USER:CARCHASM SANDBOX OUTLINE OF ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY

Definition

Philosophy in the overlapping Greco-roman world during Classical antiquity and Late antiquity.

Ancient Greek philosophy in Ancient Greece from the early Archaic period through the Hellenistic period.
- Initially developed in Ionia, and Magna Graecia, it came to be centered around Athens.
- Primarily written in the Ancient Greek language, especially the Attic dialect but also Doric and Ionic.
- Dominant figures include Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus.
Ancient Roman philosophy in the late Roman republic and Roman empire until 632 AD.
- In Classical Latin, Late Latin, and Koine Greek.
- Centered around Rome, Alexandria, and Athens.
- Dominant figures include Cicero, Seneca, Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, and Plotinus.

General theories and concepts

Ancient Greek logic
Ancient Greek epistemology
- Episteme knowledge, from pistis, belief or faith, contrasted with doxa and 'techne
- Techne - skill, art, ability, often constrasted with episteme
- Doxa - view, common opinion, often contrasted with episteme
- Phronesis - practical wisdom
- Sophia - wisdom
Ancient Greek natural philosophy
- Physis
- Cosmos
- Arche
- Apeiron
- Classical element
Ancient Greek philosophy of mind
- Psyche -
- Pneuma - breath, life, spirit
- Nous - mind, intellect
- Thumos - temper, anger
- Phren - heart, wit
- Logos - reason
- Pathos - passion
- Ethos - character
- Ensoulment
  - Palingenesis
  - Metempsychosis
Ancient Greek ethics
- Paideia - Education
- Arete - Excellence
- Kalos kagathos - The noble good
- Sophrosyne - Right judgment
- Philotimo - Love of honor
- Eudaimonia - prosperity, contentment
- Philia - friendship, love
Ancient Greek aesthetics
- On the Sublime

Schools and traditions

Early greek philosophy

Ionian material monism

Eleatic monism

Atomism

Euthymia (philosophy)

Pluralism

Pythagoreanism

Sophists

Classical Greek philosophy

Socrates

Platonism

Aristotelianism

Socratic schools

Hellenistic philosophy

Stoicism

Epicureanism

Skepticism

Roman Philosophy

Latin philosophical concepts

Middle platonism

Middle Platonism

Neopythagoranism

Second Sophistic

Second Sophistic

Neoplatonism

Christian philosophy

Neoplatonism in Christianity

Philosophers

Precursors

Early Greek philosophy

Ionian school

Ionian School
- Thales (624 – c 546 BCE)
- Anaximander (610 – 546 BCE)
- Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – c. 525 BCE)
- Xenophanes (570 – 470 BCE)
- Heraclitus (535 – 475 BCE)

Pythagoreans

Pythagoras (582 – 496 BCE)
Brontinus (fl. 6th century BCE)
Democedes (c. 568 - 518)^[1]
Alcmaeon of Croton (530 -
Hippasus (c. 530 – c. 450 BC
Iccus of Taranto (late 6th century)
Menestor of Sybaris (c. 490)
Theodorus of Cyrene (475 - 400)
Philolaus of Croton (470 – 380 BCE)
Eurytus (fl. 400 BCE)
Archytas of Tarentum (428 – 347 BCE)
Zopyrus of Tarentum (fl. early 4th century BCE)
Ecphantus
Hicetas
Thymaridas
Lyco of Iasos
Diodorus of Aspendus
Ion of Chios
Hippocrates of Chios
Damon of Athens
Hippo (philosopher) (c. 475)
Epicharmus

Eleatics

Eleatics

Atomists

Pluralists

Empedocles
Anaxagoras
- Cleidemus
- Archelaus
- Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)
- Diogenes of Apollonia ( c. 460 BCE – ?)
Cratylus]]

Sophists

Xeniades
Protagoras
Gorgias of Leontini (487 – 376 BCE)
- Alcidamas (420 - 360 BCE)
- Lycophron
- Polus
Hippias (middle of the 5th century BCE)
Prodicus (465/450 – after 399 BCE)
Antiphon the Sophist (480 – 411 BCE)
Callicles
Thrasymachus (459 – 400 BCE)
Critias
Euthydemus of Chios and Dionysodorus (sophist)
Isocrates

