Tuqa-Temür (also Toqa-Temür and Togai-Temür) was the thirteenth and perhaps youngest son of
Jochi, the eldest son of
Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of
Batu Khan and
Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the
Golden Horde.
Career
As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the
qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan
Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's
ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor.[1]
Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Left Wing (i.e., eastern portion) of Batu's possessions, that is to say east of the
Ural Mountains and
Ural River, and perhaps under the intermediate authority of another brother,
Orda.[2] Tuqa-Timur participated in Batu's Western Campaign, but does not seem to have played a very distinguished role in it; he is also credited with a leading role in campaigns against the
Bashkirs and
Alans.[3] He was among the Jochid princes participating in the qurultai at which the great khan
Güyük was formally proclaimed and enthroned, in 1246, Batu having refused to attend.[4] After Batu's quriltai that resulted in the proclamation of
Möngke as great khan in 1250, Berke and Tuqa-Timur escorted Möngke to Mongolia with an army, and were generously rewarded by the new great khan for their support.[5] Tuqa-Timur appears to have survived Batu and to have died some time after Berke's accession as khan of the Golden Horde in 1257; it is presumed that he was already dead by 1267, when his son Urung-Timur received lands from the new khan
Mengu-Timur.[6] The Mongol prince ("tsarevich") Toktemir, who attacked
Tver' in Russia in 1294/1295, is a distinct individual, bearing the same or similar name.[7]
Following the example of his older brother Berke, Tuqa-Timur converted to
Islam,[8] sometime after Berke's conversion in 1251–1252.[9] Unlike his brothers Batu, Orda, and
Shiban, Tuqa-Timur does not appear to have headed an autonomous and lasting territorial polity, something brought up as a negative comparison in disputes between his descendants and those of Shiban in the late 14th century; the Shibanids argued that this made the Tuka-Timurids substantially inferior.[10] Some of Tuqa-Timur's descendants appear to have remained in the Left Wing (eastern portion) of the Golden Horde,[11] while others were settled in the Right Wing (western portion) when Khan Mengu-Timur gave the
Crimea to Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur.[12]
Descendants
Apart from his involvement in the affairs of the Golden Horde and his actions as representative of his older brothers, Tuqa-Timur is important as the progenitor of some of the most prolific and historically significant lines of Jochid and Chinggisid descent. From the 1360s, Tuqa-Timur's descendants vied with those of his brother
Shiban for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde,[13] starting with the probable Tuqa-Timurid
Ordu Malik, who overthrew the Shibanid
Timur Khwaja in 1361.[14] A Crimean branch of Tuqa-Timur's descendants furnished the
beglerbegMamai with a succession of three puppet khans in 1361–1380.[15] Several families descended from Tuqa-Timur ensconced themselves in the former Ulus of Jochi's eldest son
Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai in 1360, then
Urus Khan in 1369, and finally
Tokhtamysh in 1379. The descendants of Urus and Tokhtamysh subsequently disputed possession of the Golden Horde mostly among themselves. Among the successor states of the Golden Horde, the khanates of
Qasim,
Kazan,
Astrakhan, and the
Crimean Khanate were all founded by princes descended from Tuqa-Timur.[16] This was also the case with the
Kazakh Khanate and, after 1599, the
Khanate of Bukhara in Central Asia.[17]
The following is a simplified line of descent to these rulers; generations start with Tuqa-Timur (as 0).[18] For the sake of accuracy and consistency, the names, which are found in a bewildering and inconsistent number of variations, are given below in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the major genealogical sources, the Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, in the standard scholarly transcription used in English-language scholarship (e.g., Bosworth 1996).
^Howorth 1880: 143, identifies the prince of 1294-1295 with the khan of the time,
Toqta; Seleznëv 2009: 186 and 189, suggests the prince of 1294-1295 was a great-grandson of Jochi's son Orda; elsewhere (190-191), he lists other Tuqa-Timurs, grandsons of Jochi's sons Berkechar and (twice) Shiban.
