Lahandi (لیہندی), also spelled Lahendi, Lehendi, and Lahndi, represents a dialect continuum of spoken Punjabi associated with western areas of Punjab.
The main Lahnda languages are Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari/Pothwari. [1] They are spoken in large parts of Pakistani Punjab, in some areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkwa province (especially Hazara), throughout Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western parts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
Terms like Lahnda or Western Punjabi are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves. [2] The validity of Lahnda as a genetic grouping has not been established. [3]
Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name. [4]: 883 This term has currency only among linguists. [3]
Below is a list of the varieties of Lahnda and its number of speakers: [5]
Within Lahnda, Ethnologue also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" ( ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 62 million people. [6]
Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages. [7] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s. [8] [9] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981. [10]
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko. [7]
Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border. [11]
Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages Category:Punjabi dialects
Lahandi (لیہندی), also spelled Lahendi, Lehendi, and Lahndi, represents a dialect continuum of spoken Punjabi associated with western areas of Punjab.
The main Lahnda languages are Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari/Pothwari. [1] They are spoken in large parts of Pakistani Punjab, in some areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkwa province (especially Hazara), throughout Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western parts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.
Terms like Lahnda or Western Punjabi are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves. [2] The validity of Lahnda as a genetic grouping has not been established. [3]
Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name. [4]: 883 This term has currency only among linguists. [3]
Below is a list of the varieties of Lahnda and its number of speakers: [5]
Within Lahnda, Ethnologue also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" ( ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 62 million people. [6]
Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages. [7] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s. [8] [9] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981. [10]
Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko. [7]
Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border. [11]
Category:Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages Category:Punjabi dialects