Socratics

Followers of Socrates

Crito of Alopece (469 – 380 BCE)
Alexamenus of Teos (fl. 5th century BCE)
Euclid of Megara (450 – 380 BCE)
Antisthenes (c. 445 – 360 BCE)
Glaucon (c. 445 – 4th century BCE)
Simon the Shoemaker (fl. late 5th century BCE)
Aristippus (c. 435 – 356 BCE)
Simmias of Thebes (fl. 5th–4th century BC)
Cebes of Thebes (430 - 350 BCE)
Xenophon (430 - 355 BCE)
Plato (428 - 348BCE)
Aeschines of Sphettus (c. 425 BC – c. 350 BCE)
Phaedo of Elis (fl. 4th century BCE)

Cyrenaics

Aristippus
- Antipater of Cyrene
- Arete of Cyrene
- Epitimides of Cyrene
- Paraebates
- Aristippus the Younger
- Aristotle of Cyrene
- Dionysius the Renegade
- Aristoxenus of Cyrene - Cyrenaic philosopher mentioned by Athenaeus
Hegesias of Cyrene
Anniceris
Theodorus the Atheist

Eretrian

Megarian

Megarian school
- Dialectical school
Euclid of Megara
Stilpo (380 – 300 BCE)
Eubulides
- Alexinus
- Apollonius Cronus
- Euphantus
- Dionysius of Chalcedon
Diodorus Cronus

Cynicism

List of Cynics^[2]

Classical

Antisthenes - Traditional founder of Cynicism
Diogenes of Sinope (400 – 325 BCE) - Likely real founder of Cynicism
Crates of Thebes (360 - 280 BCE)

Hellenistic

Bion of Borysthenes (c. 325 – c. 250 BC)
Menippus (3rd century BCE)
Cercidas (fl. 3rd century BC)
Menedemus the Cynic (fl. 3rd century BC) - former Epicurean who converted to cynicism
Teles of Megara (fl. c. 235 BC)
Meleager of Gadara

Roman period

Avidenus - Mentioned by Horace.
Marcus Favonius
Demetrius the Cynic (fl. 1st century)
Dio Chrysostom
Diogenes the Sophist (fl 75. AD) - Mentioned by Cassius Dio
Carneades the Cynic - Mentioned by Eunapius
Menippus of Lycia - Mentioned by Eunapius
Agathobulus (fl. 2nd century AD) - Mentioned by Lucian as the teacher of Demonax
Demonax (fl. 2nd century AD) - Subject of a biography by Lucian
Peregrinus Proteus (fl. 2nd century AD) - Subject of a biography by Lucian
Theagenes of Patras (fl. 2nd century AD) - disciple of Peregrinus
Pancrates of Athens (fl. c. 140 AD)
Crescens the Cynic (fl. 2nd century AD) - subject of criticism by Justin Martyr, attested by Eusebius
Oenomaus of Gadara (fl. 2nd century AD) - wrote a work concerning oracles preserved by Eusebius
Antiochus of Cilicia - Mentioned by Cassius Dio

Late antiquity

Heraclius the Cynic (fl. 4th century AD)- Cynic philosopher mentioned by Julian
Asclepiades the Cynic (fl. 4th century AD) - Cynic philosopher mentioned by Julian
Chytron the Cynic (fl. 4th century AD) - Cynic philosopher mentioned by Julian
Iphicles the Cynic (fl. 4th century AD) - Cynic philosopher mentioned by Julian
Cleomenes of Constantinople (fl. 4th century AD) - Cynic philosopher mentioned by Libanius
Horus (athlete) (fl. 384 BC) - Cynic mentioned by Macrobius
Maximus I of Constantinople (fl. 380 AD)
Sallustius of Emesa (fl. 5th century AD)

Academy

Plato (428 – 347 BCE) ( Life of Plato)
- Aristonymus
- Erastus of Scepsis
- Coriscus of Scepsis
- Demetrius of Amphipolis
- Euaeon of Lampsacus
- Heraclides of Aenus
- Python of Aenus
- Hestiaeus of Perinthus
- Lastheneia of Mantinea
- Timolaus of Cyzicus
- Axiothea of Phlius
- Chion of Heraclea - mentioned by Philodemus
- Menedemus of Pyrrha - mentioned by Philodemus
- Chaeron of Pellene - mentioned by Philodemus
- Calligenes - mentioned by Philodemus
Speusippus (407 – 339 BCE)
Xenocrates (396 – 314 BCE)
Polemon
Eudoxus of Cnidus
Philip of Opus
Hermodorus of Syracuse
Heraclides of Pontus
Crantor of Soli
Crates of Athens

