The Sekirankai (赤らん会; Red Wave Society) was a Japanese socialist women's organization active in 1921. Members of an anarchist group established the organization in April 1921. Prominent feminists Yamakawa Kikue and Noe Itō were advisers for the group, which participated in that year's May Day activities, published the magazine Omedetashi, held seminars and lectures, and distributed anti-war leaflets to the army. Their manifesto condemned capitalism, arguing that it turned women into slaves and prostitutes. The Sekirankai was the first women's socialist association and clashed with Shin Fujin Kyōkai (the New Women's Association). The organization dissolved eight months after its creation.
The Sekirankai was formed at time in Imperial Japan when socialist thought gained enough momentum to be expressed publicly.
The Sekirankai was founded in April 1921 from an anarchist group established by Sakai Magara, Kutsumi Fusako, Hashiura Haruno, and Akizuki Shizue. It was the first socialist women's association. [1] Advisers for the organization were Yamakawa Kikue and Noe Itō. The society had about 42 members, 17 of whom were active. [2] As members of the Sekirankai had personal ties with Nihon Shakai Shugi Dōmei (Japan Socialist League), the organization has been referred to as the "women's office" of the league. [1]
The Sekirankai sought to overthrow the capitalist system, which would also create a parity between men and women. Their platform stated "We will fight any form of oppression that keeps us and our brothers and sisters in ignorance, poverty, and positions of subordination."
One of the first activities of the organization was to plan for that year's May Day, a day adopted by socialist and communist groups to represent International Worker's Day. The previous year's May Day activities, held in Tokyo's Ueno Park, were Japan's first public celebration of May Day and were estimated to include 5000 people. For the event, Yamakawa Kikue drafted a manifesto titled Fujin ni Gekisu (Manifesto to Women) that decried capitalism for engendering imperialism and framed the problems of capitalism from a feminist standpoint, and it the manifesto made into leaflets to be distributed at the event. [2] The manifesto read:
May Day is the day for the proletarians, for us workers who are oppressed. For centuries and centuries, women and workers have endured together a history of oppression and ignorance. But the dawn is approaching. The morning gong that was struck in Russia signals the first step in the victory that will minute by minute banish the darkness of capitalism from the face of the earth. Sisters, listen to the power of women that is embodied in that sound of the gong. Let us exert the utmost of our strength and, together with our brothers, strike the gong that will signal the liberation of the proletarians of Japan. Women who are awake, join the May Day march!
The Sekirankai is a women's organization that plans to participate in the enterprise to destroy the capitalist society and build a socialist society. The capitalist society turns us into slaves at home and oppresses us as wages slaves outside the home. It turns many of our sisters into prostitutes. Its imperialistic ambitions rob us of our beloved fathers, children, sweethearts, and brothers and turn them into cannon fodder. It forces them and proletarians of other countries to brutally kill each other. It is a society that, for the sake of its greedy profiteers, crushes and sacrifices our youth, health, talents, all chance for happiness, even our lives, and feels no compassion. The Sekirankai declares all-out war on this cruel, shameless society. Women who wish to be liberated, join the Sekirankai!
Socialism offers the only way to save mankind from the oppressions and abuses of capitalism. Sisters who love justice and morality, join the socialist movement!
— Manifesto drafted for the society by Yamakawa Kikue [3]
About 20 women members of the Sekirankai marched during the May Day activities. They carried large red and black flags that were made by Hashiura Haruko [2] and smaller flags painted with "R. W." for Red Wave, which they paraded through the political meeting. [1] All of the women were arrested. [2] Sensational accounts of the event from journalists resulted in government restrictions on the organization's movements, but the women's activities were placed into the national spotlight. During the Mayday demonstration of the following year, women's participants would be seen all over the country. [1]
The party actively engaged in street activities, holding lectures and seminars as follows.
- The Sekirankai participated in the 2nd Socialist Alliance Conference on May 9, 1920, at Kanda's Youth Hall. Before the opening declaration, they were stopped by police. The alliance received a prohibition order on 28th of the same month.
