Fixed some grammatical errors in the venom section of the Stingray page. Image and image caption appear to be in order.
I added my entire draft, including my picture, onto the live Stingray page. I created a "Venom" sub-heading under the "Anatomy" heading. Along with the additions, I also changed inaccurate facts about the venom that existed on the page.
Moving a part of my draft to the live Stingray page.
I moved "The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. [1] " to the live page.
As I was on the page, I noticed that the current author said the venom was stored in a gland. This is false, but I wanted to wait to change it until I have practiced making live changes more.
Everyone will be contributing to the Stingray Page.
Picture: Stinger of the Stingray's Tail
Picture: Dorsal view of Stingray fin with placoid scales partially removed.
Image of the teeth on the lower tooth band of the stingray. Also added ventral view image.
New image added with arrows to show where the spiracles are.
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied due to the mixture of venomous tissue cells and mucous membrane cells that occurs upon secretion from the spinal blade/stinger. Stingrays can have anywhere between 1-3 blades. The spine is covered with the epidermal skin layer. During secretion, the venom punctures through the epidermis to release the venom on its victim. Typically, other venomous organisms create and store their venom in a gland. The stingray is notable in that it stores its venom within tissue cells. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. [1] Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries and cell death. [2] Despite the number of cells and toxins that are within the stingray, there is little relative energy required to produce and store the venom.
The venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the vertebral column at the mid-distal region. [3] These secretory cells are housed within the ventrolateral grooves of the spine. The cells of both marine and freshwater stingrays are round and contain a great amount of granule-filled cytoplasm. [4] The cells of marine stingrays are located only within these lateral grooves of the stinger. [5] The cells of freshwater stingray branch out beyond the lateral grooves to cover a larger surface area along the entire blade. Due to this large area and an increased number of proteins within the cells, the venom of freshwater stingrays has a greater toxicity than that of marine stingrays. [6]
This week in lab I was able to take pictures using the camera on the high intensity dissection scope. I forgot to email them to myself so they are still currently on the computer. I will get those next week in lab. As of right now, here is one of the pictures I was able to take of my phone. I plan to add labels to the pictures so that it is clear what specifically is the spinal blade. Due to the juvenile age of our dissected stingray, the spinal blade is not as noticeable as it would be on an adult.
The stingray uses Median Paired Fins (MPF) opposed to pure undulations by a singular caudal fin. [7] [8] Stingray pelvic fin locomotion can be divided into two categories undulatory and oscillatory. [9] Stingrays who use undulatory locomotion have shorter thicker fins for slower motile movements in benthic areas. [10] Longer thinner pectoral fins make for faster speeds in oscillation mobility in pelagic zones. [9] Visually distinguishable oscillation has less than one wave going, opposed to undulation having more than one wave at all times. [9]
The mouth of the stingray is located on the ventral side of the species. Stringrays exhibit euhyostyly jaw suspension, which means that the mandibular arch is only suspended by a articulation with the hyomandibula. This type of suspensions allows for the upper jaw to have high mobility and protrude outward. [11] The teeth are modified placoid scales that are regularly shedded and replaced. [12] In general, the teeth have a root implanted within the connective tissue and a visual portion of the tooth, which are large and flat, allowing them to crush the of hard shelled prey. Male stingrays display sexual dimorphism by developing cusp, or pointed ends, to their teeth during mating season, which then return to baseline during non-mating seasons. [13]
The stingrays respiratory system is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen. Most of the time stingrays will pull in water using their mouth, which then is sent through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they are unable to use their mouth when hunting as they bury themselves in the ocean floor waiting for prey to swim by. Thus, while hunting the stingray utilizes its second respiratory system, called a spiracle, which is an opening on the dorsal side of the head that is just caudal to their eyes. With the spiracle, can draw water directly into their gills for gas exchange [14]. This system is less efficient as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same volume of water as the mouth, however it is plenty for the stingray to survive on while awaiting its prey.
These additions will be made on the Stingray page on Wikipedia. At the moment, there is no anatomy section on this page. Our group plans to add an Anatomy section on the Stingray page and then have the following topics of venom, locomotion, jaws/teeth, and spiracle as sub topics. These four areas were some of the most vital topics to be covered within the anatomy of the stingray.
