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Racial discourse and genetics

Medieval European Jews who redeemed Beta Israeli captives made no remarks about their physical appearance. [1] However, with the advent of scientific racism in the late 19th Century it became commonplace for modern observers to identify physical "Jewish" features in Beta Israelies. Henry Aaron Sternโ€, a German Jew who joined the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People and was sent as a missionary to Abyssinia in 1859, has remarked that: "In physiognomy, most of the Falashas bear striking traces of their Semitic origin. Among the first group we saw at Gondar there were some whose Jewish features no one could have mistaken, who had ever seen the descendants of Abraham either in London or Berlin. Their complexion is a shade paler than that of the Abyssinians, and their eyes, although black and sparkling, are not so disproportionately large as those which characteristically mark the other occupants of the land." [2] Similar remarks were made by Dr. Jacques Faitlovitch, [3] Aaron Zeev Aescoly, Jewish Agency workers Yehuda Azrieli and Shaul Meizlish, Rabbi David Chelouche and even Nathan Shapiro, president of the AAEJ, as late as 1985. [4]

[5]

The racial discourse about the origin of the Beta Israel played a dominant role in the debate regarding their immigration to Israel. In November 14 1934, the executive branch of the World Zionist Organization has turned down the request of Jacques Faitlovitch to bring the Ethiopian Jews to the Land of Israel. Arthur Ruppin, then head of the Zionist executive, claimed that the Ethiopians were โ€œNiggers, who came to Judaism by force of the sword in the sixth century B.C. They have no blood connection to the Jews. [โ€ฆ] [Therefore] their number in Palestine should not be increased.โ€ [6] As Ruppin viewed the "Jewish race" as a subclade of white Indo-Germanic races, he ruled out their racial connection to the Jews of Ethiopia. [6] In a 1942 document Ruppin further classified Faitlovitch himself to the โ€œAschkenasisch-Negroiderโ€ type, one of eight types of the Jewish race supposedly distinguishable by the shape of the nose. [7] Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir has opposed the aliyah of Beta Israel to Israel in 1969, arguing โ€œDonโ€™t we have enough problems? What do we need these blacks for?โ€. [8] [9] [10] Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Nissim has objected a mission to assist Beta Israeli communities in 1957, with the sharp exclamation: "Who needs those blacks?". [11] A 1973 report composed at the Immigrant Absorption Ministry has asserted that the dark skin color of Ethiopian Jews is likely to cause problems with their integration into Israeli society, thereby "supplying plentiful material for hostile elements in the international community to increase anti-Israeli incitement by blaming it in "racism", as well as discrimination, religious coercion, etc." [12]

Self-perception

Like other ethnic groups in northern Ethiopia, the Beta Israel view their own skin color as reddish-brown ('qeyy' in Amharic), whereas a black ('tequr') skin color is attributed to low status groups used as slaves. [4] Both the Beta Israel and their Christian neighbours share the view that they are descendants of the people of Israel who have immigrated to the horn of Africa in Biblical times, and have intermarried with the local population to some extent.

According to Rabbinical Halakha, the children of a mother who is not living in accordance with Jewish law, or has even converted to another religion, are still recognized as Jews, as their mother is "a Gentile by virtue of her acts, but a Jew by her birth/history". [13] However, according to Haymanot (Beta Israeli code of law), being a Jew necessarily means observing Jewish law, and thus a Jew who has ceased to practice Jewish law (notbaly dietary laws or Shabbat observance) ceases to be a Jew until he undergoes a ritual process of conversion in order to return to Judaism. Until then he is excommunicated and his descendants are not recognized as Jews. Thus, while biological ancestry plays a role in the Jewish identity of non-practicing Jews according to Rabbinical Halakha, it plays no such role according to Beta Israeli code of law.

Genetics

"A lack of a common genetic origin does not refute the Jewish identity, just as Jewish genetic markers do not establish the Jewish identity of a community which is not recognized as a Jewish community according to Halacha". [14]

"Jewishness is not a matter of DNA. Nor can DNA be used to disprove or prove and individual's or group's Jewishness." [15]


Kaplan2006: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504630600823668 [16]


[17]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.12.016

Hebrew Reference A

ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื” ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื” ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. [5] [4] ื‘ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ืœืชื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940 ื—ื•ืกืœื• 44 ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจื“ื”. [18] ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืž ืจื•ืžื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืืš ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ ืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื ืขื” ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช. [19]