- May 15ht, the group headed to Osaka with Kyushitsimi Fuko and Sakai Shinzo for participation in the rental alliance tournament, but they were seized at Osaka station and stayed overnight at the Sonezaki station. They were released on condition that they left Osaka.
- The Sekirankai organized a women's problem lecture at the youth center on June 11. Men participated in the lecture, but students from local women's schools participated as well. The lecture itself ended successfully without being interrupted.
- From July 18th to 22nd, the Sekirankai held a summer seminar at Red River Foundation office in Kojimachi Motomachi Town.
The Sekirankai were also critical of their fellow Japanese women's organization, Shin Fujin Kyōkai (New Women's Association), formed in 1920. The Sekirankai found the bourgeois nature of the New Women's Association to be antithetical to the cause of women's rights, and Yamakawa offered harsh criticisms in an article for the July 1921 issue of Taiyō, "The New Women's Association and the Red Wave Society." She wrote there that "Revolution is essential for women. Only the Sekirankai can provide the answer." [4] The article alone would have been a blow to the New Women's Association, but the timing of it made the impact even more profound, as the article appeared right on the tail of prominent New Women's Association leader Ichikawa Fusae's resignation from the organization. [5] In the article, Yamakawa focused her criticism on New Women's Association leader Hiratsuka Raichō, believing that the group focused solely on the problems of upper-class women while ignoring the harsh realities that working class women faced.
By the end of 1921, the activities of the Sekirankai had come to a halt. At the time, the restrictive Public Order and Police Law of 1900 (治安警察法 Chian Keisatsu Hō) prohibited worker strikes and labor organizations, cracking down on speech and assembly. [6] In addition, women in particular were prohibited from attending political meetings or joining political organizations. [6] In addition to this governmental oppression, pressure from the public eye was a powerful detractor. Throughout newspapers, feminist and socialist societies were vilified as degenerates and were the object of derision for numerous cartoonists such as Okamoto Ippei and Kitazawa Rakute. [7] This created a distrust of these kinds of organizations within the public consciousness, and those who may have otherwise been swayed to join found themselves averse to the idea. This public criticism combined with the governmental oppression and the animosity of other women's organization to contribute to the dissolution of the organization in December, only eight months after it was founded. Many members of the organization went on to form spin-off groups such as the discussion group Suiyōkai (Wednesday Society) and the organization Yōkakai (Eighth Day Society), which would continue to carry Sekirankai ideals.
The group approached feminism through a Marxist lens, exploring the problems that women faced as issues of class and commodification. Much of the group's ideological tenets found root in the writings of Yamakawa Kikue, a Japanese feminist and socialist writer who was also a prominent member of the Sekirankai. Under these Marxist lines of thought, the Sekirankai believed that economic independence was a crucial step in achieving gender parity; however, they believed that the abolition of capitalism in favor of socialism was a prerequisite for this. [8]
- Sakai Magara, daughter of Toshihiko Sakai
- Kutsumi Fusako
- Hashiura Haruka
- Akizuki Shizue
- Yamakawa Kikue
- Kitagawa Chiyo
- Hashiura Oriku [3]
- Iwasa Shige [1]
- Takasu Tayoko [1]
- Takano Chiyo [1]
- Takeuchi Hide [1]
- Nakamura Miki [1]
- Hashiura Riku [1]
- Yoshikawa Kazuko [1]
- Watanabe Kō [1]
- Ito Noe
- Hane, Mikiso (1988). "The Sekirankai". Reflections on the Way to the Gallows: Rebel Women in Prewar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 125–174. ISBN 0-520-91437-6.
- Mackie, Vera (2002). Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour and Activism, 1900-1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52325-7.
- James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History p 390 ISBN 0-393-04156-5
- Tokuza, Akiko (1999). The Rise of the Feminist Movement in Japan (1st ed.). Tokyo: Keio Univ. Press. ISBN 4-7664-0731-8.
 | This is a user sandbox of
Bart9311. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
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l 1932-, Tokuza, Akiko,; 1932-, 徳座晃子, (1999).