Comments from Dr. Schutz:
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied. This is because when the venom is released, it also contains mucus from the external layer of the stingray. Due to the mixture of mucus in the venom, researchers have struggled when aiming to test the chemical content of only the venom. The mucus contaminates the sample. The venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the vertebral column at the mid-distal region. [3] Typically, other venomous organisms create and store their venom in a separate gland. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. [1] Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries and cell death. [2]
All changes can be seen above. I fixed all of the grammatical errors that my colleagues pointed out. I added links to current Wikipedia pages. I have all of my citations in the correct formatting for Wikipedia now and they can be seen at the bottom of the sandbox. I am in the process of finding more review articles to use as resources so that they are not all primary literature articles. Our group also clarified, up above, what exact page and section we would be focusing on for a more clear understanding of our plans.
One colleague made the suggestion that we focus on topics such as taxonomy and reproduction. While we plan on possibly reviewing these topics, we do not plan to focus on these as we don't want to spread ourselves too thin. Through the process of editing, we may come to tweak some of those areas, even if they are not in our plans right now.
My future plans for the research include more on the actions and placement of the secretory cells, as well as the potency of the stingray's venom.
I still plan to use dissection pictures of the stingray. I plan to use the high-tech dissection microscope in lab to see the secretory cells. There is also a book in the museum that I plan to use for pictures and as another resource.
Reply
The organization I plan on keeping relatively the same with some minor adjustments in links, citations, and footnotes. The largest concern seemed to be correlated with how I kept specifically to Wikipedia standards. We will be incorporating a single bibliography on the existing stingray page. I would be open to a collaboration with the person doing locomotion on the skate. In the suggestions for fish examples and big word definitions I will be adding links instead to keep the section simplified.
Modifications
The stingray uses Median Paired Fins (MPF) opposed to pure undulations where the caudal fin is the source of locomotion. MPF provides quicker and more accurate movement needed for benthic organisms. The wave-like motion is performed by coordinated sequential movements between the pectoral and pelvic fins. The pectoral fins preform an undulation followed by a pelvic fin pull on the benthic floor.
Going back to the draft, I plan on adding the link to the spiracle page where it was first used.I also plan to implement the grammar fixes noted in the copy edit. Regarding the images, I will search for images on Wikipedia that might be of use, but due to this section being particularly about the stingray's spiracle I think it might be more useful to try and use my own images from our groups dissection. Overall I'm not opposed to using both, I just think having my own images will be useful. I also still plan to annotate the images where appropriate to fit well with my contribution to the page. I also think I will do some research on the muscles for the spiracle and try to include that in my contribution.
Aside from my own, I like the suggestion about ensuring that when this is added to the page to coordinate with the other group members to make it flow as smoothly as possible, but this is something that I think is best accomplished towards the end near publishing.
Thanks for all of the feedback!
Spring Break--No assignments
Here are the two reviews that I gave. The first was to the Moray Eel article draft. The second was to the Bat article draft.
Your content reflects neutrality very well. The sources appear to be reliable as well as most of them are peer reviewed journal articles so good choices on that. They are formatted correctly according to Wikipedia.
I was confused on how pleomerism related to the paragraph above. I would also include an image proposal.
Your picture proposals are very informative.
Copy Edit Here are revisions I made to portions of the article.
In Muraeninae the dorsal fin is found near the gill slits and run runs all the way down the back of the eel. The anal fin is just behind the anus.[1] The Uropterygiinnae, on the other hand, are defined by both their dorsal and anal fin being located at the end of their tails.[1]
Pleomerism is the process of elongation due to the increase in number of vertebra.[
In the action of lunging at prey and biting down, water flows out the posterior side of the mouth opening, reducing waves in front of the eel and allowing the eel to bite down on prey without the aid of negative pressure. This creates a longer bite time but also increases the aggressiveness of the approach in predation.
All of the drafts reflect neutrality. All of the sections need to have picture proposals or plans on what you plan to take a picture of during dissection.
Lianne, your section is very informative and I think it would be an important article to add to the microbat page. I would suggest either having links to another Wikipedia page on RGBC’s or explaining them more as the average reader will probably not know much about them and their function. By breaking down what RGBC’s do, it will help the clarity of your draft.