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืฉืื›ึนึผืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืฉื ืช 1943 ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืคืœืืฉื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืืคื• ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. [20] ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœืฉืืจ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืขืกืงื ื™ื ื‘ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื–ื›ืื•ืชื ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช. [4] ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื˜ื‘ืง ืž ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื• ืžืื–:

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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืกืง ื”ืœื” ืฉื“ื•"ื— ืœื™ื˜ื‘ืง ื”ื•ื "ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืžืš ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืคื"ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื’ื ื–ื• "ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•". [23]

ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช. [24] ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื” ืœืžื‘ื” ( Lemba) ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื›ืชื ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื. [5] ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. [5]

Hebrew Reference B

ื”ืขืžื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื ื› ืื“ื•ื ("ืงืื™") - ื—ื•ื ("ื˜ืขื™ื") ื•ืœื ื› ืฉื—ื•ืจ ("ื˜ื•ืงื•ืจ"). ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื-ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. [4] ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.โ€โ€ [25] [26] ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื“ื•-ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื - ื”ืื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื• ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ ืืœ ืžื ื“ื‘. [27]โ€โ€ [26] ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื• ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื ื• ืืงืกื•ื. [25] [27] [[ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Boxwood Buxus sempervirens var. arborescens Bark Closeup 1825px.jpg|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px| ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ืงืกื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื“, ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื ืขืฅ ื” ืืฉื›ืจื•ืข. ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ,โ€โ€ [28] ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื” ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืฉื›ืจื•ืข - "ืœื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื".]] ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉ ื ื“ื’ืžื•,โ€โ€ [29] ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง ืžืฉื ืช 2006 ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืชื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”.โ€โ€ [30] ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 898 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.โ€โ€ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืœื- ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. [26] ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช. [26] ืžื ื’ื“, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ 1,287 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ 13 ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœ-21 ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. [31] ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื’ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•. ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื›ื”ื™ ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื” (ืžืขืžืžื™ ื‘ื ื˜ื•, ื™ื•ืจื•ื‘ื”, ืžื ื“ื™ื ืงื”, ืกืŸ ื• ืคื™ื’ืžื™ื). [32] ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•, ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช.[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn_SM,_[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-7424-5_'''The_multiple_meanings_of_Jewish_genes'''],_Cult_Med_Psychiatry._2005_Jun;29(2):179-92,_'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000002F-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16249949_16249949]-33|[33]]] ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ( review articles) ื”ืžืกื›ืžื•ืช ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ื™ ืื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื”. [34][[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParfitt_T,_Egorova_Y.,_[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4_'''Genetics,_history,_and_identity:_the_case_of_the_Bene_Israel_and_the_Lemba'''],_Cult_Med_Psychiatry._2005_Jun;29(2):193-224_'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000033-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16249950_16249950]-35|[35]]] ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืขื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืืš ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืœืคื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ. [34] [34]

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื” ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื’ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืกืจืงื•ืžืช ืงืคื•ืกื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืจื•ืงื•, [36] ืืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman_Z,_Iscovich_J,_Schwartz_F,_Azizi_E,_Klepfish_A,_Schattner_A,_Sarid_R,_[http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/inside.asp?AID=171_'''Absence_of_Kaposi_sarcoma_among_Ethiopian_immigrants_to_Israel_despite_high_seroprevalence_of_human_herpesvirus_8.'''],_Mayo_Clin_Proc._2002_Sep;77(9):905-9._'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000038-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12233922_12233922]-37|[37]]] ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืจืงื•ืžืช ืงืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื. ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื” ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื”. [34] ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช HIVANโ€โ€ [38] ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื. [39] ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. [40] ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. [34] [34]

Hebrew Reference C

ืฉืืœืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. [24] [4] ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื” ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื” ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. [5] [4] ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœ ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื, ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. [41] ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื‘ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืืžื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง/ืช.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1997 ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืกืžืžืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื. [42] ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื. [43] ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขืœื• ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ "ื›ื•ื”ื ื™" ืฉื›ื™ื— ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 3.5 ยฑ 18.5 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. [44] [45] ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื– ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืž ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืž ืขื•ืžืืŸ ื•ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžื” ื ื’ื‘, ืž ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืž ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ "ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™" ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืื™ื ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื•. [46]

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืž ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉืœ 336 ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืข ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ 1,035 ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืž-22 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. [47] ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (Israelite population) ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. [48]