^Welsford 2013: 288-289, who notes that this detail in later narratives might have been intended to elevate Tuqa-Timur and his descendants in comparison to their Shibanid rivals; Jackson 2017: 345.
^For the Crimean Khanate, see especially Bennigsen 1978.
^For the Kazakh Khanate, see especially Sabitov 2008. For the takeover in Bukhara by the "Ashtarkhanid" descendants of Tuqa-Timur, see Welsford 2013; on this branch of the family, more generally, Burton 1997.
^Howorth 1880; Bosworth 1996: 252-262, 288-291, Burton 1997, Gaev 2002, Sagdeeva 2005, Sabitov 2008, Vásáry 2009, Welsford 2013, May 2018 (Stokvis 1888 is outdated); primary sources in Desmaisons 1871–1874, Judin 1992, Tizengauzen 2005 and 2006, Vohidov 2006.
^Počekaev 2010: 372 conflates him with his brother Bāyān and gives their descedants jointly.
^Gaev 2002: 53; Vásáry 2009; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of
Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Howorth 1880: 221 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
^Počekaev 2010: 372 conflates him with his brother Bāyān and gives their descedants jointly.
^Identification preferred by Sabitov 2008: 288, 295, and Sabitov 2014, but rejected by others (e.g., Parunin 2016, Sidorenko 2016) on chronological grounds.
^Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources. Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
^Welsford 2013: 50, 52-53, identifies Ūz-Tīmūr with his brother Kay-Tīmūr.
^Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of
Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Howorth 1880: 221 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
^Howorth 1880: 685; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 305; Počekaev 2010: 372. For fuller treatment of his descendants, the Kazakh khans and princes, see Sabitov 2008.
^Howorth 1880: 225; Gaev 2002: 53; Počekaev 2010: 372; Welsford 2013: 53, makes him the son of Tūluk-Tīmūr, here given as his brother; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of
Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
^Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
^Preferred by Sabitov 2008: 56, 295; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad with Sayyid-Aḥmad II, who ruled in 1432–1452 (but the latter bears the patronym Beksubovič: Sabitov 2014), while making the Sayyid-Aḥmad of 1416 the son of Mamkī: Počekaev 2010: 194.
^Sabitov 2008: 297; erroneously, Howorth 1880: 540, conflates him with Muḥammad Girāy II, while Stokvis 1888: chapter 9, table 7, makes him Muḥammad Girāy II's son.
^Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
^Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 259 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
^Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 265-266 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously a brother of Shādī-Beg.
^Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 263 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
Bennigsen, A., et al., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée de Palais de Topkapı, Paris, 1978.
Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
Bregel, Y. (transl.), Firdaws al-Iqbāl: History of Khorezm by Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Leiden, 1999.
Burton, A., The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702, Richmond, 1997
Desmaisons, P. I. (transl.), Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân, St Petersburg, 1871–1874.
Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
Jackson, P., The Mongols and the Islamic World, New Haven, 2017.
Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.
May, T., The Mongol Empire, Edinburgh, 2018.
Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
Sabitov, Ž. M., "K voporosu o genealogii zolotoordynskogo hana Bek-Sufi," in Krim: vìd antičnostì do s'ogodennja, Kiev, 2014: 63-74.
Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.
Sidorneko, V. A., Monetnaja čekanka Krymskogo hanstva (1442–1475 gg.), Simferopol', 2016.
Stokvis, A. M. H. J., Manuel d'Histoire, de Généalogie et de Chronologie de tous les États du Globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 1, Leiden, 1888.
Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
Vásáry, I., "The beginnings of coinage in the Blue Horde," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62 (2009) 371-385.
Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
Welsford, T., Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqūy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605, Leiden, 2013.
Tuqa-Temür (also Toqa-Temür and Togai-Temür) was the thirteenth and perhaps youngest son of
Jochi, the eldest son of
Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of
Batu Khan and
Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the
Golden Horde.