Jimmy, I think you could expand more on the fluid intake of the bat. This could include how they take in fluid physiologically and how long they can store it before they need to intake more. I would like to see what your plan is for your picture proposal. You may consider doing a flow chart to show where the fluid enters and exits the bat.
Frankee, your information is very informative and would be good areas to explore. I really liked the physiological comparisons you made between bats and other organisms such as birds. I was confused on what your exact topic was since you covered flight, energy, the heart and reproduction. All of which were factually explained but I was unsure on how they all connected. What is your picture proposal?
Copy Edit
General retinal elements, such as rod and cone bipolar cells, all amacrine cells, RGBCs (retinal ganglion cells), and retinofugal projections, contribute to the microbat's visual ability;
These cells are responsible for the microbat's ability to respond to light and play a role in both non-image forming vision, such as circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, and pupil responses, as well as image forming vision.
They are more prone to rapid dehydration since 80% of their body surface is naked of hair.
One of these includes options of migration where they cover large masses of land on search of resources as well as crossing land masses that are difficult to cross on land, such as mountains, water and desserts.
They expend twice as much oxygen than their running transportation counterparts
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied at the current moment. This is because when the venom is released, it also contains mucus from the external layer of the stingray. Do to the mixture of mucus in venom, researchers have struggled when aiming to test the chemical content of only the venom and not have the mucus get contaminate the sample. There has been one study that was successful in separating the mucus and the venom from each other. What we do know is that the venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the spine at the mid-distal region (da Silva Jr., N., et. al., 2015). Typically, other venomous creatures have been known to create and store their venom in a separate gland. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin (Baumann, K., et. al., 2014). Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries and cell death (Dos Santos., et. al., 2017).
[[|thumb| Stingray from a caudal view ]] Baumann, K., Casewell, N. R., Ali, S. A., Jackson, T. W., Vetter, I., Dobson, J. S., & ... Fry, B. G. (2014). A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). Journal Of Proteomics, 109188-198. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.004
Dos Santos, J. C., Grund, L. Z., Seibert, C. S., Marques, E. E., Soares, A. B., Quesniaux, V. F., & ... Lima, C. (2017). Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 7912. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y
So far I have found these two pictures using creative commons and they are CC 0. I plan to also get pictures during dissection of the actual stinger as well as possibly a microscope picture of the secretory cells that hold the venom.
The stingray uses Median Paired Fins (MPF) opposed to pure undulations where the caudal fin is the source of locomotion. MPF provides quicker and more accurate movement needed for benthic organisms (Wang, Y., et al., 2015). The wave-like motion is performed by coordinated sequential movements between the pectoral and pelvic fins. The pectoral fins preform an undulation followed by a pelvic fin pull on the benthic floor (Macesic, L., et al., 2013).
Still looking for a proper picture showing the wave-like motion to add a visual to the description.
Bottom II, R., Borazjani, I., Blevins, E., Lauder, G. 2016. Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays:numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex. Cam. Univ. Press. 788: 407-443.
Macesic, L., Mulvaney, D., Blevins, E. 2013. Synchronized swimming: coordination of pelvic and pectoral fins during augmented punting by the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon orbignyi. Zoology. 116: 144-150.
Wang, Y., Tan J., Zhao D. 2015. Design and Experiment on a Biomemetic Robotic Fish Inspired by Freshwater Stingray. J. Bio. Eng. 12: 204-216.
I couldn't find enough information at this time to solely work on the jaws/teeth of the stingrays and noticed that there is not an anatomy or true characteristics portion of the page, therefore I think that I want to make a section for this. I think that the work that other's in the team will also be great to add in. For the dissection portion of the project I plan on focusing my work on the teeth and jaws. I have started to work on putting the general anatomy section together below:
Stingrays are composed of cartilaginous skeletons with portions that are strengthen through the process of calcification. [15] The cartilage allows the fish to stay afloat despite its lack a swim bladder.
The vertebral column of the stingray is composed of the pre-caudal and caudal vertebrate, with the pre-caudal forming first. [16]
Stingrays are counter shaded, meaning the dorsal side is darker than the ventral side allowing for the stingray to camouflage with it's surroundings whether it is swimming around or at the bottom of the ocean. [17]
The mouth of the stingrays are located on the ventral side of the animal. The teeth are large, modified placid scales that have the appearance of flat plates which aid in the crushing of hard shelled prey.