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2001 ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ืืœื” ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ื ืž ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”, ื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืž ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉืœ 526 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ( ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™, ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื ืž ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืž ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ื’ื‘). [49] ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืงื“ื•ื. ืื—ืช ืžืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™, ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืฆืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืž ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื–ืืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืืกืœืื. ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. [50]

ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™-ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2010 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘.[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtzmon,_G.,_et_al.,_[http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(10)00246-6_'''Abraham's_Children_in_the_Genome_Era:_Major_Jewish_Diaspora_Populations_Comprise_Distinct_Genetic_Clusters_with_Shared_Middle_Eastern_Ancestry.''']_The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics._86(6):_p._850โ€“859._'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004E-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20560205_20560205]-51|[51]]] [52] [53] [54] [55] ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“, ื›ื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ืชื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. [34] ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ืžื“ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืžืขื™ืจืืง, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืคืจื“ื• ืž ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืž ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›- 100-150 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. [34] ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื” ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. [34]

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืœื•. ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื›ื”ืคืจื›ื” ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื” ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื” ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื. [56] [57] [58] [59] ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– โ€“ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™. [60] [48] ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื•ื“ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. [61] ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื›ืชื ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื” ืœืžื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื. [5]


Faulty Section

A 1999 study by Lucotte and Smets studied the DNA of 38 unrelated Beta Israel males living in Israel and 104 Ethiopians living in regions located north of Addis Ababa and concluded that "the distinctiveness of the Y-chromosome haplotype distribution of the Beta-Israel from conventional Jewish populations and their relatively greater similarity in haplotype profile to non-Jewish Ethiopians are consistent with the view that the Beta Israel people descended from ancient inhabitants of Ethiopia and not the Levant." [68] [69] This study confirmed the findings of a 1991 study by Zoossmann-Disken et al.. [70] A 2000 study by Hammer et al. of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes of Jewish and non-Jewish groups suggested that "paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population," with the exception of the Beta Israel, who were "affiliated more closely with non-Beta Israel (non-Falasha) Ethiopians and other East Africans." [71] A 2004 study by Shen et al reached similar conclusions, that the Beta Israel were likely descended from local Ethiopian populations. [72]

A 2001 study by the Department of Biological Sciences at Stanford University found a possible genetic similarity between 11 Ethiopian Falashas and 4 Yemenite Jews who took part in the testing. The differentiation statistic and genetic distances for the 11 Ethiopian Falashas and 4 Yemenite Jews tested were quite low, among the smallest of comparisons involving either of these populations. The 4 Yemenite Jews from this study may be descendants of reverse migrants of African origin who crossed Ethiopia to Yemen. The study result suggests gene flow between Ethiopia and Yemen as a possible explanation for the closeness. The study also suggests that the gene flow between Ethiopian and Yemenite Jewish populations may not have been direct, but instead could have been between Jewish and non-Jewish populations of both regions. [73]

A 2002 study of Mitochondrial DNA (which is passed through only maternal lineage to both men and women) by Thomas et al. showed that the most common mtDNA type found among the Ethiopian Falasha sample was present only in Somalia. This further supported the view that all Ethiopian Beta-Israel (Falashas) were of local or Ethiopian origin. [74]

A 2009 study of Autosomal DNA (which is inherited from both parents) by Tishkoff et al. observed that the Beta Israel were predominantly of the Cushitic genetic cluster, typically found in populations from East Africa. Furthermore, the Beta Israel had elevated levels of the European genetic cluster compared to the other examined Ethiopian and East African populations in the Global Structure Run. [75]

A 2010 study by Behar et al. on the Genome-wide structure of Jews observed that the Beta Israel had similar levels of the Middle Eastern genetic clusters as the Semitic-speaking Tigreans and Amharas. Indeed, compared to the Cushitic-speaking Oromos, who are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, the Beta Israel had higher levels of Middle Eastern admixture. [76]

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Racial discourse and genetics

Medieval European Jews who redeemed Beta Israeli captives made no remarks about their physical appearance. [1] However, with the advent of scientific racism in the late 19th Century it became commonplace for modern observers to identify physical "Jewish" features in Beta Israelies. Henry Aaron Sternโ€, a German Jew who joined the Church's Ministry Among Jewish People and was sent as a missionary to Abyssinia in 1859, has remarked that: "In physiognomy, most of the Falashas bear striking traces of their Semitic origin. Among the first group we saw at Gondar there were some whose Jewish features no one could have mistaken, who had ever seen the descendants of Abraham either in London or Berlin. Their complexion is a shade paler than that of the Abyssinians, and their eyes, although black and sparkling, are not so disproportionately large as those which characteristically mark the other occupants of the land." [2] Similar remarks were made by Dr. Jacques Faitlovitch, [3] Aaron Zeev Aescoly, Jewish Agency workers Yehuda Azrieli and Shaul Meizlish, Rabbi David Chelouche and even Nathan Shapiro, president of the AAEJ, as late as 1985. [4]