The rise of the feminist movement in Japan (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Shuppankai.
ISBN
4766407318.
OCLC
42305668.
{{ cite book}}:|last=has numeric name ( help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^
a
b
c
d C., Mackie, Vera (2002).
Creating socialist women in Japan : gender, labour and activism, 1900-1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
0521523257.
OCLC
49593884.
{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) - ^
a
b
Reflections on the way to the gallows : rebel women in prewar Japan. Hane, Mikiso. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1988.
ISBN
0520914376.
OCLC
42922571.
{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: others ( link) -
^ 1932-, Tokuza, Akiko,; 1932-, 徳座晃子, (1999).
The rise of the feminist movement in Japan (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Shuppankai.
ISBN
4766407318.
OCLC
42305668.
{{ cite book}}:|last=has numeric name ( help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^ MOLONY, K. S. (1980). One Woman Who Dared: Ichikawa Fusae And The Japanese Women's Suffrage Movement (Order No. 8017323). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (303005926). Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/docview/303005926?accountid=12964
- ^
a
b 1944-, McClain, James L., (2002).
Japan, a modern history (1st ed ed.). New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co.
ISBN
0393041565.
OCLC
47013231.
{{ cite book}}:|edition=has extra text ( help);|last=has numeric name ( help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) -
^ Nagy, Margit Maria (1981). "HOW SHALL WE LIVE?": SOCIAL CHANGE, THE FAMILY INSTITUTION AND FEMINISM IN PREWAR JAPAN. University of Washington, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. pp. 233–34.
ISBN
1981.
{{ cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length ( help) - ^ Kuninobu, Junko Wada (1984-06-01). "The development of feminism in modern Japan". Feminist Issues. 4 (2): 3–21. doi: 10.1007/bf02685546. ISSN 0270-6679.
The Sekirankai (赤らん会; Red Wave Society) was a Japanese socialist women's organization active in 1921. Members of an anarchist group established the organization in April 1921. Prominent feminists Yamakawa Kikue and Noe Itō were advisers for the group, which participated in that year's May Day activities, published the magazine Omedetashi, held seminars and lectures, and distributed anti-war leaflets to the army. Their manifesto condemned capitalism, arguing that it turned women into slaves and prostitutes. The Sekirankai was the first women's socialist association and clashed with Shin Fujin Kyōkai (the New Women's Association). The organization dissolved eight months after its creation.
The Sekirankai was formed at time in Imperial Japan when socialist thought gained enough momentum to be expressed publicly.
The Sekirankai was founded in April 1921 from an anarchist group established by Sakai Magara, Kutsumi Fusako, Hashiura Haruno, and Akizuki Shizue. It was the first socialist women's association. [1] Advisers for the organization were Yamakawa Kikue and Noe Itō. The society had about 42 members, 17 of whom were active. [2] As members of the Sekirankai had personal ties with Nihon Shakai Shugi Dōmei (Japan Socialist League), the organization has been referred to as the "women's office" of the league. [1]
The Sekirankai sought to overthrow the capitalist system, which would also create a parity between men and women. Their platform stated "We will fight any form of oppression that keeps us and our brothers and sisters in ignorance, poverty, and positions of subordination."
One of the first activities of the organization was to plan for that year's May Day, a day adopted by socialist and communist groups to represent International Worker's Day. The previous year's May Day activities, held in Tokyo's Ueno Park, were Japan's first public celebration of May Day and were estimated to include 5000 people. For the event, Yamakawa Kikue drafted a manifesto titled Fujin ni Gekisu (Manifesto to Women) that decried capitalism for engendering imperialism and framed the problems of capitalism from a feminist standpoint, and it the manifesto made into leaflets to be distributed at the event. [2] The manifesto read:
May Day is the day for the proletarians, for us workers who are oppressed. For centuries and centuries, women and workers have endured together a history of oppression and ignorance. But the dawn is approaching. The morning gong that was struck in Russia signals the first step in the victory that will minute by minute banish the darkness of capitalism from the face of the earth. Sisters, listen to the power of women that is embodied in that sound of the gong. Let us exert the utmost of our strength and, together with our brothers, strike the gong that will signal the liberation of the proletarians of Japan. Women who are awake, join the May Day march!
