Type 2 inflammation is a pattern of immune response. Its physiological function is to defend the body against helminths, but a dysregulation of the type 2 inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases. [1] [2]
Molecular biology
IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP are alarmins released from damaged epithelial cells. These cytokines mediate the activation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2 cells), type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells), and dendritic cells. Th2 cells and ILC2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. [1] [3]
IL-4 further drives CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subtype and induces isotype switching to IgE in B cells. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate trafficking of eosinophils to the site of inflammation, while IL-5 promotes both eosinophil trafficking and production. [2]
Dysregulation in human disease
Type 2 inflammation has been implicated in several chronic diseases:
- Asthma [4] [5]
- Atopic dermatitis [5]
- Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps [6]
- Eosinophilic esophagitis [7]
Persons with one type 2 inflammatory disease are more likely to have other type 2 inflammatory diseases. [8]
Pharmacological targets
Several medicines have been developed that target mediators of type 2 inflammation: [2]
- IL-4-specific blockers:
- IL-5-specific blockers:
- IL-13-specific blockers:
- Dual IL-4 and IL-13 blockers:
- IgE-blockers:
References
- ^ a b Allen, Judith E.; Sutherland, Tara E. (2014-08-01). "Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: Parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin". Seminars in Immunology. 26 (4): 329–340. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003. ISSN 1044-5323. PMC 4179909. PMID 25028340.
- ^ a b c Gandhi, Namita A.; Bennett, Brandy L.; Graham, Neil M. H.; Pirozzi, Gianluca; Stahl, Neil; Yancopoulos, George D. (2016-01-01). "Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 15 (1): 35–50. doi: 10.1038/nrd4624. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 26471366. S2CID 2421591.
- ^ Hong, Haiyu; Liao, Shumin; Chen, Fenghong; Yang, Qintai; Wang, De-Yun (2020). "Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation". Allergy. 75 (11): 2794–2804. doi: 10.1111/all.14526. ISSN 1398-9995. PMID 32737888. S2CID 220908481.
- ^ Fahy, John V. (2015). "Type 2 inflammation in asthma — present in most, absent in many". Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 (1): 57–65. doi: 10.1038/nri3786. ISSN 1474-1733. PMC 4390063. PMID 25534623.
- ^ a b Akdis, Cezmi A.; Arkwright, Peter D.; Brüggen, Marie-Charlotte; Busse, William; Gadina, Massimo; Guttman-Yassky, Emma; Kabashima, Kenji; Mitamura, Yasutaka; Vian, Laura; Wu, Jianni; Palomares, Oscar (2020). "Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs". Allergy. 75 (7): 1582–1605. doi: 10.1111/all.14318. ISSN 1398-9995. PMID 32319104. S2CID 216075178.
- ^ Hulse, K. E.; Stevens, W. W.; Tan, B. K.; Schleimer, R. P. (2015). "Pathogenesis of nasal polyposis". Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 45 (2): 328–346. doi: 10.1111/cea.12472. PMC 4422388. PMID 25482020.
- ^ Hill, David A.; Spergel, Jonathan M. (2016). "The Immunologic Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 16 (2): 9. doi: 10.1007/s11882-015-0592-3. ISSN 1529-7322. PMC 4913464. PMID 26758862.
- ^ Khan, Asif; Gouia, Imène; Kamat, Siddhesh; Ortiz, Benjamin; Johnson, Robert; Siddall, James; Small, Mark (2020-09-07). "Type 2 inflammation-related comorbidities among patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and atopic dermatitis". European Respiratory Journal. 56 (suppl 64): 232. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.232. ISSN 0903-1936. S2CID 229017279.
Type 2 inflammation is a pattern of immune response. Its physiological function is to defend the body against helminths, but a dysregulation of the type 2 inflammatory response has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several diseases. [1] [2]
Molecular biology
IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP are alarmins released from damaged epithelial cells. These cytokines mediate the activation of type 2 T helper cells (Th2 cells), type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells), and dendritic cells. Th2 cells and ILC2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. [1] [3]
IL-4 further drives CD4+ T cell differentiation towards the Th2 subtype and induces isotype switching to IgE in B cells. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate trafficking of eosinophils to the site of inflammation, while IL-5 promotes both eosinophil trafficking and production. [2]
Dysregulation in human disease
Type 2 inflammation has been implicated in several chronic diseases:
- Asthma [4] [5]
- Atopic dermatitis [5]
- Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps [6]
- Eosinophilic esophagitis [7]
Persons with one type 2 inflammatory disease are more likely to have other type 2 inflammatory diseases. [8]
Pharmacological targets
Several medicines have been developed that target mediators of type 2 inflammation: [2]
- IL-4-specific blockers:
- IL-5-specific blockers:
- IL-13-specific blockers:
- Dual IL-4 and IL-13 blockers:
- IgE-blockers:
References
- ^ a b Allen, Judith E.; Sutherland, Tara E. (2014-08-01). "Host protective roles of type 2 immunity: Parasite killing and tissue repair, flip sides of the same coin". Seminars in Immunology. 26 (4): 329–340. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.06.003. ISSN 1044-5323. PMC 4179909. PMID 25028340.
- ^ a b c Gandhi, Namita A.; Bennett, Brandy L.; Graham, Neil M. H.; Pirozzi, Gianluca; Stahl, Neil; Yancopoulos, George D. (2016-01-01). "Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 15 (1): 35–50. doi: 10.1038/nrd4624. ISSN 1474-1784. PMID 26471366. S2CID 2421591.
- ^ Hong, Haiyu; Liao, Shumin; Chen, Fenghong; Yang, Qintai; Wang, De-Yun (2020). "Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation". Allergy. 75 (11): 2794–2804. doi: 10.1111/all.14526. ISSN 1398-9995. PMID 32737888. S2CID 220908481.
- ^ Fahy, John V. (2015). "Type 2 inflammation in asthma — present in most, absent in many". Nature Reviews Immunology. 15 (1): 57–65. doi: 10.1038/nri3786. ISSN 1474-1733. PMC 4390063. PMID 25534623.
- ^ a b Akdis, Cezmi A.; Arkwright, Peter D.; Brüggen, Marie-Charlotte; Busse, William; Gadina, Massimo; Guttman-Yassky, Emma; Kabashima, Kenji; Mitamura, Yasutaka; Vian, Laura; Wu, Jianni; Palomares, Oscar (2020). "Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs". Allergy. 75 (7): 1582–1605. doi: 10.1111/all.14318. ISSN 1398-9995. PMID 32319104. S2CID 216075178.
- ^ Hulse, K. E.; Stevens, W. W.; Tan, B. K.; Schleimer, R. P. (2015). "Pathogenesis of nasal polyposis". Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 45 (2): 328–346. doi: 10.1111/cea.12472. PMC 4422388. PMID 25482020.
- ^ Hill, David A.; Spergel, Jonathan M. (2016). "The Immunologic Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis". Current Allergy and Asthma Reports. 16 (2): 9. doi: 10.1007/s11882-015-0592-3. ISSN 1529-7322. PMC 4913464. PMID 26758862.
- ^ Khan, Asif; Gouia, Imène; Kamat, Siddhesh; Ortiz, Benjamin; Johnson, Robert; Siddall, James; Small, Mark (2020-09-07). "Type 2 inflammation-related comorbidities among patients with asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and atopic dermatitis". European Respiratory Journal. 56 (suppl 64): 232. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.232. ISSN 0903-1936. S2CID 229017279.