Peripatetics

Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE)
- Nicomachus (son of Aristotle)
- Echecratides
Theophrastus (370 – 288 BCE)
Dicaearchus
Aristoxenus of Tarentum
Eudemus of Rhodes
Phaenias of Eresus
Strato of Lampsacus (355 - 269 BCE)
Demetrius of Phalerum (350 - 280 BCE)
Praxiphanes
Chamaeleon (philosopher)
Clearchus of Soli
Lyco of Troas (299 - 225 BCE)
Hieronymus of Rhodes (290-230 BCE)
- Hermippus of Smyrna
- Archestratus (music theorist)
Aristo of Ceos
Calliphon
Satyrus the Peripatetic
Critolaus
Diodorus of Tyre
Erymneus
Cratippus of Pergamum

Roman Peripatetics

Andronicus of Rhodes - Collected the esoteric works of Aristotle, was said to have organized them in the order they are today.
Xenarchus of Seleucia
Boethus of Sidon - 1st century BCE peripatetic philosopher who wrote an early commentary on the Categories which is lost.
Nicolaus of Damascus
Alexander of Aegae
Aristocles of Messene
Aspasius
Adrastus of Aphrodisias
Sosigenes the Peripatetic -
Herminus - Commentator on Aristotle, teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias
Aristotle of Mytilene
Alexander of Aphrodisias - Late 2nd century peripatetic philosopher whose works survive, include several commentaries on Aristotle and several original works.

Stoics

Zeno of Citium (333 – 263 BCE)
Cleanthes ( c. 330 – c. 230 BCE)
Chrysippus (280 – 207 BCE)
Zeno of Tarsus
Diogenes
Antipater
Panaetius
Posidonius (135 – 51 BCE)
Seneca (4 BCE – 65 CE)
Musonius Rufus (30 – 100 CE)
Epictetus (55 – 135 CE)
Arrian
Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 CE)

Epicureans

Epicurus (341-270 BC) Founder of the Epicurean school of philosophy.

Followers of Epicurus

Metrodorus of Lampsacus (331-278 BC) Close friend of Epicurus.
Polyaenus of Lampsacus (c. 345-c. 285 BC) Mathematician and friend of Epicurus.
Hermarchus (325-c. 250 BC) - Second leader of the Epicurean school.
Leonteus of Lampsacus - Pupil of Epicurus.
Themista of Lampsacus (c. 300 BC) - Pupil of Epicurus.
Colotes of Lampsacus (c. 320-c. 250 BC) - Friend of Epicurus whose doctrines are debated by Plutarch
Idomeneus of Lampsacus (c. 325-c. 250 BC) - Friend and pupil of Epicurus. Biographer of famous lives.
Timocrates of Lampsacus (fl. 300 BC) - Brother of Metrodorus, and apostate of Epicureanism.
Leontion (fl. 300 BC) - Philosopher who criticized Theophrastus.
Carneiscus (c. 300 BC) - Epicurean who wrote a work on friendship.
Batis of Lampsacus
Amynomachus

Scholarchs of the Garden

Hermarchus (325-c. 250 BC) - Second leader of the Epicurean school.
Polystratus (c. 290-219 BC) Third leader of the Epicurean school.
Dionysius of Lamptrai c. 275-205 BC Fourth leader of the Epicurean school.
Basilides c. 250-c. 175 BC Fifth leader of the Epicurean school.
Thespis
Apollodorus (fl. 125 BC) Leader of the Epicurean school, teacher of Zeno of Sidon.
Zeno of Sidon (c. 150-c. 75 BC) - Epicurean philosopher, and teacher of Philodemus.
Phaedrus (138 – 70/69 BCE) - Leader of the Epicurean school.
Patro (fl. 70 BC) - Leader of the Epicurean school.

