The ancestral makeup of the population of the Okunevo culture differed sharply from that of the western steppe-derived Afanasievo population. Based on a large sample of individuals, the Okunevo genepool has been shown to be mostly derived from a local population, with only ~25% admixture of Afanasievo western steppe ancestry. [1] [2] The local ancestry component can be successfully proxied with a pre-Okunevo Early Bronze Age individual from a site at the banks of the Bazaikha river, [1] and displays much continuity from earlier hunter-gatherers in the Altai region, with some additional geneflow from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA). [2] Wang et al. (2023) model the Okunevo population as 26% Afanasievo, 61% Altai hunter-gatherer, and 13% Lake Baikal hunter-gatherer (= ANA), with the latter two representing the distal sources of the local ancestry component. The Altai hunter-gatherer ancestry itself is modeled as derived from an admixture of Ancient Paleo-Siberians (58%) and Western Siberian hunter-gatherers (42%). [2]
- ^ a b Yu, He; Spyrou, Maria A.; Karapetian, Marina; Shnaider, Svetlana; et al. (2020). "Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia". Cell. 181 (6): 1232–1245.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.037. PMID 32437661. S2CID 218710761.
- ^ a b c Wang, Ke; Yu, He; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Kiryushin, Yuriy F.; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Frolov, Yaroslav V.; Stepanova, Nadezhda F.; Kiryushin, Kirill Yu; Kungurov, Artur L.; Shnaider, Svetlana V.; Tur, Svetlana S.; Tiunov, Mikhail P.; Zubova, Alisa V.; Pevzner, Maria; Karimov, Timur (2023). "Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia". Current Biology. 33 (3): 423–433. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 36638796. S2CID 255750546.
The CHG gene pool is for the most part derived from a West Eurasian source. [1] Among ancient pre-Neolithic European populations, the Villabruna cluster (also: Western hunter-gatherer, WHG) has the highest affinity to CHG. [2] Among ancient West Asian populations, Caucasus hunter-gatherer show a high genetic resemblance to early western Iranian Neolithic farmers from the Zagros Mountains. [3]
Additionally, Caucasus hunter-gatherers derived a significant part [a] of their ancestry from the Basal Eurasian lineage, [2] a hypothetical unsampled population that split from the main Eurasian lineage ancestral to all extant Out-of-Africa-populations, and which contributed at high levels also to other ancient populations of West Asia, such as Natufians, Anatolian hunter-gatherers (the main ancestral source of later Anatolian farmers and their European Neolithic descendants) and early western Iranian Neolithic farmers. [4] [5] [6] This Basal Eurasian ancestry has been directly linked to the lower rates of Neanderthal admixture observed in Caucasus hunter-gatherers (and other ancient West Asian populations) when compared to ancient and contemporary East Asians and pre-Neolithic Europeans, since Basal Eurasians are assumed to have carried little or no Neanderthal admixture. [7] [4] [8]
Following the Neolithic, bi-directional geneflow can be observed between the three poles Caucasus/Zagros, Anatolia and the Levant. Populations in Anatolia and the Levant see an increase of Caucasus/Zagros-related ancestry, while the Caucasus/Zagros areas received Anatolian and Levantine geneflow. [9] [10] The westward expansion of CHG ancestry went beyond Anatolia and reached southern Greece in the Bronze Age. Subsequent CHG geneflow into Europe was transmitted indirectly through Bronze Age migrations of Western Steppe Herders (see below). [11] [12]
- ^ Estimated at 32% ( Fu et al. 2016, Supplementary Information, p. 73.), 35% ( Lazaridis et al. 2016, Supplementary Information, pp. 39–40)/( Wang et al. 2018, Supplementary Information, pp. 66–67.) and 36% ( Sikora et al. 2019, Supplementary Information, p. 71.).
- ^ Yang & Fu 2018, p. 188.
- ^ a b Fu et al. 2016, p. 204; Supplementary Information, pp. 71–73.
- ^ Feldman et al. 2021, p. 192.
