Assignment 4:

1) One problem with the article is that the article itself isn't much of anything. It mostly consists of links to other articles about "electroconvulsive therapy", "insulin shock therapy", and "deep sleep therapy". It then cites many sources of shock therapy being used in films, tv shows, and music albums. The Talk Page says that the article should include information about Milton Erickson's use of shock therapy and the other comment on there is irrelevant.

2) Kolb, L., & Vogel, V. H. (1942). The use of shock therapy in 305 mental hospitals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 99(1), 90-100. Myerson, A., Feldman, L., & Green, I. (1941). Experience with electric-shock therapy in mental disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 224(26), 1081-1085.

3) Along with Caleb, I am noticing that electroconvulsive therapy is the more appropriate page for this topic. However, it is already quite detailed. Is there a difference between electroconvulsive therapy and shock therapy?

• I have recommended that your group read the book, Mad in America by Robert Whitaker. You can get it from Interlibrary Loan. It has a good general discussion of shock therapies. ECT is a specific form of shock therapy, but there have been several different kinds including metrazol and insulin shock therapy. I think a general history of the development of these therapies and discussion of the underlying rationale for using shock or convulsive therapies would be a good way to work on this article. J.R. Council ( talk) 14:06, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Perhaps we could focus on one specific mental illness that shock therapy was used for treatment. Do you think that would be sufficient?

[[/sandbox]]; ( talk) 22:42, 27 September 2016 (UTC)Lexie.unhjem Assignment 4:

1) One problems with the article is that there isn't really much of an article for just "Shock Therapy", but it does link to "electroconvulsive therapy" which is what I think we are going for as a group. This article has a ton of references and no warnings, etc. The talk page notes some controversy in what should and shouldn't be included, and I believe there is still room to add to the page about other psychological disorders treated with electroconvulsive therapy, including some sexual dysfunctions, possibly.

2)

A) long term impacts in bipolar treatment ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1911194/)

MacQueen G, Parkin C, Marriott M, Bégin H, Hasey G. The long-term impact of treatment with electroconvulsive therapy on discrete memory systems in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 2007;32(4):241-249.

B) relevant to my interests, using shock therapy is sexual dysfunctions ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3607492/)

Gruenwald I, Appel B, Kitrey ND, Vardi Y. Shockwave treatment of erectile dysfunction. Therapeutic Advances in Urology. 2013;5(2):95-99. doi:10.1177/1756287212470696.

3) What artlicle would you like us working on? The Electroconvulsive Therapy page is what I believe to be the actual page about "shock therapy".

How should we go about adding or changing an article with well over 100 references and a large history of changes already? I am confident there is room for improvement, but is there anything that you see we should really focus on?

• See my response to Lexie's questions above. You should not be working on electroconvulsive therapy - that article is well developed. You could place ECT in the general context of shock or convulsive therapies in your article, and provide a link to the specific article. J.R. Council ( talk) 14:06, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Caleb.m.stubstad ( talk) 03:05, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 4:

1) Another problem with the article is that it does not discuss much on what the particular treatment plans are that are used on the multiple disorders it treats and what the relapse rates are for each of those disorders. Some disorders lack detail while others are completely left off.

2) A) this study looked at relapse rates for two different treatments of uni polar depression, one being ECT ( http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=209924)

Kellner, MD Charles H. "Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy vs Pharmacotherapy for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression." The JAMA Network. JAMA Psychiatry, 01 Dec. 2006. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

B) this study looks at medication resistant depression patients as a predictor of relapse after ECT ( http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016517819090098P)

Prudic, Joan. "Medication Resistance and Clinical Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy." Science Direct. Psychiatry Research, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

3) My question is much like Caleb's. This article is very complex and already has 126 citations. Would it be more preferred at this point for us to add to the article rather than make any big changes structure wise? I feel there is lots of room to expand on some of the topics already touched on, but not much room in the way of making big structural changes to really make the article stand out.

• Please see my responses to Lexie and Caleb above. J.R. Council ( talk) 14:06, 28 September 2016 (UTC)

Katelyn.krabbenhof.1 ( talk) 19:42, 27 September 2016 (UTC)

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Assignment 5:

To-Do:

1) Look over Mad in America

a- use other sources from book to look into different shock therapies

2) Look over existing articles on various forms of shock therapy and gather information about general history and use of each

3) Research other forms of shock therapy and gather information like above

4) Generate overview of shock therapy and how it has been used across history (all forms)

5) expand on section about shock therapy in the media, or delete if it becomes irrelevant to the direction we take with the article.