Career
As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the
qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan
Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's
ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor.[1]
Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Left Wing (i.e., eastern portion) of Batu's possessions, that is to say east of the
Ural Mountains and
Ural River, and perhaps under the intermediate authority of another brother,
Orda.[2] Tuqa-Timur participated in Batu's Western Campaign, but does not seem to have played a very distinguished role in it; he is also credited with a leading role in campaigns against the
Bashkirs and
Alans.[3] He was among the Jochid princes participating in the qurultai at which the great khan
Güyük was formally proclaimed and enthroned, in 1246, Batu having refused to attend.[4] After Batu's quriltai that resulted in the proclamation of
Möngke as great khan in 1250, Berke and Tuqa-Timur escorted Möngke to Mongolia with an army, and were generously rewarded by the new great khan for their support.[5] Tuqa-Timur appears to have survived Batu and to have died some time after Berke's accession as khan of the Golden Horde in 1257; it is presumed that he was already dead by 1267, when his son Urung-Timur received lands from the new khan
Mengu-Timur.[6] The Mongol prince ("tsarevich") Toktemir, who attacked
Tver' in Russia in 1294/1295, is a distinct individual, bearing the same or similar name.[7]
Following the example of his older brother Berke, Tuqa-Timur converted to
Islam,[8] sometime after Berke's conversion in 1251–1252.[9] Unlike his brothers Batu, Orda, and
Shiban, Tuqa-Timur does not appear to have headed an autonomous and lasting territorial polity, something brought up as a negative comparison in disputes between his descendants and those of Shiban in the late 14th century; the Shibanids argued that this made the Tuka-Timurids substantially inferior.[10] Some of Tuqa-Timur's descendants appear to have remained in the Left Wing (eastern portion) of the Golden Horde,[11] while others were settled in the Right Wing (western portion) when Khan Mengu-Timur gave the
Crimea to Tuqa-Timur's son Urung-Timur.[12]
Descendants
Apart from his involvement in the affairs of the Golden Horde and his actions as representative of his older brothers, Tuqa-Timur is important as the progenitor of some of the most prolific and historically significant lines of Jochid and Chinggisid descent. From the 1360s, Tuqa-Timur's descendants vied with those of his brother
Shiban for possession of the throne of the Golden Horde,[13] starting with the probable Tuqa-Timurid
Ordu Malik, who overthrew the Shibanid
Timur Khwaja in 1361.[14] A Crimean branch of Tuqa-Timur's descendants furnished the
beglerbegMamai with a succession of three puppet khans in 1361–1380.[15] Several families descended from Tuqa-Timur ensconced themselves in the former Ulus of Jochi's eldest son
Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai in 1360, then
Urus Khan in 1369, and finally
Tokhtamysh in 1379. The descendants of Urus and Tokhtamysh subsequently disputed possession of the Golden Horde mostly among themselves. Among the successor states of the Golden Horde, the khanates of
Qasim,
Kazan,
Astrakhan, and the
Crimean Khanate were all founded by princes descended from Tuqa-Timur.[16] This was also the case with the
Kazakh Khanate and, after 1599, the
Khanate of Bukhara in Central Asia.[17]
The following is a simplified line of descent to these rulers; generations start with Tuqa-Timur (as 0).[18] For the sake of accuracy and consistency, the names, which are found in a bewildering and inconsistent number of variations, are given below in the Perso-Arabic orthography of the major genealogical sources, the Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, in the standard scholarly transcription used in English-language scholarship (e.g., Bosworth 1996).
^Howorth 1880: 143, identifies the prince of 1294-1295 with the khan of the time,
Toqta; Seleznëv 2009: 186 and 189, suggests the prince of 1294-1295 was a great-grandson of Jochi's son Orda; elsewhere (190-191), he lists other Tuqa-Timurs, grandsons of Jochi's sons Berkechar and (twice) Shiban.
^Welsford 2013: 288-289, who notes that this detail in later narratives might have been intended to elevate Tuqa-Timur and his descendants in comparison to their Shibanid rivals; Jackson 2017: 345.
^For the Crimean Khanate, see especially Bennigsen 1978.
^For the Kazakh Khanate, see especially Sabitov 2008. For the takeover in Bukhara by the "Ashtarkhanid" descendants of Tuqa-Timur, see Welsford 2013; on this branch of the family, more generally, Burton 1997.
