The
2023 Atlantic hurricane season saw an above average number of
named storms and an average number of hurricanes and major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the 5-level
Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale). There were twenty
named storms during the season;[nb 1] seven of them strengthened into hurricanes, and three of those reached major hurricane intensity.[1] The season officially began on June 1, 2023, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most
subtropical or
tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic.[2] However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year, as was the case this season, when an unnamed subtropical storm formed on January 16.[3] The last system to dissipate was
Hurricane Tammy, on October 28.
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening,
landfalls,
extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the
National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one
time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations:
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the
24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[4] The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west) are:
Greenwich,
Cape Verde,
Atlantic,
Eastern, and
Central.[5] In this timeline, all information is listed by UTC first, with the respective regional time zone included in parentheses. Additionally, figures for
maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest 5 units (
knots,
miles, or
kilometers), following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest
millibar and nearest hundredth of an
inch of mercury.
Timeline
January
January 16
The unnamed subtropical storm off the coast of
New England on January 16
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, January 16) at 39°48′N61°36′W / 39.8°N 61.6°W / 39.8; -61.6 – The unnamed subtropical storm reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 976 mbar (28.82 inHg), about 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of
Halifax,
Nova Scotia.[6]
00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, June 2) at 25°54′N85°42′W / 25.9°N 85.7°W / 25.9; -85.7 – Tropical Storm Arlene reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[7]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 13°30′N55°54′W / 13.5°N 55.9°W / 13.5; -55.9 – Tropical Storm Bret reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 996 mbar (29.41 inHg), east of Barbados.[8]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 14°36′N51°12′W / 14.6°N 51.2°W / 14.6; -51.2 – Tropical Storm Cindy reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1004 mbar (29.65 inHg).[9]
18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 39°30′N50°06′W / 39.5°N 50.1°W / 39.5; -50.1 – Tropical Storm Don strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane and simultaneously reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 986 mbar (29.12 inHg), about 1,230 mi (1,980 km) west-northwest of the Azores.[12]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 19°24′N38°18′W / 19.4°N 38.3°W / 19.4; -38.3 – Tropical Storm Emily reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[14]
15:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. CDT) at 27°06′N97°24′W / 27.1°N 97.4°W / 27.1; -97.4 – Tropical Storm Harold reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 995 mbar (29.38 inHg), and simultaneously makes landfall at Big Shell Beach,
Padre Island, Texas.[18]
Hurricane Franklin displaying
annular characteristics on August 29
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 28) at 29°00′N71°06′W / 29.0°N 71.1°W / 29.0; -71.1 – Hurricane Franklin reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 926 mbar (27.34 inHg), about 440 mi (710 km) west-southwest of
Bermuda.[25]
09:00 UTC (5:00 a.m. EDT) at 29°06′N84°06′W / 29.1°N 84.1°W / 29.1; -84.1 – Hurricane Idalia intensifies to Category 4 strength and simultaneously reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 942 mbar (27.82 inHg), about 90 mi (150 km) south of
Tallahassee, Florida.[20]
Three tropical cyclones, Franklin (top center), Gert (bottom center), and Jose (right), simultaneously active in the open Atlantic on September 1; Post‑Tropical Cyclone Idalia (left) is also visible
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 13) at 31°36′N52°30′W / 31.6°N 52.5°W / 31.6; -52.5 – Tropical Storm Jose reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 996 mbar (29.41 inHg).[26]
18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 24°30′N30°06′W / 24.5°N 30.1°W / 24.5; -30.1 – Tropical Storm Katia reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[32]
September 3
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 2) at 28°36′N58°30′W / 28.6°N 58.5°W / 28.6; -58.5 – Tropical Storm Gert reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[13]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 12°12′N39°36′W / 12.2°N 39.6°W / 12.2; -39.6 – Tropical Depression Thirteen forms from a tropical wave about midway between the coast of west Africa and the Windward Islands.[36]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 17°30′N53°00′W / 17.5°N 53.0°W / 17.5; -53.0 – Hurricane Lee intensifies to Category 5 strength, and simultaneously reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 926 mbar (27.34 inHg), several hundred miles east of the Leeward Islands.[36]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 23°12′N63°12′W / 23.2°N 63.2°W / 23.2; -63.2 – Hurricane Lee reaches a secondary peak with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 948 mbar (27.99 inHg).[36]
06:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. GMT) at 33°00′N39°54′W / 33.0°N 39.9°W / 33.0; -39.9 – Hurricane Margot reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 969 mbar (28.61 inHg).[37]
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 19) at 32°24′N55°00′W / 32.4°N 55.0°W / 32.4; -55.0 – Hurricane Nigel reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 971 mbar (28.67 inHg) over the Central Atlantic.[40]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 33°48′N77°06′W / 33.8°N 77.1°W / 33.8; -77.1 – Tropical Storm Ophelia reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 981 mbar (28.97 inHg),[42] about 55 mi (90 km) southwest of
Cape Lookout, North Carolina.[45]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 17°06′N43°48′W / 17.1°N 43.8°W / 17.1; -43.8 – Tropical Storm Philippe reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg) about 1,150 mi (1,850 km) east of Barbuda.[46]
Infrared satellite loop of tropical storms
Philippe (left) and Rina (right) early on September 29
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 18°36′N46°24′W / 18.6°N 46.4°W / 18.6; -46.4 – Tropical Storm Rina reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 999 mbar (29.50 inHg) east of the Northern Leeward Islands.[48]
18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 13°18′N37°48′W / 13.3°N 37.8°W / 13.3; -37.8 – Tropical Storm Sean reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1005 mbar (29.68 inHg).[49]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 17°36′N46°36′W / 17.6°N 46.6°W / 17.6; -46.6 – Tropical Depression Sean degenerates into a remnant low far east of the northern Leeward Islands, and subsequently dissipates.[49]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°06′N59°24′W / 26.1°N 59.4°W / 26.1; -59.4 – Hurricane Tammy reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 mbar (28.50 inHg).[50]
^The total includes an unnamed, belatedly recognized
subtropical storm in January.
^This system was not given the subtropical storm designation by the
National Hurricane Center until May 11, 2023, following a review of data gathered on it operationally. While retroactively recognized as the first storm of the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season, it was not given a name.[3]
^The
National Hurricane Center continued to monitor Cindy's remnants until June 28 due to potential for regeneration.[10]
^The National Hurricane Center continued to monitor Emily's remnants until August 25 due to potential for regeneration.[16]
^Due to the threat the developing system posed to south Texas, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on it, designating it Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine at 15:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. CDT) on August 21.[17]
^The National Hurricane Center continued to monitor ex-Franklin until September 7 due to potential for regeneration.[34]
^At 20:00 UTC (4:00 p.m. AST) on September 16, Extratropical Cyclone Lee made landfall with sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) on
Long Island in southwestern
Nova Scotia. It then moved across
New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, and
Newfoundland, before dissipating late on September 18.[36]
^Due to the threat the developing system posed to the southeastern U.S. coast, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on it, designating it Potential Tropical Cyclone Sixteen at 15:00 UTC (11:00 a.m. EDT) on September 21.[43]
^The remnants of the depression crossed over Central America and contributed to the formation of
Tropical Storm Pilar in the Eastern Pacific.[52]
^At 21:00 UTC on November 16 (4:00 p.m.
EST), the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on a disturbance over the southwestern
Caribbean Sea due to the threat it posed to
Jamaica, eastern
Cuba,
Haiti, southeastern
Bahamas, and
Turks and Caicos Islands, designating it Potential Tropical Cyclone Twenty-Two.[53] The last advisory on the system was issued at 03:00 UTC on November 18 (10:00 p.m. EST, November 17), after it became evident that the disturbance would not become a tropical cyclone or bring sustained tropical-storm-force winds to land areas along its projected path.[54]
^Kelly, Larry; Pasch, Richard (August 26, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 24 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^Kelly, Larry; Pasch, Richard (August 27, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 28 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^Papin, Philippe (August 28, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 31 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
^Papin, Philippe (August 30, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 39 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
^Reinhart, Brad (August 31, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 45 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
The
2023 Atlantic hurricane season saw an above average number of
named storms and an average number of hurricanes and major hurricanes (category 3 or higher on the 5-level
Saffir–Simpson wind speed scale). There were twenty
named storms during the season;[nb 1] seven of them strengthened into hurricanes, and three of those reached major hurricane intensity.[1] The season officially began on June 1, 2023, and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most
subtropical or
tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic.[2] However, tropical cyclone formation is possible at any time of the year, as was the case this season, when an unnamed subtropical storm formed on January 16.[3] The last system to dissipate was
Hurricane Tammy, on October 28.