The Sekirankai is a women's organization that plans to participate in the enterprise to destroy the capitalist society and build a socialist society. The capitalist society turns us into slaves at home and oppresses us as wages slaves outside the home. It turns many of our sisters into prostitutes. Its imperialistic ambitions rob us of our beloved fathers, children, sweethearts, and brothers and turn them into cannon fodder. It forces them and proletarians of other countries to brutally kill each other. It is a society that, for the sake of its greedy profiteers, crushes and sacrifices our youth, health, talents, all chance for happiness, even our lives, and feels no compassion. The Sekirankai declares all-out war on this cruel, shameless society. Women who wish to be liberated, join the Sekirankai!
Socialism offers the only way to save mankind from the oppressions and abuses of capitalism. Sisters who love justice and morality, join the socialist movement!
— Manifesto drafted for the society by Yamakawa Kikue [3]
About 20 women members of the Sekirankai marched during the May Day activities. They carried large red and black flags that were made by Hashiura Haruko [2] and smaller flags painted with "R. W." for Red Wave, which they paraded through the political meeting. [1] All of the women were arrested. [2] Sensational accounts of the event from journalists resulted in government restrictions on the organization's movements, but the women's activities were placed into the national spotlight. During the Mayday demonstration of the following year, women's participants would be seen all over the country. [1]
The party actively engaged in street activities, holding lectures and seminars as follows.
- The Sekirankai participated in the 2nd Socialist Alliance Conference on May 9, 1920, at Kanda's Youth Hall. Before the opening declaration, they were stopped by police. The alliance received a prohibition order on 28th of the same month.
- May 15ht, the group headed to Osaka with Kyushitsimi Fuko and Sakai Shinzo for participation in the rental alliance tournament, but they were seized at Osaka station and stayed overnight at the Sonezaki station. They were released on condition that they left Osaka.
- The Sekirankai organized a women's problem lecture at the youth center on June 11. Men participated in the lecture, but students from local women's schools participated as well. The lecture itself ended successfully without being interrupted.
- From July 18th to 22nd, the Sekirankai held a summer seminar at Red River Foundation office in Kojimachi Motomachi Town.
The Sekirankai were also critical of their fellow Japanese women's organization, Shin Fujin Kyōkai (New Women's Association), formed in 1920. The Sekirankai found the bourgeois nature of the New Women's Association to be antithetical to the cause of women's rights, and Yamakawa offered harsh criticisms in an article for the July 1921 issue of Taiyō, "The New Women's Association and the Red Wave Society." She wrote there that "Revolution is essential for women. Only the Sekirankai can provide the answer." [4] The article alone would have been a blow to the New Women's Association, but the timing of it made the impact even more profound, as the article appeared right on the tail of prominent New Women's Association leader Ichikawa Fusae's resignation from the organization. [5] In the article, Yamakawa focused her criticism on New Women's Association leader Hiratsuka Raichō, believing that the group focused solely on the problems of upper-class women while ignoring the harsh realities that working class women faced.
By the end of 1921, the activities of the Sekirankai had come to a halt. At the time, the restrictive Public Order and Police Law of 1900 (治安警察法 Chian Keisatsu Hō) prohibited worker strikes and labor organizations, cracking down on speech and assembly. [6] In addition, women in particular were prohibited from attending political meetings or joining political organizations. [6] In addition to this governmental oppression, pressure from the public eye was a powerful detractor. Throughout newspapers, feminist and socialist societies were vilified as degenerates and were the object of derision for numerous cartoonists such as Okamoto Ippei and Kitazawa Rakute. [7] This created a distrust of these kinds of organizations within the public consciousness, and those who may have otherwise been swayed to join found themselves averse to the idea. This public criticism combined with the governmental oppression and the animosity of other women's organization to contribute to the dissolution of the organization in December, only eight months after it was founded. Many members of the organization went on to form spin-off groups such as the discussion group Suiyōkai (Wednesday Society) and the organization Yōkakai (Eighth Day Society), which would continue to carry Sekirankai ideals.