[5]

The racial discourse about the origin of the Beta Israel played a dominant role in the debate regarding their immigration to Israel. In November 14 1934, the executive branch of the World Zionist Organization has turned down the request of Jacques Faitlovitch to bring the Ethiopian Jews to the Land of Israel. Arthur Ruppin, then head of the Zionist executive, claimed that the Ethiopians were โ€œNiggers, who came to Judaism by force of the sword in the sixth century B.C. They have no blood connection to the Jews. [โ€ฆ] [Therefore] their number in Palestine should not be increased.โ€ [6] As Ruppin viewed the "Jewish race" as a subclade of white Indo-Germanic races, he ruled out their racial connection to the Jews of Ethiopia. [6] In a 1942 document Ruppin further classified Faitlovitch himself to the โ€œAschkenasisch-Negroiderโ€ type, one of eight types of the Jewish race supposedly distinguishable by the shape of the nose. [7] Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir has opposed the aliyah of Beta Israel to Israel in 1969, arguing โ€œDonโ€™t we have enough problems? What do we need these blacks for?โ€. [8] [9] [10] Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Nissim has objected a mission to assist Beta Israeli communities in 1957, with the sharp exclamation: "Who needs those blacks?". [11] A 1973 report composed at the Immigrant Absorption Ministry has asserted that the dark skin color of Ethiopian Jews is likely to cause problems with their integration into Israeli society, thereby "supplying plentiful material for hostile elements in the international community to increase anti-Israeli incitement by blaming it in "racism", as well as discrimination, religious coercion, etc." [12]

Self-perception

Like other ethnic groups in northern Ethiopia, the Beta Israel view their own skin color as reddish-brown ('qeyy' in Amharic), whereas a black ('tequr') skin color is attributed to low status groups used as slaves. [4] Both the Beta Israel and their Christian neighbours share the view that they are descendants of the people of Israel who have immigrated to the horn of Africa in Biblical times, and have intermarried with the local population to some extent.

According to Rabbinical Halakha, the children of a mother who is not living in accordance with Jewish law, or has even converted to another religion, are still recognized as Jews, as their mother is "a Gentile by virtue of her acts, but a Jew by her birth/history". [13] However, according to Haymanot (Beta Israeli code of law), being a Jew necessarily means observing Jewish law, and thus a Jew who has ceased to practice Jewish law (notbaly dietary laws or Shabbat observance) ceases to be a Jew until he undergoes a ritual process of conversion in order to return to Judaism. Until then he is excommunicated and his descendants are not recognized as Jews. Thus, while biological ancestry plays a role in the Jewish identity of non-practicing Jews according to Rabbinical Halakha, it plays no such role according to Beta Israeli code of law.

Genetics

"A lack of a common genetic origin does not refute the Jewish identity, just as Jewish genetic markers do not establish the Jewish identity of a community which is not recognized as a Jewish community according to Halacha". [14]

"Jewishness is not a matter of DNA. Nor can DNA be used to disprove or prove and individual's or group's Jewishness." [15]


Kaplan2006: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504630600823668 [16]


[17]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2010.12.016

Hebrew Reference A

ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื” ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื” ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. [5] [4] ื‘ ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืžื™ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ืœืชื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940 ื—ื•ืกืœื• 44 ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ ื”ืžืจื“ื”. [18] ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืž ืจื•ืžื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”, ืืš ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ ืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžื ืขื” ืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช. [19]

ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืฉืื›ึนึผืœื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžืฉื ืช 1943 ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ, ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืคืœืืฉื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ืœืขื“ื” ืœืคื™ ืชื•ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื™ ืืคื• ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. [20] ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœืฉืืจ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆื•ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืขืกืงื ื™ื ื‘ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื–ื›ืื•ืชื ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช. [4] ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื“"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื˜ื‘ืง ืž ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจื›ื• ืžืื–:

Error: No text given for quotation (or equals sign used in the actual argument to an unnamed parameter)

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืกืง ื”ืœื” ืฉื“ื•"ื— ืœื™ื˜ื‘ืง ื”ื•ื "ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืžืš ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืคื"ื™" ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื’ื ื–ื• "ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•". [23]

ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช. [24] ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื” ืœืžื‘ื” ( Lemba) ื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื›ืชื ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ื ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื. [5] ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืœืžื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. [5]

Hebrew Reference B

ื”ืขืžื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื ื› ืื“ื•ื ("ืงืื™") - ื—ื•ื ("ื˜ืขื™ื") ื•ืœื ื› ืฉื—ื•ืจ ("ื˜ื•ืงื•ืจ"). ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื-ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. [4] ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.โ€โ€ [25] [26] ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื“ื•-ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื - ื”ืื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ืžืฆืจื™ื ื• ืกื•ื“ืืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘ ื•ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืื‘ ืืœ ืžื ื“ื‘. [27]โ€โ€ [26] ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื•ืงืฉืจื™ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื• ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื ื• ืืงืกื•ื. [25] [27] [[ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Boxwood Buxus sempervirens var. arborescens Bark Closeup 1825px.jpg|ืฉืžืืœ|ืžืžื•ื–ืขืจ|250px| ื’ื–ืข ื‘ื•ืงืกื•ืก ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื“, ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขื ืขืฅ ื” ืืฉื›ืจื•ืข. ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ,โ€โ€ [28] ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื” ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืฉื›ืจื•ืข - "ืœื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื".]] ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื“ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉ ื ื“ื’ืžื•,โ€โ€ [29] ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง ืžืฉื ืช 2006 ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืชื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”.โ€โ€ [30] ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืฉื ืช 2005 ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ืฉืœ 898 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.โ€โ€ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืœื- ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. [26] ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ืช. [26] ืžื ื’ื“, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ 1,287 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ 13 ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ืœ-21 ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. [31] ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื’ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•. ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื›ื”ื™ ืขื•ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื” (ืžืขืžืžื™ ื‘ื ื˜ื•, ื™ื•ืจื•ื‘ื”, ืžื ื“ื™ื ืงื”, ืกืŸ ื• ืคื™ื’ืžื™ื). [32] ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•, ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื. ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืืœืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช.[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn_SM,_[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-7424-5_'''The_multiple_meanings_of_Jewish_genes'''],_Cult_Med_Psychiatry._2005_Jun;29(2):179-92,_'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000002F-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16249949_16249949]-33|[33]]] ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ( review articles) ื”ืžืกื›ืžื•ืช ืืช ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื›ื™ ืื ืžืืžืจื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื”. [34][[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParfitt_T,_Egorova_Y.,_[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4_'''Genetics,_history,_and_identity:_the_case_of_the_Bene_Israel_and_the_Lemba'''],_Cult_Med_Psychiatry._2005_Jun;29(2):193-224_'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000033-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16249950_16249950]-35|[35]]] ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืขื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืืš ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื•. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—-ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืœืคื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ. [34] [34]

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฆื•ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื” ืžื“ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื“ื’ื. ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืกื—ืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™. ืกืจืงื•ืžืช ืงืคื•ืกื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืจื•ืงื•, [36] ืืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”.[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossman_Z,_Iscovich_J,_Schwartz_F,_Azizi_E,_Klepfish_A,_Schattner_A,_Sarid_R,_[http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/inside.asp?AID=171_'''Absence_of_Kaposi_sarcoma_among_Ethiopian_immigrants_to_Israel_despite_high_seroprevalence_of_human_herpesvirus_8.'''],_Mayo_Clin_Proc._2002_Sep;77(9):905-9._'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000038-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12233922_12233922]-37|[37]]] ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืจืงื•ืžืช ืงืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ืœืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื. ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื” ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื”. [34] ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœืช HIVANโ€โ€ [38] ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื. [39] ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. [40] ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื›ื™ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. [34] [34]

Hebrew Reference C

ืฉืืœืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. [24] [4] ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื–ื™ื”ื• ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืคื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื” ืžื“ืขื™ ื•ื” ืคืกื‘ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. [5] [4] ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœ ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืงื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื’ื•ื“ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืœืฃ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื, ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. [41] ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืื‘ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืื ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ืืžื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง/ืช.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžืฉื ืช 1997 ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืกืžืžืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื. [42] ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื. [43] ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขืœื• ื›ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ "ื›ื•ื”ื ื™" ืฉื›ื™ื— ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื•ืฆืื• ื‘ืื‘ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื—ื™ ืœืคื ื™ 3.5 ยฑ 18.5 ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื. [44] [45] ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ืœื– ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืž ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืž ืขื•ืžืืŸ ื•ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžื” ื ื’ื‘, ืž ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืž ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ "ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™" ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื• ืื™ื ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืง, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื•. [46]

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000 ื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืž ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉืœ 336 ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ืข ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ 1,035 ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืž-22 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”. [47] ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (Israelite population) ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. [48]

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉื ืช 2001 ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ืืœื” ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ื ืž ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”, ื ื“ื’ืžื• ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืž ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉืœ 526 ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ( ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™, ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื, ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื™ื ืž ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืž ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ื’ื‘). [49] ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืงื“ื•ื. ืื—ืช ืžืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื›ื•ืจื“ื™, ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™. ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช.

ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ื“ื•ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืืฆืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืž ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. ื–ืืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืืกืœืื. ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืจื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”. [50]

ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื™-ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2010 ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืขืจื‘.[[#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtzmon,_G.,_et_al.,_[http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(10)00246-6_'''Abraham's_Children_in_the_Genome_Era:_Major_Jewish_Diaspora_Populations_Comprise_Distinct_Genetic_Clusters_with_Shared_Middle_Eastern_Ancestry.''']_The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics._86(6):_p._850โ€“859._'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000004E-QINU`"'[[PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20560205_20560205]-51|[51]]] [52] [53] [54] [55] ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ืœื-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“, ื›ื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงืฉืจื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ืชื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. [34] ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื ืžื“ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืžืขื™ืจืืง, ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืคืจื“ื• ืž ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืž ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›- 100-150 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. [34] ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื” ื’ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื” ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. [34]

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ืฉืœืคื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืœื•. ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื›ื”ืคืจื›ื” ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืืช ื” ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื” ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื. [56] [57] [58] [59] ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืืฉื›ื ื– โ€“ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™. [60] [48] ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขื•ื“ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืžื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘. [61] ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื›ืชื ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื” ืœืžื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ื. [5]


Faulty Section

A 1999 study by Lucotte and Smets studied the DNA of 38 unrelated Beta Israel males living in Israel and 104 Ethiopians living in regions located north of Addis Ababa and concluded that "the distinctiveness of the Y-chromosome haplotype distribution of the Beta-Israel from conventional Jewish populations and their relatively greater similarity in haplotype profile to non-Jewish Ethiopians are consistent with the view that the Beta Israel people descended from ancient inhabitants of Ethiopia and not the Levant." [68] [69] This study confirmed the findings of a 1991 study by Zoossmann-Disken et al.. [70] A 2000 study by Hammer et al. of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes of Jewish and non-Jewish groups suggested that "paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population," with the exception of the Beta Israel, who were "affiliated more closely with non-Beta Israel (non-Falasha) Ethiopians and other East Africans." [71] A 2004 study by Shen et al reached similar conclusions, that the Beta Israel were likely descended from local Ethiopian populations. [72]

A 2001 study by the Department of Biological Sciences at Stanford University found a possible genetic similarity between 11 Ethiopian Falashas and 4 Yemenite Jews who took part in the testing. The differentiation statistic and genetic distances for the 11 Ethiopian Falashas and 4 Yemenite Jews tested were quite low, among the smallest of comparisons involving either of these populations. The 4 Yemenite Jews from this study may be descendants of reverse migrants of African origin who crossed Ethiopia to Yemen. The study result suggests gene flow between Ethiopia and Yemen as a possible explanation for the closeness. The study also suggests that the gene flow between Ethiopian and Yemenite Jewish populations may not have been direct, but instead could have been between Jewish and non-Jewish populations of both regions. [73]

A 2002 study of Mitochondrial DNA (which is passed through only maternal lineage to both men and women) by Thomas et al. showed that the most common mtDNA type found among the Ethiopian Falasha sample was present only in Somalia. This further supported the view that all Ethiopian Beta-Israel (Falashas) were of local or Ethiopian origin. [74]

A 2009 study of Autosomal DNA (which is inherited from both parents) by Tishkoff et al. observed that the Beta Israel were predominantly of the Cushitic genetic cluster, typically found in populations from East Africa. Furthermore, the Beta Israel had elevated levels of the European genetic cluster compared to the other examined Ethiopian and East African populations in the Global Structure Run. [75]

A 2010 study by Behar et al. on the Genome-wide structure of Jews observed that the Beta Israel had similar levels of the Middle Eastern genetic clusters as the Semitic-speaking Tigreans and Amharas. Indeed, compared to the Cushitic-speaking Oromos, who are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, the Beta Israel had higher levels of Middle Eastern admixture. [76]

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