Serena, F. (2005). Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 68. ISBN 92-5-105291-3.
I would like to be able to dissect out the jaw with teeth attached during our dissection of the stingray to take my own photos of them.If I am unable to do this, then will find online images.
The stingrays respiratory is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen. Most of the time stingrays will pull in water using their mouth, which then is sent through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they are unable to use their mouth when hunting as they bury themselves in the ocean floor waiting for prey to swim by. This is where their second system comes into play, using a dorsal opening on the head called a spiracle, they can draw in water directly into their gills for gas exchange [18]. While this system is less efficient as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same amount of water as the mouth, it is plenty for the stingray to survive on while awaiting its prey.
During our dissection of the stingray, I will take pictures of the external view of the stingray, as well as the muscles involved in the control of the spiracle. If needed, the pictures will be annotated to show exactly what is being discussed in the paragraph.
Kardong, Kenneth V. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Pp 213-250
Wang, Y., Tan J., Zhao D. 2015. Design and Experiment on a Biomemetic Robotic Fish Inspired by Freshwater Stingray. J. Bio. Eng. 12: 204-216.
Enzor L, Wilborn R, Bennett W. Toxicity and metabolic costs of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) venom delivery system in relation to its role in life history. Journal Of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology. December 2011;409(1/2):235-239.
Kirchhoff K, Klingelhöfer I, Dahse H, Morlock G, Wilke T. Maturity-related changes in venom toxicity of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon leopoldi. Toxicon: Official Journal Of The International Society On Toxinology [serial online]. December 15, 2014;92:97-101.
Kolmann, Matthew A.; Crofts, Stephanie B.; Dean, Mason N.; Summers, Adam P.; Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2015-12-01). "Morphology does not predict performance: jaw curvature and prey crushing in durophagous stingrays". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (24): 3941–3949. doi:10.1242/jeb.127340. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 26567348.
Kolmann, Matthew A.; Welch, Kenneth C.; Summers, Adam P.; Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2016-09-14). "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1838). doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1392. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5031661 . PMID 27629029.
Summers, A. P. (February 2000). "Stiffening the stingray skeleton - an investigation of durophagy in myliobatid stingrays (Chondrichthyes, batoidea, myliobatidae)". Journal of Morphology. 243 (2): 113–126. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200002)243:23.0.CO;2-A. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 10658196.
Begin your work for next week by considering the following next steps:
Osquaesitor ( talk) 00:26, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
Dissection Choices My first choice of dissection organism is a stingray. I am curious about how the stingray's venom is released from its body and how it is stored so that it does not infect the stingray itself. One of the related url's to my species is Stingray injury or the general wikipedia page on Skate (fish).
My second dissection choice is the Rattlesnake. I am curious about how the organs of a snake are stored in a body that lacks width. I am also curious about how the side to side movement of the snake affects the internal skeleton of the snake. I would like to add more information on the anatomy of a rattlesnake such as their digestive system in the article Rattlesnake. I also had the opportunity to work with snakes in Uganda this past January so I have a personal connection to them.
My third dissection choice is a bat. I would like to learn more about how the larynx allows for echolocation of the bat. An article that I would like to edit is Animal echolocation.
I added the following material onto the article, "Primitive (phylogenetics)"
Cladograms are important for scientists as they allow them to classify and hypothesize the origin and future of organisms. Cladograms allow scientists to propose their evolutionary scenarios about the lineage from a primitive trait to a derived one. By understanding how the trait came to be, scientists can hypothesize the environment that specific organism was in and how that affected the evolutionary adaptations of the trait that came to be.
Citation: [19]
"Article Evaluation"
Group Question
:Why did the author use multiple variations of primitive and advanced outside of the synonyms paragraph? This made it difficult to follow as a reader.
Suggestions for the author: Stick with primitive and advanced except in the part of the article where synonyms (usage) are discussed.
User:Burner112/sandbox
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Fixed some grammatical errors in the venom section of the Stingray page. Image and image caption appear to be in order.
I added my entire draft, including my picture, onto the live Stingray page. I created a "Venom" sub-heading under the "Anatomy" heading. Along with the additions, I also changed inaccurate facts about the venom that existed on the page.
Moving a part of my draft to the live Stingray page.
I moved "The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. [1] " to the live page.