- ^ a b Skoglund & Mathieson 2018, p. 387.
- ^ Yang & Fu 2018, p. 190.
- ^ Feldman et al. 2021, p. 193.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2016, p. 421.
- ^ Yang & Fu 2018, p. 192.
- ^ Feldman et al. 2021, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2022.
- ^ Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 3–4.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2022, pp. 7–8.
- Feldman, Michal; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido A.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Posth, Cosimo (2021). "Where Asia meets Europe – recent insights from ancient human genomics". Annals of Human Biology. 48 (3): 191–202. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1949039. PMID 34459345. S2CID 237348859.
- Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G.; Merrett, D.; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode: 2016Natur.536..419L. doi: 10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Acar A, et al. (2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi: 10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
- Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. Bibcode: 2019Natur.570..182S. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31168093. S2CID 174809069.
- Skoglund, Pontus; Mathieson, Iain (2018). "Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19 (1): 381–404. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749. ISSN 1527-8204. PMID 29709204.
- Stoneking, Mark; Arias, Leonardo; Liu, Dang; Oliveira, Sandra; Pugach, Irina; Rodriguez, Jae Joseph Russell B. (2023). "Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (4): e2209475119. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12009475S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2209475119. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 9942792. PMID 36649433.
- Wang CC, Reinhold S, Kalmykov A, et al. (2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions". Nat Commun. 10: 590. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8.
- Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei (2018). "Insights into Modern Human Prehistory Using Ancient Genomes". Trends in Genetics. 34 (3): 184–196 6y. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.11.008. PMID 29395378.
The ancestral makeup of the population of the Okunevo culture differed sharply from that of the western steppe-derived Afanasievo population. Based on a large sample of individuals, the Okunevo genepool has been shown to be mostly derived from a local population, with only ~25% admixture of Afanasievo western steppe ancestry. [1] [2] The local ancestry component can be successfully proxied with a pre-Okunevo Early Bronze Age individual from a site at the banks of the Bazaikha river, [1] and displays much continuity from earlier hunter-gatherers in the Altai region, with some additional geneflow from Ancient Northeast Asians (ANA). [2] Wang et al. (2023) model the Okunevo population as 26% Afanasievo, 61% Altai hunter-gatherer, and 13% Lake Baikal hunter-gatherer (= ANA), with the latter two representing the distal sources of the local ancestry component. The Altai hunter-gatherer ancestry itself is modeled as derived from an admixture of Ancient Paleo-Siberians (58%) and Western Siberian hunter-gatherers (42%). [2]
- ^ a b Yu, He; Spyrou, Maria A.; Karapetian, Marina; Shnaider, Svetlana; et al. (2020). "Paleolithic to Bronze Age Siberians Reveal Connections with First Americans and across Eurasia". Cell. 181 (6): 1232–1245.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.037. PMID 32437661. S2CID 218710761.
- ^ a b c Wang, Ke; Yu, He; Radzevičiūtė, Rita; Kiryushin, Yuriy F.; Tishkin, Alexey A.; Frolov, Yaroslav V.; Stepanova, Nadezhda F.; Kiryushin, Kirill Yu; Kungurov, Artur L.; Shnaider, Svetlana V.; Tur, Svetlana S.; Tiunov, Mikhail P.; Zubova, Alisa V.; Pevzner, Maria; Karimov, Timur (2023). "Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia". Current Biology. 33 (3): 423–433. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 36638796. S2CID 255750546.