6) Metrazol shock therapy?

7) remove linguistic shock therapy

8) remove deep sleep therapy as we feel it does not fit into "shock" therapy

Outline:

Introduction

-History of general shock therapy, initial start to the therapy, how it was first implemented and what direction it took from there. introduce various forms of shock therapy.

-In depth discussion about various shock therapies; who started using them, when and why, how they have evolved over time

-If, for what and where different forms of shock therapy are used. Why they stopped being used if applicable.

Resourcecs:

-Mad in America

-With our plan for this article, we plan to comb the existing articles (electroconvulsive, insulin, etc.) for relevant articles we can use about their history and use over time. We haven't gone through and gathered what sources we are using, but as we use the sources we will document them accordingly.

-Kolb, L., & Vogel, V. H. (1942). The use of shock therapy in 305 mental hospitals. American Journal of Psychiatry, 99(1), 90-100. Myerson, A., Feldman, L., & Green, I. (1941). Experience with electric-shock therapy in mental disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 224(26), 1081-1085.

-Kellner, MD Charles H. "Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy vs Pharmacotherapy for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression." The JAMA Network. JAMA Psychiatry, 01 Dec. 2006. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

-Prudic, Joan. "Medication Resistance and Clinical Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy." Science Direct. Psychiatry Research, n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

-MacQueen G, Parkin C, Marriott M, Bégin H, Hasey G. The long-term impact of treatment with electroconvulsive therapy on discrete memory systems in patients with bipolar disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 2007;32(4):241-249.

-Gruenwald I, Appel B, Kitrey ND, Vardi Y. Shockwave treatment of erectile dysfunction. Therapeutic Advances in Urology. 2013;5(2):95-99. doi:10.1177/1756287212470696

Tasks:

We will all find who, what, when, how it was used, etc. for our specific area of the shock therapy and come together to combine our findings. We will collectively edit information into an article based on what information we all agree to be relevant and useful.

Caleb- Electroconvulsive

Katie- Insulin

Lexie- Metrazol

We feel as though the other sections of the article are not relevant to "shock" therapy as we see it, or shocking the system as a way to treat disorders. Deep Sleep involves using barbiturates to sedate individuals into a deep coma, and linguistic just doesn't even sound like a real thing. We would appreciate feedback about what you think with this move, but we stand pretty firmly that these topics would not really fit into our plan for this article. Thanks!

We were all present to discuss this, met on 10/11 afternoon in the library

Caleb.m.stubstad ( talk) 20:04, 11 October 2016 (UTC)

Comments on Assignment 5

Thanks for specifying that you all worked on this at the library. I sent email to this group about some new ideas for organizing the article that aren't included in this section. Overall, this group has a good plan. Treat the subject more generally, go into history and rationale. I think the idea that you can shock someone into sanity has a long history, and includes medieval treatments like throwing people into snakepits or dousing them with icewater. If you can dig up some history along these lines, it would make the article more interesting. Be sure to read the Whitaker book. It discusses ancient beliefs that epilepsy/convulsions are incompatible with psychosis.

• Other comments: you need to develop your editing techniques. Having a more organized outline will make it easier to write your leads.

J.R. Council ( talk) 22:11, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

• Also, you should break down your task commitments into more specific details. J.R. Council ( talk) 22:13, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 6, Lead section - CalebStubstad

Shock Therapy is the use of electricity or medication to "shock" the body for treatment of various psychiatric disorders, drug addiction, and other genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome. Electroconvulsive therapy has also been used in Gay Conversion Therapy to turn gay people straight. Various forms of shock therapy have been used since as early as the 16th century and the most common forms of shock therapy arose in the early 20th century. Electroconvulsive Therapy (Electroshock Therapy), Insulin Shock Therapy and Pentylenetrazol Shock Therapy were the most widely used forms in history. Insulin and Metrazol were used to force a patient into a coma. The patient would be brought out of the coma and be in an "infant" state where they would be willing to take direction from the Psychiatrist and "fix" their symptoms. Electrocunvulsive therapy was first tested in animals and eventually used on humans to treat drug addiction as well as in gay conversion therapy. Patients were wired up to a machine that delivered strong electric shocks to the head of the patient in order to "rewire" the brain and remove the negative symptoms associated with the "illness" they were facing. Only Electroshock Therapy is still in use today as the risks associated with the other forms have been too severe. Electroshock therapy machines are on the list of highest risk medical machines, according to the FDA, since 1976.