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening,
landfalls,
extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the
National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one
time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations:
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the
24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[4] The National Hurricane Center uses both UTC and the time zone where the center of the tropical cyclone is currently located. The time zones utilized (east to west) are:
Greenwich,
Cape Verde,
Atlantic,
Eastern, and
Central.[5] In this timeline, all information is listed by UTC first, with the respective regional time zone included in parentheses. Additionally, figures for
maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest 5 units (
knots,
miles, or
kilometers), following National Hurricane Center practice. Direct wind observations are rounded to the nearest whole number. Atmospheric pressures are listed to the nearest
millibar and nearest hundredth of an
inch of mercury.
Timeline
January
January 16
The unnamed subtropical storm off the coast of
New England on January 16
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, January 16) at 39°48′N61°36′W / 39.8°N 61.6°W / 39.8; -61.6 – The unnamed subtropical storm reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 976 mbar (28.82 inHg), about 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of
Halifax,
Nova Scotia.[6]
00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, June 2) at 25°54′N85°42′W / 25.9°N 85.7°W / 25.9; -85.7 – Tropical Storm Arlene reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[7]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 13°30′N55°54′W / 13.5°N 55.9°W / 13.5; -55.9 – Tropical Storm Bret reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 996 mbar (29.41 inHg), east of Barbados.[8]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 14°36′N51°12′W / 14.6°N 51.2°W / 14.6; -51.2 – Tropical Storm Cindy reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1004 mbar (29.65 inHg).[9]
18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 39°30′N50°06′W / 39.5°N 50.1°W / 39.5; -50.1 – Tropical Storm Don strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane and simultaneously reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 986 mbar (29.12 inHg), about 1,230 mi (1,980 km) west-northwest of the Azores.[12]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 19°24′N38°18′W / 19.4°N 38.3°W / 19.4; -38.3 – Tropical Storm Emily reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[14]
15:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. CDT) at 27°06′N97°24′W / 27.1°N 97.4°W / 27.1; -97.4 – Tropical Storm Harold reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 995 mbar (29.38 inHg), and simultaneously makes landfall at Big Shell Beach,
Padre Island, Texas.[18]
Hurricane Franklin displaying
annular characteristics on August 29
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 28) at 29°00′N71°06′W / 29.0°N 71.1°W / 29.0; -71.1 – Hurricane Franklin reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 926 mbar (27.34 inHg), about 440 mi (710 km) west-southwest of
Bermuda.[25]
09:00 UTC (5:00 a.m. EDT) at 29°06′N84°06′W / 29.1°N 84.1°W / 29.1; -84.1 – Hurricane Idalia intensifies to Category 4 strength and simultaneously reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 942 mbar (27.82 inHg), about 90 mi (150 km) south of
Tallahassee, Florida.[20]
Three tropical cyclones, Franklin (top center), Gert (bottom center), and Jose (right), simultaneously active in the open Atlantic on September 1; Post‑Tropical Cyclone Idalia (left) is also visible
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 13) at 31°36′N52°30′W / 31.6°N 52.5°W / 31.6; -52.5 – Tropical Storm Jose reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 996 mbar (29.41 inHg).[26]
18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 24°30′N30°06′W / 24.5°N 30.1°W / 24.5; -30.1 – Tropical Storm Katia reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[32]
September 3
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 2) at 28°36′N58°30′W / 28.6°N 58.5°W / 28.6; -58.5 – Tropical Storm Gert reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg).[13]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 12°12′N39°36′W / 12.2°N 39.6°W / 12.2; -39.6 – Tropical Depression Thirteen forms from a tropical wave about midway between the coast of west Africa and the Windward Islands.[36]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 17°30′N53°00′W / 17.5°N 53.0°W / 17.5; -53.0 – Hurricane Lee intensifies to Category 5 strength, and simultaneously reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 165 mph (270 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 926 mbar (27.34 inHg), several hundred miles east of the Leeward Islands.[36]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 23°12′N63°12′W / 23.2°N 63.2°W / 23.2; -63.2 – Hurricane Lee reaches a secondary peak with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 948 mbar (27.99 inHg).[36]