As I was on the page, I noticed that the current author said the venom was stored in a gland. This is false, but I wanted to wait to change it until I have practiced making live changes more.
Everyone will be contributing to the Stingray Page.
Picture: Stinger of the Stingray's Tail
Picture: Dorsal view of Stingray fin with placoid scales partially removed.
Image of the teeth on the lower tooth band of the stingray. Also added ventral view image.
New image added with arrows to show where the spiracles are.
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied due to the mixture of venomous tissue cells and mucous membrane cells that occurs upon secretion from the spinal blade/stinger. Stingrays can have anywhere between 1-3 blades. The spine is covered with the epidermal skin layer. During secretion, the venom punctures through the epidermis to release the venom on its victim. Typically, other venomous organisms create and store their venom in a gland. The stingray is notable in that it stores its venom within tissue cells. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. [1] Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries and cell death. [2] Despite the number of cells and toxins that are within the stingray, there is little relative energy required to produce and store the venom.
The venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the vertebral column at the mid-distal region. [3] These secretory cells are housed within the ventrolateral grooves of the spine. The cells of both marine and freshwater stingrays are round and contain a great amount of granule-filled cytoplasm. [4] The cells of marine stingrays are located only within these lateral grooves of the stinger. [5] The cells of freshwater stingray branch out beyond the lateral grooves to cover a larger surface area along the entire blade. Due to this large area and an increased number of proteins within the cells, the venom of freshwater stingrays has a greater toxicity than that of marine stingrays. [6]
This week in lab I was able to take pictures using the camera on the high intensity dissection scope. I forgot to email them to myself so they are still currently on the computer. I will get those next week in lab. As of right now, here is one of the pictures I was able to take of my phone. I plan to add labels to the pictures so that it is clear what specifically is the spinal blade. Due to the juvenile age of our dissected stingray, the spinal blade is not as noticeable as it would be on an adult.
The stingray uses Median Paired Fins (MPF) opposed to pure undulations by a singular caudal fin. [7] [8] Stingray pelvic fin locomotion can be divided into two categories undulatory and oscillatory. [9] Stingrays who use undulatory locomotion have shorter thicker fins for slower motile movements in benthic areas. [10] Longer thinner pectoral fins make for faster speeds in oscillation mobility in pelagic zones. [9] Visually distinguishable oscillation has less than one wave going, opposed to undulation having more than one wave at all times. [9]
The mouth of the stingray is located on the ventral side of the species. Stringrays exhibit euhyostyly jaw suspension, which means that the mandibular arch is only suspended by a articulation with the hyomandibula. This type of suspensions allows for the upper jaw to have high mobility and protrude outward. [11] The teeth are modified placoid scales that are regularly shedded and replaced. [12] In general, the teeth have a root implanted within the connective tissue and a visual portion of the tooth, which are large and flat, allowing them to crush the of hard shelled prey. Male stingrays display sexual dimorphism by developing cusp, or pointed ends, to their teeth during mating season, which then return to baseline during non-mating seasons. [13]
The stingrays respiratory system is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen. Most of the time stingrays will pull in water using their mouth, which then is sent through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they are unable to use their mouth when hunting as they bury themselves in the ocean floor waiting for prey to swim by. Thus, while hunting the stingray utilizes its second respiratory system, called a spiracle, which is an opening on the dorsal side of the head that is just caudal to their eyes. With the spiracle, can draw water directly into their gills for gas exchange [14]. This system is less efficient as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same volume of water as the mouth, however it is plenty for the stingray to survive on while awaiting its prey.
These additions will be made on the Stingray page on Wikipedia. At the moment, there is no anatomy section on this page. Our group plans to add an Anatomy section on the Stingray page and then have the following topics of venom, locomotion, jaws/teeth, and spiracle as sub topics. These four areas were some of the most vital topics to be covered within the anatomy of the stingray.
Comments from Dr. Schutz:
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied. This is because when the venom is released, it also contains mucus from the external layer of the stingray. Due to the mixture of mucus in the venom, researchers have struggled when aiming to test the chemical content of only the venom. The mucus contaminates the sample. The venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the vertebral column at the mid-distal region. [3] Typically, other venomous organisms create and store their venom in a separate gland. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin. [1] Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries and cell death. [2]
All changes can be seen above. I fixed all of the grammatical errors that my colleagues pointed out. I added links to current Wikipedia pages. I have all of my citations in the correct formatting for Wikipedia now and they can be seen at the bottom of the sandbox. I am in the process of finding more review articles to use as resources so that they are not all primary literature articles. Our group also clarified, up above, what exact page and section we would be focusing on for a more clear understanding of our plans.