-Good lead! Although I think we can apply what Dr. Council said even more and removed some of the detail about insulin and electroshock therapy and save that for later. Katelyn.krabbenhof.1 ( talk) 21:01, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

• This is a great first start for a lead! I think it contains maybe too much information though that we can go into detail later. [[/sandbox]]; ( talk) 04:20, 12 November 2016 (UTC)Lexie.unhjem

Save for later:

Insulin Shock Therapy (insert link) arose in 1920s in Austria from Psychiatrist Manfred Sakel (link?), particularly to treat patients with schizophrenia (link) living in asylums. Sakel reportedly induced hypoglycemic comas on patients by giving them insulin, and brought them out of the comas with glucose. This process was repeated up to 60 times in a two month period and had success rates as high as 70% "symptom free", with another 18% being "notably improved". Sakel reported that the insulin comas were killing off "bad" brain cells which allowed the healthy cells to reproduce and "cure" the patient. Autopsies of the deceased patients that received these treatments showed large areas of the cerebral cortex had been damaged by the comas. Other European psychiatrists were able to reproduce the results that Sakel was reporting. American Psychiatrist Benjamin Malzberg (link?) used this method at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (link) and reported up to two thirds of over 1,000 patients were cured of their schizophrenic symptoms after receiving the treatment. New York Times (link) and Reader's Digest (link) reported on these findings with rave reviews for this miracle treatment for schizophrenia.

• This section on insulin shock has way too much detail for a lead. J.R. Council ( talk) 22:14, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

Pentylenetrazol (Metrazol) Shock Therapy (link), reportedly used since the 1700's, made its rise in modern psychiatry shortly after Insulin shock therapy.

Assignment 6, Lead Section - Lexie.unhjem

Shock therapies date back to as early as the 16th century, but were popularized in mental asylums in the 1930s. These therapies consist of a wide variety of treatments including insulin-coma therapy, metrazol convulsive therapy, and electroconvulsive (electroshock) therapy. A large dose of metrazol or insulin, or a shock of electricity to the body can produce convulsions that could fracutre bones, tear muscles, and loosen teeth.

The purposes of shock therapies were to treat depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, morphine addiction, and other forms of psychosis. They were also used to study seizure phenomena, , and metrazol convulsive therapy was proposed as a treatment for Down syndrome. The rationale behind these techniques varied by each form of treatment. Manfred Sakel noticed that prior to insulin induced comas, morphine addicts were agitated and restless, afterwards they were much more calm and lucid. Therefore, he had the idea of putting psychotic patients into an insulin induced coma. Ladislas von Meduna found that schizophrenics who suffered seizures had a remission of psychotic symptoms. Meduna then reasoned that the induction of seizures could be a cure for schizophrenia. Ugo Cerletti was fascinated by the work of Sakel and Meduna and conducted research of his own on using electricity to shock animals. To perfect his method, he realized that the electric shock must be delivered only through the patient’s head and not their entire body.

Shock therapies can produce a wide range of long-term problems such as lung, kidney, spleen and brain hemmorhages, destroyed cortical nerve tissue, brain softening, neuron death, anoxia, and even death. The only shock therapy still used today is electroconvulsive therapy.

• My comment to Caleb applies here as well. This has too much specific detail for a lead. Make this a general introduction, and get into specifics on individuals and treatments in the main body of the article. J.R. Council ( talk) 19:40, 28 October 2016 (UTC)
• I agree with Dr. Council, there is a lot of detail regarding the how, why, and side effects of each treatment. Instead we should focus on the basic thoughts behind each kind and when they were popularized. [[User:Katelyn.krabbenhof.1|Katelyn.krabbenhof.1]] ([[User talk:Katelyn.krabbenhof.1|talk]]) 21:01, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 6, Lead Section- Katelyn Krabbenhoft

'''Shock Therapy''' has been used in the treatment of mental illness's or drug addictions and is the idea of "shocking" the body and mind into sanity. While early references of shock therapy date back to the 16th Century, they were popularized in the 1930's for use in mental asylums, with the most common forms being insulin, Metrazol, and electroconvulsive therapy. The early medieval forms of "shock" therapy were based more on the idea of shocking the person, more than the mind, through fear or shock. Insulin and Metrazol shock therapies were used to put the patient into a comma and were used to treat a wide variety of mental disorders. The only shock therapy still in use today is electroconvuslive therapy, in which the patients head is physically shocked with electricity to bring about seizures and "rewire" the brain and elimination the negative symptoms of the perceived illness or drug addiction. Metrazol and insulin therapy have been discontinued because of the large risk factor associated with them.