The CHG gene pool is for the most part derived from a West Eurasian source. [1] Among ancient pre-Neolithic European populations, the Villabruna cluster (also: Western hunter-gatherer, WHG) has the highest affinity to CHG. [2] Among ancient West Asian populations, Caucasus hunter-gatherer show a high genetic resemblance to early western Iranian Neolithic farmers from the Zagros Mountains. [3]
Additionally, Caucasus hunter-gatherers derived a significant part [a] of their ancestry from the Basal Eurasian lineage, [2] a hypothetical unsampled population that split from the main Eurasian lineage ancestral to all extant Out-of-Africa-populations, and which contributed at high levels also to other ancient populations of West Asia, such as Natufians, Anatolian hunter-gatherers (the main ancestral source of later Anatolian farmers and their European Neolithic descendants) and early western Iranian Neolithic farmers. [4] [5] [6] This Basal Eurasian ancestry has been directly linked to the lower rates of Neanderthal admixture observed in Caucasus hunter-gatherers (and other ancient West Asian populations) when compared to ancient and contemporary East Asians and pre-Neolithic Europeans, since Basal Eurasians are assumed to have carried little or no Neanderthal admixture. [7] [4] [8]
Following the Neolithic, bi-directional geneflow can be observed between the three poles Caucasus/Zagros, Anatolia and the Levant. Populations in Anatolia and the Levant see an increase of Caucasus/Zagros-related ancestry, while the Caucasus/Zagros areas received Anatolian and Levantine geneflow. [9] [10] The westward expansion of CHG ancestry went beyond Anatolia and reached southern Greece in the Bronze Age. Subsequent CHG geneflow into Europe was transmitted indirectly through Bronze Age migrations of Western Steppe Herders (see below). [11] [12]
- ^ Estimated at 32% ( Fu et al. 2016, Supplementary Information, p. 73.), 35% ( Lazaridis et al. 2016, Supplementary Information, pp. 39–40)/( Wang et al. 2018, Supplementary Information, pp. 66–67.) and 36% ( Sikora et al. 2019, Supplementary Information, p. 71.).
- ^ Yang & Fu 2018, p. 188.
- ^ a b Fu et al. 2016, p. 204; Supplementary Information, pp. 71–73.
- ^ Feldman et al. 2021, p. 192.
- ^ a b Skoglund & Mathieson 2018, p. 387.
- ^ Yang & Fu 2018, p. 190.
- ^ Feldman et al. 2021, p. 193.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2016, p. 421.
- ^ Yang & Fu 2018, p. 192.
- ^ Feldman et al. 2021, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2022.
- ^ Stoneking et al. 2023, p. 3–4.
- ^ Lazaridis et al. 2022, pp. 7–8.
- Feldman, Michal; Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido A.; Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Posth, Cosimo (2021). "Where Asia meets Europe – recent insights from ancient human genomics". Annals of Human Biology. 48 (3): 191–202. doi: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1949039. PMID 34459345. S2CID 237348859.
- Lazaridis, I.; Nadel, D.; Rollefson, G.; Merrett, D.; et al. (2016). "Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East". Nature. 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode: 2016Natur.536..419L. doi: 10.1038/nature19310. PMC 5003663. PMID 27459054.
- Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Acar A, et al. (2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi: 10.1126/science.abm4247. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
- Sikora, Martin; Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Sousa, Vitor C.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Vinner, Lasse; Rasmussen, Simon; Margaryan, Ashot; de Barros Damgaard, Peter; de la Fuente, Constanza; Renaud, Gabriel; Yang, Melinda A. (June 2019). "The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene". Nature. 570 (7760): 182–188. Bibcode: 2019Natur.570..182S. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 31168093. S2CID 174809069.
- Skoglund, Pontus; Mathieson, Iain (2018). "Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 19 (1): 381–404. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749. ISSN 1527-8204. PMID 29709204.
- Stoneking, Mark; Arias, Leonardo; Liu, Dang; Oliveira, Sandra; Pugach, Irina; Rodriguez, Jae Joseph Russell B. (2023). "Genomic perspectives on human dispersals during the Holocene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (4): e2209475119. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12009475S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2209475119. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 9942792. PMID 36649433.
- Wang CC, Reinhold S, Kalmykov A, et al. (2019). "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions". Nat Commun. 10: 590. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8.
- Yang, Melinda A.; Fu, Qiaomei (2018). "Insights into Modern Human Prehistory Using Ancient Genomes". Trends in Genetics. 34 (3): 184–196 6y. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.11.008. PMID 29395378.