The group approached feminism through a Marxist lens, exploring the problems that women faced as issues of class and commodification. Much of the group's ideological tenets found root in the writings of Yamakawa Kikue, a Japanese feminist and socialist writer who was also a prominent member of the Sekirankai. Under these Marxist lines of thought, the Sekirankai believed that economic independence was a crucial step in achieving gender parity; however, they believed that the abolition of capitalism in favor of socialism was a prerequisite for this. [8]
- Sakai Magara, daughter of Toshihiko Sakai
- Kutsumi Fusako
- Hashiura Haruka
- Akizuki Shizue
- Yamakawa Kikue
- Kitagawa Chiyo
- Hashiura Oriku [3]
- Iwasa Shige [1]
- Takasu Tayoko [1]
- Takano Chiyo [1]
- Takeuchi Hide [1]
- Nakamura Miki [1]
- Hashiura Riku [1]
- Yoshikawa Kazuko [1]
- Watanabe Kō [1]
- Ito Noe
- Hane, Mikiso (1988). "The Sekirankai". Reflections on the Way to the Gallows: Rebel Women in Prewar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 125–174. ISBN 0-520-91437-6.
- Mackie, Vera (2002). Creating Socialist Women in Japan: Gender, Labour and Activism, 1900-1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52325-7.
- James L. McClain, Japan: A Modern History p 390 ISBN 0-393-04156-5
- Tokuza, Akiko (1999). The Rise of the Feminist Movement in Japan (1st ed.). Tokyo: Keio Univ. Press. ISBN 4-7664-0731-8.
| This is a user sandbox of
Bart9311. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l 1932-, Tokuza, Akiko,; 1932-, 徳座晃子, (1999).
The rise of the feminist movement in Japan (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Shuppankai.
ISBN
4766407318.
OCLC
42305668.
{{ cite book}}:|last=has numeric name ( help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^
a
b
c
d C., Mackie, Vera (2002).
Creating socialist women in Japan : gender, labour and activism, 1900-1937. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
0521523257.
OCLC
49593884.
{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) - ^
a
b
Reflections on the way to the gallows : rebel women in prewar Japan. Hane, Mikiso. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1988.
ISBN
0520914376.
OCLC
42922571.
{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: others ( link) -
^ 1932-, Tokuza, Akiko,; 1932-, 徳座晃子, (1999).
The rise of the feminist movement in Japan (Shohan ed.). Tōkyō: Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Shuppankai.
ISBN
4766407318.
OCLC
42305668.
{{ cite book}}:|last=has numeric name ( help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link) - ^ MOLONY, K. S. (1980). One Woman Who Dared: Ichikawa Fusae And The Japanese Women's Suffrage Movement (Order No. 8017323). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (303005926). Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/docview/303005926?accountid=12964
- ^
a
b 1944-, McClain, James L., (2002).
Japan, a modern history (1st ed ed.). New York, N.Y.: W.W. Norton & Co.
ISBN
0393041565.
OCLC
47013231.
{{ cite book}}:|edition=has extra text ( help);|last=has numeric name ( help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation ( link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) -
^ Nagy, Margit Maria (1981). "HOW SHALL WE LIVE?": SOCIAL CHANGE, THE FAMILY INSTITUTION AND FEMINISM IN PREWAR JAPAN. University of Washington, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. pp. 233–34.
ISBN
1981.
{{ cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length ( help) - ^ Kuninobu, Junko Wada (1984-06-01). "The development of feminism in modern Japan". Feminist Issues. 4 (2): 3–21. doi: 10.1007/bf02685546. ISSN 0270-6679.