Roman

Alcaeus and Philiscus (fl. 150 BC) Epicurean philosophers expelled from Rome in 173 or 154 BC.
Gaius Amafinius (fl. 125 BC) Epicurean philosopher who introduced Epicureanism to Rome.
Titus Albucius (fl. 105 BC) Orator and politician.
Rabirius (fl. 100 BC) Writer of Epicurean texts in Latin.
Philodemus (c. 110-c. 40 BC) Epicurean philosopher whose works survive in the Villa of the Papyri.
Lucretius (c. 95-c. 55 BC) Epicurean philosopher-poet who composed De rerum natura.
Catius (fl. 50 BC) Epicurean philosopher, wrote Latin books.
Titus Pomponius Atticus (c. 110 BC-c. 33 BC) Friend of Cicero, Banker and patron of letters.
Siro (fl. 50 BC) - Epicurean philosopher and teacher of Virgil.
Diogenes of Oenoanda (fl. 125 AD) - Epicurean who carved Epicurus's teachings on a wall in Oenoanda.

Other

Philonides of Laodicea (c. 200-c. 130 BC) Epicurean philosopher who lived at the Seleucid court.
Diogenes of Seleucia (fl. 150 BC) Epicurean philosopher, lived at the court of Syria.
Diogenes of Tarsus (fl. 150) BC Epicurean philosopher and author.
Demetrius Lacon (c. 150-c. 75 BC)
Metrodorus of Stratonicea - Defector from Epicureanism to Academic Skepticism

- Javelin argument
- Clinamen

Academic skeptics

Arcesilaus
Lacydes
Telecles & Euander
Hegesinus
Carneades (214 – 129 BCE)
Carneades II
Crates of Tarsus
- Metrodorus of Stratonicea (late 2nd century BCE)
Clitomachus (187 – 109 BCE)
Philo of Larissa (160 – 80 BCE)
Cicero

Pyrrhonists

Pyrrho (365 – 275 BCE)
Timon (320 – 230 BCE)
Aenesidemus (1st century BCE)
Agrippa (1st century CE)
Favorinus ( c. 80 – c. 160 CE)
Sextus Empiricus (2nd century CE)

Middle Platonists

Antiochus of Ascalon (130 – 68 BCE)
Eudorus of Alexandria
Philo of Alexandria
- Philo's view of God
Plutarch (45 – 120 CE)
Atticus
Apuleius
Albinus
Alcinous (philosopher) (2nd century CE)
Galen
Numenius of Apamea
Ammonius Saccas

Neopythagoreans

Bolus of Mendes (fl. 200 BCE)
Nigidius Figulus (fl. 1st century BCE)
Quintus Sextius (fl. 1st century BCE)
Anaxilaus (fl. 1st century BCE)
Areius (fl. 1st century BCE)
Sotion (Pythagorean) (fl. 1st century CE) - Teacher of Seneca
Alexicrates (fl. 1st century CE) - Mentioned by Plutarch
Moderatus of Gades (fl. 1st century CE)
Apollonius of Tyana (fl. 90 CE)
Damis of Nineveh
Nicomachus of Gerasa (c. 60 – c. 120 CE)
Theon of Smyrna (fl. 100 CE)
Arignotus (fl. 2nd century CE)
Cronius the Pythagorean (fl. 2nd century CE)
Numenius of Apamea (fl. 2nd century CE)
Porphyry
Iamblichus

Neoplatonists

Plotinus (205 – 270 CE)
Porphyry (232 – 304 CE)
Theodorus of Asine

Early Christian philosophers

Precursors

Gnostics

Apologists

Alexandrians

Clement of Alexandria (150 – 215 CE)
Origen of Alexandria
Arius
Athanasius of Alexandria

Nicene

Latin Church fathers

Literature

Pre-socratic works

On Nature
Works of Democritus
On Non-being - Gorgias
Dissoi Logoi - Anonymous
Derveni papyrus

Works by Plato

Dialogues of Plato
Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Phaedo
Cratylus, Theaetetus Sophist Statesman
Parmenides, Philebus, Symposium, Phaedrus
First Alcibiades, Second Alcibiades, Hipparchus, Rival Lovers
Theages, Charmides, Laches, Lysis
Euthydemus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno
Hippias Major, Hippias Minor, Ion, Menexenus
Clitophon, Republic, Timaeus, Critias
Minos, Laws, Epinomis, Epistles
Platonic Appendix
Definitions
On Justice
On Virtue
- Demodocus
- Sisyphus
- Halcyon
- Eryxias
- Axiochus
- Epigrams
Commentaries on Plato