One colleague made the suggestion that we focus on topics such as taxonomy and reproduction. While we plan on possibly reviewing these topics, we do not plan to focus on these as we don't want to spread ourselves too thin. Through the process of editing, we may come to tweak some of those areas, even if they are not in our plans right now.
My future plans for the research include more on the actions and placement of the secretory cells, as well as the potency of the stingray's venom.
I still plan to use dissection pictures of the stingray. I plan to use the high-tech dissection microscope in lab to see the secretory cells. There is also a book in the museum that I plan to use for pictures and as another resource.
Reply
The organization I plan on keeping relatively the same with some minor adjustments in links, citations, and footnotes. The largest concern seemed to be correlated with how I kept specifically to Wikipedia standards. We will be incorporating a single bibliography on the existing stingray page. I would be open to a collaboration with the person doing locomotion on the skate. In the suggestions for fish examples and big word definitions I will be adding links instead to keep the section simplified.
Modifications
The stingray uses Median Paired Fins (MPF) opposed to pure undulations where the caudal fin is the source of locomotion. MPF provides quicker and more accurate movement needed for benthic organisms. The wave-like motion is performed by coordinated sequential movements between the pectoral and pelvic fins. The pectoral fins preform an undulation followed by a pelvic fin pull on the benthic floor.
Going back to the draft, I plan on adding the link to the spiracle page where it was first used.I also plan to implement the grammar fixes noted in the copy edit. Regarding the images, I will search for images on Wikipedia that might be of use, but due to this section being particularly about the stingray's spiracle I think it might be more useful to try and use my own images from our groups dissection. Overall I'm not opposed to using both, I just think having my own images will be useful. I also still plan to annotate the images where appropriate to fit well with my contribution to the page. I also think I will do some research on the muscles for the spiracle and try to include that in my contribution.
Aside from my own, I like the suggestion about ensuring that when this is added to the page to coordinate with the other group members to make it flow as smoothly as possible, but this is something that I think is best accomplished towards the end near publishing.
Thanks for all of the feedback!
Spring Break--No assignments
Here are the two reviews that I gave. The first was to the Moray Eel article draft. The second was to the Bat article draft.
Your content reflects neutrality very well. The sources appear to be reliable as well as most of them are peer reviewed journal articles so good choices on that. They are formatted correctly according to Wikipedia.
I was confused on how pleomerism related to the paragraph above. I would also include an image proposal.
Your picture proposals are very informative.
Copy Edit Here are revisions I made to portions of the article.
In Muraeninae the dorsal fin is found near the gill slits and run runs all the way down the back of the eel. The anal fin is just behind the anus.[1] The Uropterygiinnae, on the other hand, are defined by both their dorsal and anal fin being located at the end of their tails.[1]
Pleomerism is the process of elongation due to the increase in number of vertebra.[
In the action of lunging at prey and biting down, water flows out the posterior side of the mouth opening, reducing waves in front of the eel and allowing the eel to bite down on prey without the aid of negative pressure. This creates a longer bite time but also increases the aggressiveness of the approach in predation.
All of the drafts reflect neutrality. All of the sections need to have picture proposals or plans on what you plan to take a picture of during dissection.
Lianne, your section is very informative and I think it would be an important article to add to the microbat page. I would suggest either having links to another Wikipedia page on RGBC’s or explaining them more as the average reader will probably not know much about them and their function. By breaking down what RGBC’s do, it will help the clarity of your draft.
Jimmy, I think you could expand more on the fluid intake of the bat. This could include how they take in fluid physiologically and how long they can store it before they need to intake more. I would like to see what your plan is for your picture proposal. You may consider doing a flow chart to show where the fluid enters and exits the bat.
Frankee, your information is very informative and would be good areas to explore. I really liked the physiological comparisons you made between bats and other organisms such as birds. I was confused on what your exact topic was since you covered flight, energy, the heart and reproduction. All of which were factually explained but I was unsure on how they all connected. What is your picture proposal?