• Great lead section Katelyn! I'm not sure that you need the medieval times sentence. Other than that I think you did an excellent job. [[/sandbox]]; ( talk) 04:20, 12 November 2016 (UTC)Lexie.unhjem

Assignment 7, Lead Section- Group

Shock Therapy is the use of fear, electricity, or medication to treat various psychiatric disorders. This type of "therapy" has been used since at least the 16th century with most modern therapies arising in the early 20th century. Shock therapies originated in Europe, including Germany, Hungary, and Italy. Early shock therapies were designed to shock or scare a patient into acting the way that was desired, while more modern therapies focus on shocking the brain and physiological processes of the body.

Modern shock therapies include Insulin shock therapy, Metrazol shock therapy and Electroconvulsive shock therapy. All three of these therapies were intended to induce a coma or seizure on a patient which would enlighten them to be able to overcome their illness or disease. Only electroconvulsive therapy is still in use today and the risks associated with all three therapies were often much greater than the marginal results. Convulsions due to the seizures often lead to broken bones or other physical harm and the comas could lead to serious brain damage in patients.

• I added the countries. I thought the lead section looked great and didn't see anything else to add! [[/sandbox]]; ( talk) 01:47, 8 November 2016 (UTC)Lexie.unhjem
• I just modified a few sentences for structure and clarity as well as broke the paragraphs into two where it felt like a smooth transition. Otherwise I think it looks great. Katelyn.krabbenhof.1 ( talk) 03:03, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments: This has the elements of a good lead, but needs to be more concise. For example,

• Yours: Shock Therapy is the therapy applying the theory of using fear, electricity, or medication to "shock" the body for treatment of various psychiatric disorders, drug addiction, and other genetic disorders.
• Better: Shock Therapy uses fear, electricity, or medication to treat various psychiatric disorders.

So:

1. Follow my example revise the rest of the lead. You can be more detailed and wordy in the main text of the article. You should all be participating in this, not just the person who wrote the section being corrected.
2. Add reference citations to back up your statements. J.R. Council ( talk) 04:35, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 8, Main Body- Group

Plan for assignment 8:

Katie- Insulin

Lexie- Metrazol

Caleb- Electroconvulsive

We will work in this section and make sure to keep track of references and add in citations accordingly. We will focus on our main topics and add in any relevant information we find to other topics we come across.

ECT:

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), sometimes referred to as Electroshock Therapy, is the use of electric shocks in order to induce seizures to treat severe psychiatric disorders ^[1]. The most common disorders treated by ECT include mania, catatonia and major depressive disorder, and less commonly used to treat schizophrenia and various addiction. Historically, ECT was also used to treat hysteric women and has been used in conversion therapy. Electroconvulsive Therapy is the only shock therapy currently still used in psychiatry as it is the safest and has the least severe side effects, though it is only used when all treatments have failed. Historic side effects included physical harm from convulsions such as broken bones and strained muscles, with current (and more controlled therapy) usually resulting in some degree of memory loss or other cognitive impairment.

Electroconvulsive Therapy originated in 16th century Europe as a way to induce seizures on patients, with the first recorded modern use in the 1930's by Hungarian neuropsychiatrist  Ladislas J. Meduna. In 1940, ECT was brought to the United States and was popularized as a safer and more controlled shock therapy than Insulin and Metrazol methods ^[2]. Electricity provided a fast, predictable and inexpensive way to induce convulsions in patients. Initially, ECT seemed to provide significant results in helping treat mental disorders, but as patient's brain functioning returned to normal over several days or weeks, their symptoms often returned.

ECT is only used when all other treatment options have failed and is done under close supervision of trained professionals. The device used to administer the electric shock to the brain has been listen on the list of most dangerous medical devices, according to the FDA, since 1976 ^[3].

Metrazol:

The use of pentylenetetrazol, also known as metrazol, was a form of shock therapy dating back to as early as the 1700s ^[4]. During that period, camphor was used to induce seizures in the mad to shock them into a lucid state ^[4]. Ladislas von Meduna, a Hungarian psychiatrist and neuropathologist, speculated that epilepsy and schizophrenia were antagonistic to each other ^[4]. He noted that a remitting psychotic symptoms were the result for schizophrenics who suffered from seizures ^[4]. Meduna reasoned that induced seizures could potentially be a cure for schizophrenia and decided to recreate the ancient shock treatment by injecting camphor into a catatonic schizophrenic in 1934 ^[4]. Following a series of camphor-induced seizures, six of Meduna’s patients experienced a miraculous recovery ^[4]. As he continued to perfect his treatment, Meduna switched to metrazol, a synthetic preparation of camphor ^[4].