Works by Xenophon

Works by Aristotle

Stoic works

On Passions - Chrysippus
Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium
- Letter 47 (Seneca)
Naturales quaestiones
Seneca's Consolations, De Ira, De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca), De Clementia, De Constantia Sapientis, De Providentia
Enchiridion and Discourses of Epictetus
Meditations

Epicurean works

De Rerum Natura - Lucretius

Skeptic works

Academica (Cicero)
Aenesidemus (1st century BCE)
- Pyrrhonean Discourses (lost)
Sextus Empiricus
Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Against the Dogmatists
Against the Mathematicians

Middle Platonist works

Peripatetic works

Alexander of Aphrodisias

Pythagorean literature

Pythagorean Notebooks quoted by Alexander Polyhistor

Hellenistic pseudegraphic literature

Early^[3]

Archytas of Tarentum
Ocellus Lucanus (14 pages)
Timaeus of Locri (12 pages)
Hippodamus of Miletus (255 lines)
- On Eudaimonia
- On the Constitution
Diotogenes (170 lines)
Ecphantus the Pythagorean (160 lines)
Metopus (Pythagorean) (145 lines)
Callicratidas (135 lines)
Perictone (115 lines)
Theages (Pythagorean) (115 lines)
Charondas (100 lines)
Phintys (80 lines)
Euryphamus (75 lines)
Zaleucus (70 lines)
Hipparchus (Pythagorean) (65 lines)
- On Euthymia
Aresas or Aesara (50 lines)
Onatas (philosopher) (45 lines)
Damippus (45 lines)
Dios (Pythagorean) (30 lines)
Pempelos (25 lines)
Bryson (25 lines)
Melissa (philosopher) (20 lines)
- Letter to Cleareta
Aristaeus of Croton
Philolaus
Cleinias of Tarentum (15 lines)
Sthenidas of Locri (15 lines)
Criton of Aegae (15 lines)
Eurytus (Pythagorean) (15 lines)
Aristombrotos (10 lines)
Megillus of Sparta (5 lines)
Akron of Akragas
Athamas
Panacaeus
Proros
Thearides

Late^[4]

Pythagoras
- Golden Verses
- Speeches quoted by Iamblichus
- Letter to Anaximenes
- Letter to Hiero
Theano (215 lines)
- On Piety
- Letter to Eubule
- Letter to Euclides
- Letter to Eurydice
- Letter to Callisto
- Letter to Nicostrate
- Letter to Rhodope
- Letter to Timonides
Anonymous
Lysis of Taras (55 or 70 lines)
- Letter to Hipparchus
Myia (35 lines)
- Letter to Phyllis
Brontinus (10 lines)
Milo of Croton (5 lines)
Arimnestos (2 lines)
Arignote
Hippasus
Lyco of Iasos - On Plants
Metrodorus of Cos - On Medicine
Telauges
- Letter to Philolaus (lost)

Roman Period

Life of Pythagoras by Iamblichus

Cynic literature

Cynic epistles
Life of Demonax

Neoplatonic works

Plotinus

Enneads
- On Beauty

Porphyry

Life of Plotinus
Life of Pythagoras
Isagoge
Introduction to Ptolemy's Tetrabiblios
Homeric Questions
On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey
On the abstinence of eating animals
On philosophy from oracles
Commentary on Plato's Timaeus
Against the Christians
Sententiae
Letter to Marcella
Letter to Anebo
To Gaurus

Iamblichus

On Pythagoreanism - Ten volume treatise that is partially extant
- On the Pythagorean Life
- Protrepticus (Iamblichus)
On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians

Proclus

Ammonius

Olympiodorus

Damascius

Difficulties and Solutions of First Principles

Simplicius

Ancient Christan philosophical literature

Pseudo-Dionysius
- De Coelesti Hierarchia
The City of God
Criticism
- The True Word