Copy Edit
General retinal elements, such as rod and cone bipolar cells, all amacrine cells, RGBCs (retinal ganglion cells), and retinofugal projections, contribute to the microbat's visual ability;
These cells are responsible for the microbat's ability to respond to light and play a role in both non-image forming vision, such as circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, and pupil responses, as well as image forming vision.
They are more prone to rapid dehydration since 80% of their body surface is naked of hair.
One of these includes options of migration where they cover large masses of land on search of resources as well as crossing land masses that are difficult to cross on land, such as mountains, water and desserts.
They expend twice as much oxygen than their running transportation counterparts
The venom of the stingray has been relatively unstudied at the current moment. This is because when the venom is released, it also contains mucus from the external layer of the stingray. Do to the mixture of mucus in venom, researchers have struggled when aiming to test the chemical content of only the venom and not have the mucus get contaminate the sample. There has been one study that was successful in separating the mucus and the venom from each other. What we do know is that the venom is produced and stored in the secretory cells of the spine at the mid-distal region (da Silva Jr., N., et. al., 2015). Typically, other venomous creatures have been known to create and store their venom in a separate gland. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin (Baumann, K., et. al., 2014). Galectin induces cell death in its victims and cystatins inhibits defense enzymes. In humans, these toxins lead to increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries and cell death (Dos Santos., et. al., 2017).
[[|thumb| Stingray from a caudal view ]] Baumann, K., Casewell, N. R., Ali, S. A., Jackson, T. W., Vetter, I., Dobson, J. S., & ... Fry, B. G. (2014). A ray of venom: Combined proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of fish venom composition using barb tissue from the blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii). Journal Of Proteomics, 109188-198. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2014.06.004
Dos Santos, J. C., Grund, L. Z., Seibert, C. S., Marques, E. E., Soares, A. B., Quesniaux, V. F., & ... Lima, C. (2017). Stingray venom activates IL-33 producing cardiomyocytes, but not mast cell, to promote acute neutrophil-mediated injury. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 7912. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08395-y
So far I have found these two pictures using creative commons and they are CC 0. I plan to also get pictures during dissection of the actual stinger as well as possibly a microscope picture of the secretory cells that hold the venom.
The stingray uses Median Paired Fins (MPF) opposed to pure undulations where the caudal fin is the source of locomotion. MPF provides quicker and more accurate movement needed for benthic organisms (Wang, Y., et al., 2015). The wave-like motion is performed by coordinated sequential movements between the pectoral and pelvic fins. The pectoral fins preform an undulation followed by a pelvic fin pull on the benthic floor (Macesic, L., et al., 2013).
Still looking for a proper picture showing the wave-like motion to add a visual to the description.
Bottom II, R., Borazjani, I., Blevins, E., Lauder, G. 2016. Hydrodynamics of swimming in stingrays:numerical simulations and the role of the leading-edge vortex. Cam. Univ. Press. 788: 407-443.
Macesic, L., Mulvaney, D., Blevins, E. 2013. Synchronized swimming: coordination of pelvic and pectoral fins during augmented punting by the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon orbignyi. Zoology. 116: 144-150.
Wang, Y., Tan J., Zhao D. 2015. Design and Experiment on a Biomemetic Robotic Fish Inspired by Freshwater Stingray. J. Bio. Eng. 12: 204-216.
I couldn't find enough information at this time to solely work on the jaws/teeth of the stingrays and noticed that there is not an anatomy or true characteristics portion of the page, therefore I think that I want to make a section for this. I think that the work that other's in the team will also be great to add in. For the dissection portion of the project I plan on focusing my work on the teeth and jaws. I have started to work on putting the general anatomy section together below:
Stingrays are composed of cartilaginous skeletons with portions that are strengthen through the process of calcification. [15] The cartilage allows the fish to stay afloat despite its lack a swim bladder.
The vertebral column of the stingray is composed of the pre-caudal and caudal vertebrate, with the pre-caudal forming first. [16]
Stingrays are counter shaded, meaning the dorsal side is darker than the ventral side allowing for the stingray to camouflage with it's surroundings whether it is swimming around or at the bottom of the ocean. [17]
The mouth of the stingrays are located on the ventral side of the animal. The teeth are large, modified placid scales that have the appearance of flat plates which aid in the crushing of hard shelled prey.
