Bru | |
---|---|
Bruu | |
Native to | Laos, Vietnam, Thailand |
Ethnicity | Bru, Katang |
Native speakers | (300,000 cited 1991–2006) [1] |
Latin, Lao, Thai | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:
bru – Eastern Bru
brv – Western Bru
sss – Sô
xhv – Khua
ncq – Northern Katang
sct – Southern Katang |
Glottolog |
brou1236 |
Bruu (also spelled Bru, B'ru, Baru, Brou) is a Mon–Khmer dialect continuum spoken by the Bru people of mainland Southeast Asia.
Sô and Khua are dialects. [2]
There are various local and dialect designations for Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).
The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from Salavan, Laos, through Savannakhet, Khammouane, and Bolikhamsai, and over into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province. [3]
Thailand has the following Western Bru dialects (Choo, et al. 2012).
The following Bru subgroups are found in Quảng Bình Province (Phan 1998). [5]
Below is a comparative vocabulary of Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, and Khùa from Phan (1998:479-480), [5] with words transcribed in Vietnamese orthography.
Gloss | Vân Kiêu | Măng Coong | Tri | Khùa | Vietnamese |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
one | mui | muôi | một | ||
two | bar | hai | |||
three | pei | ba | |||
four | pon | bốn | |||
five | shăng | t'shăng | năm | ||
hair | sok | tóc | |||
eye | mat | mắt | |||
nose | lyu | mu | mũi | ||
sky | plang | giang | trời | ||
ground | kute | katek | k'tek | đất | |
water | dơ | do | nước | ||
fish | sia | cá | |||
bird | cham | chim | |||
water buffalo | trick | trâu | |||
cattle | ntro | tro | bò |
The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following: [6]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tɕ | k | ʔ |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d | ||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Liquid | rhotic | r | ||||
lateral | l | |||||
Fricative | w | s | h | |||
Approximant | j |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Fricative | h | |||||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | plain | w | l | j | ||
aspirated | wʰ | jʰ | ||||
glottalized | wˀ | jˀ |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː | |
Close-mid | e eː | ə əː | o oː | |
Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ɜ ɜː | ɔ ɔː | |
Open | a aː | ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː |
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː | ||
Close-mid | e eː | ɤ ɤː | o oː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ʌ ʌː | ɔ ɔː | ||
Open | a aː | ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː |
Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i̤ i̤ː | ɨ̤ ɨ̤ː | ṳ ṳː | |
Close-mid | e̤ e̤ː | ə̤ ə̤ː | o̤ o̤ː | |
Open-mid | ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː | ɜ̤ ɜ̤ː | ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː | |
Open | a̤ a̤ː | ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː |
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i̤ i̤ː | ɯ̤ ɯ̤ː | ṳ ṳː | ||
Close-mid | e̤ e̤ː | ɤ̤ ɤ̤ː | o̤ o̤ː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː | ʌ̤ ʌ̤ː | ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː | ||
Open | a̤ a̤ː | ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː |
Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | ĩː | ɯ̃ | ũ ũː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː | ʌ̃ː | ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː | ||
Open | ã ãː | ɒ̈̃ ɒ̈̃ː |
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
Bru | |
---|---|
Bruu | |
Native to | Laos, Vietnam, Thailand |
Ethnicity | Bru, Katang |
Native speakers | (300,000 cited 1991–2006) [1] |
Latin, Lao, Thai | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:
bru – Eastern Bru
brv – Western Bru
sss – Sô
xhv – Khua
ncq – Northern Katang
sct – Southern Katang |
Glottolog |
brou1236 |
Bruu (also spelled Bru, B'ru, Baru, Brou) is a Mon–Khmer dialect continuum spoken by the Bru people of mainland Southeast Asia.
Sô and Khua are dialects. [2]
There are various local and dialect designations for Bru (Sidwell 2005:11).
The distribution of the Bru language spreads north and northeast from Salavan, Laos, through Savannakhet, Khammouane, and Bolikhamsai, and over into neighboring Thailand and Vietnam (Sidwell 2005:11). In Vietnam, Brâu (Braò) is spoken in Đắk Mế, Bờ Y commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province. [3]
Thailand has the following Western Bru dialects (Choo, et al. 2012).
The following Bru subgroups are found in Quảng Bình Province (Phan 1998). [5]
Below is a comparative vocabulary of Vân Kiêu, Măng Coong, Tri, and Khùa from Phan (1998:479-480), [5] with words transcribed in Vietnamese orthography.
Gloss | Vân Kiêu | Măng Coong | Tri | Khùa | Vietnamese |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
one | mui | muôi | một | ||
two | bar | hai | |||
three | pei | ba | |||
four | pon | bốn | |||
five | shăng | t'shăng | năm | ||
hair | sok | tóc | |||
eye | mat | mắt | |||
nose | lyu | mu | mũi | ||
sky | plang | giang | trời | ||
ground | kute | katek | k'tek | đất | |
water | dơ | do | nước | ||
fish | sia | cá | |||
bird | cham | chim | |||
water buffalo | trick | trâu | |||
cattle | ntro | tro | bò |
The consonant sounds in both East and West dialects consist of the following: [6]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | tɕ | k | ʔ |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d | ||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Liquid | rhotic | r | ||||
lateral | l | |||||
Fricative | w | s | h | |||
Approximant | j |
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Fricative | h | |||||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | plain | w | l | j | ||
aspirated | wʰ | jʰ | ||||
glottalized | wˀ | jˀ |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | ɨ ɨː | u uː | |
Close-mid | e eː | ə əː | o oː | |
Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ɜ ɜː | ɔ ɔː | |
Open | a aː | ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː |
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | ɯ ɯː | u uː | ||
Close-mid | e eː | ɤ ɤː | o oː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ʌ ʌː | ɔ ɔː | ||
Open | a aː | ɒ̈ ɒ̈ː |
Vowel sounds may also be distinguished using breathy voice:
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i̤ i̤ː | ɨ̤ ɨ̤ː | ṳ ṳː | |
Close-mid | e̤ e̤ː | ə̤ ə̤ː | o̤ o̤ː | |
Open-mid | ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː | ɜ̤ ɜ̤ː | ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː | |
Open | a̤ a̤ː | ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː |
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i̤ i̤ː | ɯ̤ ɯ̤ː | ṳ ṳː | ||
Close-mid | e̤ e̤ː | ɤ̤ ɤ̤ː | o̤ o̤ː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ̤ ɛ̤ː | ʌ̤ ʌ̤ː | ɔ̤ ɔ̤ː | ||
Open | a̤ a̤ː | ɒ̤̈ ɒ̤̈ː |
Nasal vowel sounds may occur in the Western Bru dialect:
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | ĩː | ɯ̃ | ũ ũː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː | ʌ̃ː | ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː | ||
Open | ã ãː | ɒ̈̃ ɒ̈̃ː |
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)