Metrazol treatment became popular among many European and American asylums, but with varying recovery rates ^[4]. Some physicians would find it helped 70 percent of their schizophrenic patients, while another discovered it to be a more effective treatment for manic-depressive psychosis, and others would find it completely ineffective ^[4]. Unfortunately, metrazol also produced a variety of awful symptoms. A metrazol-induced seizure would cause the patient to arch into a convulsion so violent it could fracture bones, dislocate the shoulder and jaw, tear muscles, and loosen or break teeth ^[4]. Patients would beg and cry to their physicians to not do it again, pleading that they “didn’t want to die” ^[4].

[[/sandbox]]; (
talk) 05:14, 24 November 2016 (UTC)Lexie.unhjem

-Insulin:

Insulin Shock Therapy or Insulin Coma Therapy (ICT) was a common form of treatment for the psychological disorder Schizophrenia and was when a patient was repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks. ^[5] Austrian AMerican psychiatrist Manfred Sakel introduced ICT in 1927 and used it frequently in the 1940's and 50's. ^[6] While this therapy was mostly used to treat schizophrenia, it was replaced in the 1960's with neuroleptic drugs. ^[6] Joshep Wortis intrduced ICT to the USA in 1935 along with Sakel and by the 1940's a majority of United States psychiatric hopsitals were using it. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

ICT is a labor-intensive treatment that requires trained staff and a special unit. ^[9] There were no standard guidelines for administiring ICT and each psychiatrist developed their own protocol. ^[9] A typical treatment would include 6 days per week of injections for roughly 2 months with daily doses increasing 100-150 unites until a coma was produced. ^[5] Symptoms after injections included flushing, pallor, perspiration, salvation, drowsiness, or restlessness and sleep and/or a coma if the does was large enough. ^[10] Many would toss, roll, twtich, moan, spasm, or thrash around after the injection. ^[9] Sakel pruposed the therapy worked by "causing an intensification of the tonus of the parasympathetic end of the autonomic nervous system, by blockading the nerve cell, and by strengthening the anabolic force which induces the restoration of the normal function of the nerve cell and the recovery of the patient." ^[7] But in 1953 a british psychiatrist named Harold Bourne published a paper "The insulin myth" in the Lacent, in which he argued that there was no evidence or sound basis for why ICT would work in the treatment of the root cause of schizophrenia and that any imporvement in patients was due to special treatment, which began the decline in the used of ICT. ^[11] Katelyn.krabbenhof.1 ( talk) 07:10, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Council's comments

First of all, you need to finalize your lead section and put it at the top of this main body. After that, you need to make the following changes:

1. As I have suggested several times, this should be a general article on shock therapy. There are specific articles (I think) on the various types of shock therapies you describe. If there are, just briefly describe them here and link to the main articles.
2. So what this really needs is a general introduction on the concept, theory, and development of shock therapy as a whole.
3. Otherwise, formatting and references look good. J.R. Council ( talk) 03:43, 1 December 2016 (UTC)

Assignment 9- combined article- group

Shock Therapy is the use of fear, electricity, or medication to treat various psychiatric disorders. This type of "therapy" has been used since at least the 16th century with most modern therapies arising in the early 20th century. Shock therapies originated in Europe, including Germany, Hungary, and Italy. Early shock therapies were designed to shock or scare a patient into acting the way that was desired, Some of these theories focused on removing "bad" parts of the brain which allowed for healthy areas to rebuild. Modern therapies focus on shocking the brain and physiological processes of the body.

Modern shock therapies include Insulin shock therapy, Metrazol shock therapy and Electroconvulsive shock therapy. All three of these therapies were intended to induce a coma or seizure on a patient which would enlighten them to be able to overcome their illness or disease. Only electroconvulsive therapy is still in use today and the risks associated with all three therapies were often much greater than the marginal results. Convulsions due to the seizures often lead to broken bones or other physical harm and the comas could lead to serious brain damage in patients.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), sometimes referred to as Electroshock Therapy, is the use of electric shocks in order to induce seizures to treat severe psychiatric disorders ^[1]. The most common disorders treated by ECT include mania, catatonia and major depressive disorder, and less commonly used to treat schizophrenia and various addiction. Historically, ECT was also used to treat hysteric women and has been used in conversion therapy. Electroconvulsive Therapy is the only shock therapy currently still used in psychiatry as it is the safest and has the least severe side effects, though it is only used when all treatments have failed. Historic side effects included physical harm from convulsions such as broken bones and strained muscles, with current (and more controlled therapy) usually resulting in some degree of memory loss or other cognitive impairment.