06:00 UTC (6:00 a.m. GMT) at 33°00′N39°54′W / 33.0°N 39.9°W / 33.0; -39.9 – Hurricane Margot reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 969 mbar (28.61 inHg).[37]
00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 19) at 32°24′N55°00′W / 32.4°N 55.0°W / 32.4; -55.0 – Hurricane Nigel reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 971 mbar (28.67 inHg) over the Central Atlantic.[40]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT) at 33°48′N77°06′W / 33.8°N 77.1°W / 33.8; -77.1 – Tropical Storm Ophelia reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 981 mbar (28.97 inHg),[42] about 55 mi (90 km) southwest of
Cape Lookout, North Carolina.[45]
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 17°06′N43°48′W / 17.1°N 43.8°W / 17.1; -43.8 – Tropical Storm Philippe reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 998 mbar (29.47 inHg) about 1,150 mi (1,850 km) east of Barbuda.[46]
Infrared satellite loop of tropical storms
Philippe (left) and Rina (right) early on September 29
06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST) at 18°36′N46°24′W / 18.6°N 46.4°W / 18.6; -46.4 – Tropical Storm Rina reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 999 mbar (29.50 inHg) east of the Northern Leeward Islands.[48]
18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST) at 13°18′N37°48′W / 13.3°N 37.8°W / 13.3; -37.8 – Tropical Storm Sean reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 1005 mbar (29.68 inHg).[49]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 17°36′N46°36′W / 17.6°N 46.6°W / 17.6; -46.6 – Tropical Depression Sean degenerates into a remnant low far east of the northern Leeward Islands, and subsequently dissipates.[49]
12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST) at 26°06′N59°24′W / 26.1°N 59.4°W / 26.1; -59.4 – Hurricane Tammy reaches peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 965 mbar (28.50 inHg).[50]
^The total includes an unnamed, belatedly recognized
subtropical storm in January.
^This system was not given the subtropical storm designation by the
National Hurricane Center until May 11, 2023, following a review of data gathered on it operationally. While retroactively recognized as the first storm of the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season, it was not given a name.[3]
^The
National Hurricane Center continued to monitor Cindy's remnants until June 28 due to potential for regeneration.[10]
^The National Hurricane Center continued to monitor Emily's remnants until August 25 due to potential for regeneration.[16]
^Due to the threat the developing system posed to south Texas, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on it, designating it Potential Tropical Cyclone Nine at 15:00 UTC (10:00 a.m. CDT) on August 21.[17]
^The National Hurricane Center continued to monitor ex-Franklin until September 7 due to potential for regeneration.[34]
^At 20:00 UTC (4:00 p.m. AST) on September 16, Extratropical Cyclone Lee made landfall with sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) on
Long Island in southwestern
Nova Scotia. It then moved across
New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, and
Newfoundland, before dissipating late on September 18.[36]
^Due to the threat the developing system posed to the southeastern U.S. coast, the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on it, designating it Potential Tropical Cyclone Sixteen at 15:00 UTC (11:00 a.m. EDT) on September 21.[43]
^The remnants of the depression crossed over Central America and contributed to the formation of
Tropical Storm Pilar in the Eastern Pacific.[52]
^At 21:00 UTC on November 16 (4:00 p.m.
EST), the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on a disturbance over the southwestern
Caribbean Sea due to the threat it posed to
Jamaica, eastern
Cuba,
Haiti, southeastern
Bahamas, and
Turks and Caicos Islands, designating it Potential Tropical Cyclone Twenty-Two.[53] The last advisory on the system was issued at 03:00 UTC on November 18 (10:00 p.m. EST, November 17), after it became evident that the disturbance would not become a tropical cyclone or bring sustained tropical-storm-force winds to land areas along its projected path.[54]
^Kelly, Larry; Pasch, Richard (August 26, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 24 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 26, 2023.
^Kelly, Larry; Pasch, Richard (August 27, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 28 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^Papin, Philippe (August 28, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 31 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
^Papin, Philippe (August 30, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 39 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
^Reinhart, Brad (August 31, 2023).
Hurricane Franklin Advisory Number 45 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 31, 2023.