Ancient Commentaries

Ancient Commentaries on Plato

Introductions
- Handbook of Platonism
- Didascalia
- On Mathematics useful for the understanding of Plato
- Anonymous Prolegomena to Platonic Philosophy
Alcibiades
- Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades (Proclus)
- Commentary on Plato's Alcibiades (Olympiodorus)
Gorgias
- Commentary on Plato's Gorgias (Olympiodorus)
Phaedo
- Commentary on Plato's Phaedo (Damascius)
Cratylus
- Commentary on Plato's Cratylus (Proclus)
Theaetetus (dialogue)
- Anonymous Commentary on Plato's Theaetetus
Sophist
Statesman
Philebus
- Commentary on Plato's Philebus (Damascius)
Symposium
Phaedrus
Timaeus
Parmenides
Republic
- Commentary on Plato's Republic (Proclus)

Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle

Introductions
- Isagoge - Porphyry
Categories
On Interpretation
- Commentary on Aristotle's On Interpretation (Ammonius)
Prior Analytics
Posterior Analytics
- Commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics (Themistius)
- Commentary on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics (Philoponus)
Topics
- Commentary on Aristotle's Topics (Alexander)
Sophistical Refutations
- Commentary on Aristotle's Sophistical Refutations (Alexander)
Physics
On Generation and Corruption
- Commentary on Aristotle's On Generation and Corruption (Philoponus)
On the Heavens
- Commentary on Aristotle's On the Heavens (Themistius)
- Commentary on Aristotle's On the Heavens (Simplicius)
Meteorology
On the Soul
On Sense Perception
- Commentary on Aristotle's On Sense Perception (Alexander)
Parva Naturalia
- Pseudo-Themistius
Generation of Animals
- John Philoponus
Metaphysics
Nicomachean Ethics
- Aspasius

Other Commentaries

Commentary on Porphyry's Isagoge
- Ammonius
- Elias
- David
Commentary on Nicomachus' Introduction to Arithmetic
- Ascelpius
- Iamblichus
Commentary on Euclid's Elements - Proclus
Comentary on the Golden Verses - Hierocles
Commentary on Theophrastus' On Sense Perception - Priscian of Lydia
Commentary on Epictetus' Enchridion - Simplicius
Commentary on Cicero's Dream of Scipio - Macrobius
On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey - Porphyry

Epistles

These are almost all considered spurious

Plato's Epistles
Aristotle Epistles
Pythagorean Epistles
Porphyry Epistles
- Letter to Marcella
Iamblichus Epistles

Doxography

^ Zhmud, Early Pythagoreans
^ The Cynic Movement in Late Antiquity and its legacy, p. 390
^ Pythagorean writings of the Hellenistic Period Thesleff
^ Pythagorean writings of the Hellenistic Period Thesleff

[1] Zhmud, Early Pythagoreans

[2] The Cynic Movement in Late Antiquity and its legacy, p. 390

[3] Pythagorean writings of the Hellenistic Period Thesleff

[4] Pythagorean writings of the Hellenistic Period Thesleff

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Definition

General theories and concepts

Schools and traditions

Early greek philosophy

Ionian material monism

Eleatic monism

Atomism

Pluralism

Pythagoreanism

Sophists

Classical Greek philosophy

Socrates

Platonism

Aristotelianism

Socratic schools

Hellenistic philosophy

Stoicism

Epicureanism

Skepticism

Roman Philosophy

Latin philosophical concepts

Middle platonism

Neopythagoranism

Second Sophistic

Neoplatonism

Christian philosophy

Philosophers

Precursors

Early Greek philosophy

Ionian school

Pythagoreans

Eleatics

Atomists

Pluralists

Sophists

Socratics

Followers of Socrates

Cyrenaics

Eretrian

Megarian

Cynicism

Classical

Hellenistic

Roman period

Late antiquity

Academy

Peripatetics

Roman Peripatetics

Stoics

Epicureans

Followers of Epicurus

Scholarchs of the Garden

Roman

Other

Academic skeptics

Pyrrhonists

Middle Platonists

Neopythagoreans

Neoplatonists

The New Academy

Alexandrian school

Latin

Early Christian philosophers

Precursors

Gnostics

Apologists

Alexandrians

Nicene

Latin Church fathers

Literature

Pre-socratic works

Works by Plato

Works by Xenophon

Works by Aristotle

Stoic works

Epicurean works

Skeptic works

Middle Platonist works

Peripatetic works

Pythagorean literature