Serena, F. (2005). Field Identification Guide to the Sharks and Rays of the Mediterranean and Black Sea. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 68. ISBN 92-5-105291-3.
I would like to be able to dissect out the jaw with teeth attached during our dissection of the stingray to take my own photos of them.If I am unable to do this, then will find online images.
The stingrays respiratory is rather complex, as they have two separate ways to take in water to utilize the oxygen. Most of the time stingrays will pull in water using their mouth, which then is sent through the gills for gas exchange. While efficient, they are unable to use their mouth when hunting as they bury themselves in the ocean floor waiting for prey to swim by. This is where their second system comes into play, using a dorsal opening on the head called a spiracle, they can draw in water directly into their gills for gas exchange [18]. While this system is less efficient as the spiracle is unable to pull in the same amount of water as the mouth, it is plenty for the stingray to survive on while awaiting its prey.
During our dissection of the stingray, I will take pictures of the external view of the stingray, as well as the muscles involved in the control of the spiracle. If needed, the pictures will be annotated to show exactly what is being discussed in the paragraph.
Kardong, Kenneth V. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. 7th ed., McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. Pp 213-250
Wang, Y., Tan J., Zhao D. 2015. Design and Experiment on a Biomemetic Robotic Fish Inspired by Freshwater Stingray. J. Bio. Eng. 12: 204-216.
Enzor L, Wilborn R, Bennett W. Toxicity and metabolic costs of the Atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina) venom delivery system in relation to its role in life history. Journal Of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology. December 2011;409(1/2):235-239.
Kirchhoff K, Klingelhöfer I, Dahse H, Morlock G, Wilke T. Maturity-related changes in venom toxicity of the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon leopoldi. Toxicon: Official Journal Of The International Society On Toxinology [serial online]. December 15, 2014;92:97-101.
Kolmann, Matthew A.; Crofts, Stephanie B.; Dean, Mason N.; Summers, Adam P.; Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2015-12-01). "Morphology does not predict performance: jaw curvature and prey crushing in durophagous stingrays". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (24): 3941–3949. doi:10.1242/jeb.127340. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 26567348.
Kolmann, Matthew A.; Welch, Kenneth C.; Summers, Adam P.; Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2016-09-14). "Always chew your food: freshwater stingrays use mastication to process tough insect prey". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1838). doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1392. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5031661 . PMID 27629029.
Summers, A. P. (February 2000). "Stiffening the stingray skeleton - an investigation of durophagy in myliobatid stingrays (Chondrichthyes, batoidea, myliobatidae)". Journal of Morphology. 243 (2): 113–126. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200002)243:23.0.CO;2-A. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 10658196.
Begin your work for next week by considering the following next steps:
Osquaesitor ( talk) 00:26, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
Dissection Choices My first choice of dissection organism is a stingray. I am curious about how the stingray's venom is released from its body and how it is stored so that it does not infect the stingray itself. One of the related url's to my species is Stingray injury or the general wikipedia page on Skate (fish).
My second dissection choice is the Rattlesnake. I am curious about how the organs of a snake are stored in a body that lacks width. I am also curious about how the side to side movement of the snake affects the internal skeleton of the snake. I would like to add more information on the anatomy of a rattlesnake such as their digestive system in the article Rattlesnake. I also had the opportunity to work with snakes in Uganda this past January so I have a personal connection to them.
My third dissection choice is a bat. I would like to learn more about how the larynx allows for echolocation of the bat. An article that I would like to edit is Animal echolocation.
I added the following material onto the article, "Primitive (phylogenetics)"
Cladograms are important for scientists as they allow them to classify and hypothesize the origin and future of organisms. Cladograms allow scientists to propose their evolutionary scenarios about the lineage from a primitive trait to a derived one. By understanding how the trait came to be, scientists can hypothesize the environment that specific organism was in and how that affected the evolutionary adaptations of the trait that came to be.
Citation: [19]
"Article Evaluation"
Group Question
:Why did the author use multiple variations of primitive and advanced outside of the synonyms paragraph? This made it difficult to follow as a reader.
Suggestions for the author: Stick with primitive and advanced except in the part of the article where synonyms (usage) are discussed.
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