^Howorth 1880; Bosworth 1996: 252-262, 288-291, Burton 1997, Gaev 2002, Sagdeeva 2005, Sabitov 2008, Vásáry 2009, Welsford 2013, May 2018 (Stokvis 1888 is outdated); primary sources in Desmaisons 1871–1874, Judin 1992, Tizengauzen 2005 and 2006, Vohidov 2006.
^Počekaev 2010: 372 conflates him with his brother Bāyān and gives their descedants jointly.
^Gaev 2002: 53; Vásáry 2009; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of
Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Howorth 1880: 221 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
^Počekaev 2010: 372 conflates him with his brother Bāyān and gives their descedants jointly.
^Identification preferred by Sabitov 2008: 288, 295, and Sabitov 2014, but rejected by others (e.g., Parunin 2016, Sidorenko 2016) on chronological grounds.
^Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources. Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
^Welsford 2013: 50, 52-53, identifies Ūz-Tīmūr with his brother Kay-Tīmūr.
^Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of
Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Howorth 1880: 221 and Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
^Howorth 1880: 685; Gaev 2002: 53; Sabitov 2008: 305; Počekaev 2010: 372. For fuller treatment of his descendants, the Kazakh khans and princes, see Sabitov 2008.
^Howorth 1880: 225; Gaev 2002: 53; Počekaev 2010: 372; Welsford 2013: 53, makes him the son of Tūluk-Tīmūr, here given as his brother; correcting the long-held view that this khan was a descendant of
Orda Khan, as in, e.g., Stokvis 1888: Chapter 9 Table 7.
^Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
^Preferred by Sabitov 2008: 56, 295; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad with Sayyid-Aḥmad II, who ruled in 1432–1452 (but the latter bears the patronym Beksubovič: Sabitov 2014), while making the Sayyid-Aḥmad of 1416 the son of Mamkī: Počekaev 2010: 194.
^Sabitov 2008: 297; erroneously, Howorth 1880: 540, conflates him with Muḥammad Girāy II, while Stokvis 1888: chapter 9, table 7, makes him Muḥammad Girāy II's son.
^Sabitov 2014, noting this Sayyid-Aḥmad's patronym Beksubovič in Polish-Lithuanian sources; Počekaev 2010: 205, identifies this Sayyid-Aḥmad as the son of Karīm-Bīrdī.
^Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 259 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
^Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 265-266 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously a brother of Shādī-Beg.
^Gaev 2002: 54; Sabitov 2008: 286; Počekaev 2010: 372; Howorth 1880: 263 and Stokvis 1888: chapter 9 table 7 make him erroneously son of Urus' son Tīmūr-Malik.
Bennigsen, A., et al., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée de Palais de Topkapı, Paris, 1978.
Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
Bregel, Y. (transl.), Firdaws al-Iqbāl: History of Khorezm by Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis and Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi, Leiden, 1999.
Burton, A., The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History 1550–1702, Richmond, 1997
Desmaisons, P. I. (transl.), Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghâzi Béhâdour Khân, St Petersburg, 1871–1874.
Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
Jackson, P., The Mongols and the Islamic World, New Haven, 2017.
Judin, V. P., Utemiš-hadži, Čingiz-name, Alma-Ata, 1992.
May, T., The Mongol Empire, Edinburgh, 2018.
Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
Sabitov, Ž. M., "K voporosu o genealogii zolotoordynskogo hana Bek-Sufi," in Krim: vìd antičnostì do s'ogodennja, Kiev, 2014: 63-74.
Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy, Kazan', 2009.
Sidorneko, V. A., Monetnaja čekanka Krymskogo hanstva (1442–1475 gg.), Simferopol', 2016.
Stokvis, A. M. H. J., Manuel d'Histoire, de Généalogie et de Chronologie de tous les États du Globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 1, Leiden, 1888.
Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
Vásáry, I., "The beginnings of coinage in the Blue Horde," Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62 (2009) 371-385.
Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
Welsford, T., Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqūy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605, Leiden, 2013.