Electroconvulsive Therapy originated in 16th century Europe as a way to induce seizures on patients, with the first recorded modern use in the 1930's by Hungarian neuropsychiatrist  Ladislas J. Meduna. In 1940, ECT was brought to the United States and was popularized as a safer and more controlled shock therapy than Insulin and Metrazol methods ^[2]. Electricity provided a fast, predictable and inexpensive way to induce convulsions in patients. Initially, ECT seemed to provide significant results in helping treat mental disorders, but as patient's brain functioning returned to normal over several days or weeks, their symptoms often returned.

ECT is only used when all other treatment options have failed and is done under close supervision of trained professionals. The device used to administer the electric shock to the brain has been listen on the list of most dangerous medical devices, according to the FDA, since 1976 ^[3].

Metrazol:

The use of pentylenetetrazol, also known as metrazol, was a form of shock therapy dating back to as early as the 1700s ^[4]. During that period, camphor was used to induce seizures in the mad to shock them into a lucid state ^[4]. Ladislas von Meduna, a Hungarian psychiatrist and neuropathologist, speculated that epilepsy and schizophrenia were antagonistic to each other ^[4]. He noted that a remitting psychotic symptoms were the result for schizophrenics who suffered from seizures ^[4]. Meduna reasoned that induced seizures could potentially be a cure for schizophrenia and decided to recreate the ancient shock treatment by injecting camphor into a catatonic schizophrenic in 1934 ^[4]. Following a series of camphor-induced seizures, six of Meduna’s patients experienced a miraculous recovery ^[4]. As he continued to perfect his treatment, Meduna switched to metrazol, a synthetic preparation of camphor ^[4].

Metrazol treatment became popular among many European and American asylums, but with varying recovery rates ^[4]. Some physicians would find it helped 70 percent of their schizophrenic patients, while another discovered it to be a more effective treatment for manic-depressive psychosis, and others would find it completely ineffective ^[4]. Unfortunately, metrazol also produced a variety of awful symptoms. A metrazol-induced seizure would cause the patient to arch into a convulsion so violent it could fracture bones, dislocate the shoulder and jaw, tear muscles, and loosen or break teeth ^[4]. Patients would beg and cry to their physicians to not do it again, pleading that they “didn’t want to die” ^[4].

[[/sandbox]]; (
talk) 05:14, 24 November 2016 (UTC)Lexie.unhjem

Insulin:

Insulin Shock Therapy or Insulin Coma Therapy (ICT) was a common form of treatment for the psychological disorder Schizophrenia and was when a patient was repeatedly injected with large doses of insulin in order to produce daily comas over several weeks. ^[5] Austrian AMerican psychiatrist Manfred Sakel introduced ICT in 1927 and used it frequently in the 1940's and 50's. ^[6] While this therapy was mostly used to treat schizophrenia, it was replaced in the 1960's with neuroleptic drugs. ^[6] Joshep Wortis intrduced ICT to the USA in 1935 along with Sakel and by the 1940's a majority of United States psychiatric hopsitals were using it. ^{[6] [7] [8]}

ICT is a labor-intensive treatment that requires trained staff and a special unit. ^[9] There were no standard guidelines for administiring ICT and each psychiatrist developed their own protocol. ^[9] A typical treatment would include 6 days per week of injections for roughly 2 months with daily doses increasing 100-150 unites until a coma was produced. ^[5] Symptoms after injections included flushing, pallor, perspiration, salvation, drowsiness, or restlessness and sleep and/or a coma if the does was large enough. ^[10] Many would toss, roll, twtich, moan, spasm, or thrash around after the injection. ^[9] Sakel pruposed the therapy worked by "causing an intensification of the tonus of the parasympathetic end of the autonomic nervous system, by blockading the nerve cell, and by strengthening the anabolic force which induces the restoration of the normal function of the nerve cell and the recovery of the patient." ^[7] But in 1953 a british psychiatrist named Harold Bourne published a paper "The insulin myth" in the Lacent, in which he argued that there was no evidence or sound basis for why ICT would work in the treatment of the root cause of schizophrenia and that any imporvement in patients was due to special treatment, which began the decline in the used of ICT. ^[11] Katelyn.krabbenhof.1 ( talk) 07:10, 24 November 2016 (UTC)