095715589200300705.
ISSN
0957-1558.
{{ cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=( help) - ^ "Parcours Créole +". Académie de Martinique (in French). Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ a b c Zribi-Hertz, Anne; Loïc, Jean-Louis (2018-09-17). "General Locative Marking in Martinican Creole (Matinitjè): A Case Study in Grammatical Economy". Quaderni di Linguistica e Studi Orientali. 4: 151–176. doi: 10.13128/QULSO-2421-7220-23843. ISSN 2421-7220.
| This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
The official language of Martinique is French, which is spoken by most of the population. The department was integrated into France in 1946, and consequently became French.
[1] Most residents also speak Martinican
Creole (Martinique Creole, Kréyol Mat'nik, Kreyòl), a form of
Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martinican Creole is based on French,
Carib and African languages, with elements of English, Spanish, and
Portuguese.
citation needed Also, unlike other varieties of French-based creoles, such as
Mauritian Creole, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation.
citation needed It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.
citation needed
French and Creole are in a diglossic situation in Martinique, [2] [3] where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts. [3] Creole was a spoken language with a developed "oraliture"; it wasn't until the mid 20th century that Martinican Creole began to be written. [3] Since then, decreolization of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features, mostly unconsciously, but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did. [3]
Being an overseas department of France, the island has European, French, Caribbean, Martinican, black and Creole markers of identity, all being influenced by foreign factors, social factors, cultural factors and, as a reportedly important marker, linguistic practices. [1] Martinican and Creole identities are specifically asserted through encouragement of Creole and its use in literature, in a movement known as Créolité, that was started by Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant. [1] [4] Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language, and it wasn't until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing code switching. [1] [3] [4] People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts. [4]
Speaking Martinican Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982.
citation needed [it seems there is an original citation for this, so please do include it] In collaboration with GEREC (Groupe d’Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone)
Raphaël Confiant created KAPES KREYOL
[2] (
CAPES for Creole, Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré), which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school
[3]. This debuted the 9th of February, 2001.
[2] Recently, the education authority, Académie de la Martinique, launched "Parcours Creole +" in 2019, a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican Creole. Rather than being a topic to be learned itself, Creole became a language that classes were taught in, such as arts, math, physical activity, etc.
[5]
One of the features of Martinican Creole is that is has General Locative Marking (GLM, also called General Locative Adposition, Goal/Source (in)difference and Motion-to=Motion-from). This means that source locations, final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identical. [6] Some West-African languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM. [6] Martinican Creole locative marking exists in in 3 morphological types, including:
- spatial prepositions as free morphemes;
- These include "an" (in), "adan" (inside), "douvan" (in front), "anba" (under) and "anlè" (on).
- spatial morphemes "a-", "an(n)-", and "o(z)-" bound to the noun on their right;
- Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles
- phonologically null locative markers
- In ambiguous sentences, these are added to polysyllabic city names [6]
Édouard Glissant was later influenced by Césaire and Ménil, and in turn had an influence on
Patrick Chamoiseau, who founded the
Créolité movement with
Raphaël Confiant and
Jean Bernabé.
citation needed
Raphaël Confiant was a poetry, prose and non-fiction writer who supports Creole and tries to bring both French and Creole (Martinican and
Guadeloupean) together in his work.
[2] He is specifically known for his contribution to the
Créolité movement.
- ^ a b c d Sheringham, Olivia (2016-01-26). "Markers of identity in Martinique: being French, black, Creole". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 39 (2): 243–262. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992. ISSN 0141-9870.
- ^ a b c d Hardwick, Louise (2006-09-12). "Du franais-banane au crole-dragon: entretien avec Raphal Confiant". International Journal of Francophone Studies. 9 (2): 257–276. doi: 10.1386/ijfs.9.2.257_7. ISSN 1368-2679.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f Bernabé, Jean; Confiant, Raphaël (2002).
"Le CAPES de Créole: stratégies et enjeux". Hermès. n° 32-33 (1): 211.
doi:
10.4267/2042/14377.
ISSN
0767-9513.
{{ cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text ( help) - ^
a
b
c Burton, Richard D.E. (1992-02).
"Towards 1992: political-cultural assimilation and opposition in contemporary Martinique". French Cultural Studies. 3 (7): 061–86.
doi:
10.1177/095715589200300705.
ISSN
0957-1558.
{{ cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=( help) - ^ "Parcours Créole +". Académie de Martinique (in French). Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ a b c Zribi-Hertz, Anne; Loïc, Jean-Louis (2018-09-17). "General Locative Marking in Martinican Creole (Matinitjè): A Case Study in Grammatical Economy". Quaderni di Linguistica e Studi Orientali. 4: 151–176. doi: 10.13128/QULSO-2421-7220-23843. ISSN 2421-7220.