TIMELINE OF HYPERTEXT TECHNOLOGY

This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including " hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from 1945 on. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson.

See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.

1940s

1941
- Jorge Luis Borges' " The Garden of Forking Paths"
1945
- Memex (concept by Vannevar Bush)

1960s

1960
- Project Xanadu (concept)
1962
- Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy uses the term surfing
1967
- Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson at Brown University
1968
- FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES)
- NLS (oN-Line System)

1970s

1972
- ZOG
1973
- Xerox Alto desktop
1976
- PROMIS
1978
- Aspen Movie Map
1979
- PERQ

1980s

1980
- ENQUIRE (not released)
1981
- Electronic Document System (EDS, aka Document Presentation System)
- Kussmaul Encyclopedia
- Xerox Star desktop
1982
- Guide
1983
- Knowledge Management System (KMS, successor to ZOG)
- TIES (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)
1984
- NoteCards
1985
- Intermedia (successor to FRESS and EDS)
- Symbolics Document Examiner (Symbolics workstations)
1986
- Texinfo
- TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling)
- Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)
1987
- Macromedia Authorware
- Canon Cat ("Leap" function, interface)
- HyperCard
- Knowledge Navigator (concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John Sculley in his book Odyssey)
- Storyspace
1988
- Microcosm (hypermedia system) ( University of Southampton)
1989
- Macromedia Director
- Information Management: a proposal, Tim Berners-Lee, CERN

1990s

1990
- DynaText
- World Wide Web
- Hyperland (BBC documentary written by Douglas Adams)
- ToolBook
- HyTelnet
- WinHelp
1991
- Gopher
- AmigaGuide
1995
- Wiki
1996
- Hyperwire (Kinetix)
1998
- Everything2
- XML
1999
- RSS

2000s

2001
- Wikipedia
2014
- OpenXanadu, an implementation of Project Xanadu
2019
- Gemini, a lightweight complement to the Web

v t e Hypermedia
Basics	Hypertext Hyperlink Hypertext fiction Hypervideo Adaptive hypermedia educational authoring Hyperlinks in virtual worlds
Resource identifiers	Uniform resource identifier Internationalized resource identifier Uniform resource name Uniform resource locator Extensible resource identifier Persistent uniform resource locator Semantic URL
Concepts	anchor text click path Domain name click here Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing deep linking Fat link URI fragment Hostname Hypertext Inline linking inbound link/ backlink HTTP referer image map Internal link Internet bookmark linkback Link relation Link rot Object hyperlinking Path Screen hotspot Source tracking transclusion URI scheme URL normalization URL redirection Website Web page XML namespace
Technology	CURIE Hypertext Transfer Protocol XLink
See also	Digital poetry History of hypertext Interactive novel Interactive fiction Timeline of hypertext technology Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing World Wide Web History Domain Application Protocol

v t e Timelines of computing
Computing	Before 1950 1950–1979 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Scientific Women in computing
Computer science	Algorithms Artificial intelligence Binary prefixes Cryptography Machine learning Quantum computing
Software	Free and open-source software Hypertext technology Operating systems DOS family Windows Linux Programming languages Virtualization development Malware
Internet	Internet conflicts Web browsers Web search engines
Notable people	Kathleen Antonelli John Vincent Atanasoff Charles Babbage John Backus Jean Bartik George Boole Vint Cerf John Cocke Stephen Cook Edsger W. Dijkstra J. Presper Eckert Adele Goldstine Lois Haibt Betty Holberton Margaret Hamilton Grace Hopper David A. Huffman Bob Kahn Brian Kernighan Andrew Koenig Semyon Korsakov Nancy Leveson Ada Lovelace Donald Knuth Joseph Kruskal Douglas McIlroy Marlyn Meltzer John von Neumann Klára Dán von Neumann Dennis Ritchie Guido van Rossum Claude Shannon Frances Spence Bjarne Stroustrup Ruth Teitelbaum Ken Thompson Linus Torvalds Alan Turing Paul Vixie Larry Wall Stephen Wolfram Niklaus Wirth Steve Wozniak Konrad Zuse

v t e Hypermedia
Basics	Hypertext Hyperlink Hypertext fiction Hypervideo Adaptive hypermedia educational authoring Hyperlinks in virtual worlds
Resource identifiers	Uniform resource identifier Internationalized resource identifier Uniform resource name Uniform resource locator Extensible resource identifier Persistent uniform resource locator Semantic URL
Concepts	anchor text click path Domain name click here Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing deep linking Fat link URI fragment Hostname Hypertext Inline linking inbound link/ backlink HTTP referer image map Internal link Internet bookmark linkback Link relation Link rot Object hyperlinking Path Screen hotspot Source tracking transclusion URI scheme URL normalization URL redirection Website Web page XML namespace
Technology	CURIE Hypertext Transfer Protocol XLink
See also	Digital poetry History of hypertext Interactive novel Interactive fiction Timeline of hypertext technology Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing World Wide Web History Domain Application Protocol

v t e Timelines of computing
Computing	Before 1950 1950–1979 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Scientific Women in computing
Computer science	Algorithms Artificial intelligence Binary prefixes Cryptography Machine learning Quantum computing
Software	Free and open-source software Hypertext technology Operating systems DOS family Windows Linux Programming languages Virtualization development Malware
Internet	Internet conflicts Web browsers Web search engines
Notable people	Kathleen Antonelli John Vincent Atanasoff Charles Babbage John Backus Jean Bartik George Boole Vint Cerf John Cocke Stephen Cook Edsger W. Dijkstra J. Presper Eckert Adele Goldstine Lois Haibt Betty Holberton Margaret Hamilton Grace Hopper David A. Huffman Bob Kahn Brian Kernighan Andrew Koenig Semyon Korsakov Nancy Leveson Ada Lovelace Donald Knuth Joseph Kruskal Douglas McIlroy Marlyn Meltzer John von Neumann Klára Dán von Neumann Dennis Ritchie Guido van Rossum Claude Shannon Frances Spence Bjarne Stroustrup Ruth Teitelbaum Ken Thompson Linus Torvalds Alan Turing Paul Vixie Larry Wall Stephen Wolfram Niklaus Wirth Steve Wozniak Konrad Zuse

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