Entomology, the study of insects, progressed between 1800 and 1850, with the publication of important texts, definition of new orders such as
Aphaniptera and
Strepsiptera, and the shift to specialization. The following timeline indicates significant events in entomology in this time period.
19th century
Around the beginning of the 19th century, systematists began to specialise. There remained entomological polyhistors â those who continued to work on the insect fauna as a whole.
From the beginning of the century, however, the specialist began to predominate, harbingered by
Johann Wilhelm Meigen's Nouvelle classification des mouches Ă deux aile (New classification of the Diptera) commenced in the first year of the century.
Lepidopterists were amongst the first to follow Meigen's lead.
The specialists fell into three categories. First there were
species describers, then specialists in species recognition and then specialists in gross
taxonomy. There were however considerable degrees of overlap. Also then, as now, few could entirely resist the lure of groups other than their own, and this was especially true of those in small countries where they were the sole 'expert', and many famous specialists in one order also worked on others. Hence, for instance, many works which began as butterfly faunas were completed as general regional works, often collaboratively.
"Man is born not to solve the problems of the universe, but to find out where the problem begins, and then to restrain himself within the limits of the comprehensible"
Johann Wolfgang von GoetheConversations with Eckerman: Feb. 13, 1829
Johan Christian FabriciusSystema eleutheratorum commenced. In a series of successive works to 1806
Johan Christian Fabricius developed a classificatory system based entirely on the structure of the mouthparts.
Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger's Magazin fĂŒr Insectenkundeor Insect Magazine commenced in Brunswick (last issue 1856). One of the first insect magazines.
The Aurelian Society meets in London "To form a complete and standard cabinet of the entomological productions of Great Britain:- to ascertain their names, uses, and distinctions:-the places and times of their appearance, food economy and peculiarities :- and to point out to the public the readiest and most desirable methods of destroying such as possess properties that are inimical to the welfare of mankind"
Adrian Hardy Haworth Lepidoptera Britannica (1803â1828) published. This was the most authoritative work on British butterflies and moths until
Henry Tibbats Stainton's Manual in 1857.
Jakob Heinrich LaspeyresKritische Revision der neuen Ausgabe des systematischen Verzeichnisses von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend.Braunschweig, Karl Reichard.
1804
Jacob HĂŒbnerSammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge, in English, 'Collection of European Butterflies', published in
Augsburg.
Jacob SturmDeutschlands Insecten, KĂ€fer, in English, 'German Insects, Beetles' commenced. This work was not completed until 1856. Like many insect faunal works, this was planned to cover all orders but got no further than beetles.
Thomas Marsham. Entomologica Britannica sisterns Insects Britanniae Indigena Secundum Linneum disposita in English, 'British Entomology comprising native British insects disposed (according to) Linnaeusâ second edition. The first British beetle fauna this work treated Coleoptera only.
Jacob HĂŒbner. Tentamen determinationis, digestionis atque demonstrationis singularum stirpium Lepidopterorum, peritis ad inspiciendum et disjudicandum communicatum. published in Augsberg. In English, the title reads 'Preliminary examination. An attempt to fix, arrange and name the individual races of Lepidoptera to experts for examination and the expression of an opinion'. As its title states, this was a discussion document. Inadvertently published, it led to subsequent nomenclatural confusion.
Publication date of
Johann Cristoph Friedrich Klug Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, in English, 'The leaf wasps arranged according to their genera and species'.
Lamarck's views on evolution were fully elaborated in his Philosophie zoologique in which he also arranged animals according to relationships and was first to employ the genealogical tree.
George Perry began Arcana, also titled The museum of natural history.
1811
Gustaf von Paykull, Monographia Histeroidum Suecicae published in Uppsala. A monograph is a very complete work on a restricted subject, in this case
Histeridae. This is one of the first entomological monographs.
Kurimoto MasayoshiKurimoto's Iconographia Insectorumor Insects of Japan published.
William Elford Leach founded the orders Phasmida, Anoplura, Thysanura and Rhaphidides; the hemipterous families Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Belostomidae; the dipterous family Tipulidae and the hymenopterous family Chrysididae and published the first bibliography of entomology in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia.
William Kirby and
William Spence (entomologist), Introduction to entomology or elements of the natural history of insects. 4 vols. London, Longman 2430pp. This masterwork commenced in 1815 and was completed in 1826. It is an outstanding achievement: an entomology and a system of higher units in which Kirby was much influenced by MacLeay. By 1818 it was in its third edition, one of the most popular scientific works of all time.
Publication of Tome 1 of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck's Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertĂšbres.. completed with Tome 7 in 1822. Paris, Verdiere.
1816
Jacob HĂŒbnerVerzeichniss bekanuten schmetterlinge,in English, Catalogue of known butterflies published at Augsberg.
Royal Saxony School of Forestry established at Tharandt. The school taught entomology and later the
dipteristSamuel Friedrich Stein became its Director.
First issue of
Oken's Isis, eine encyclopĂ€dische Zeitschrift, vorzĂŒglich fĂŒr Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie published.
1817
First volume of
Thomas Say's American entomology published in Philadelphia. The pioneering work of American entomology. Some of the illustrations were undertaken by
Titian Peale .
Carl Rheinhold Sahlberg, Dissertatio entomologica insecta Fennica enumerans (Coleoptera) commenced. First work on the Coleoptera of Finland. Due to the efforts of Paykull,
Leonard Gyllenhaal and Sahlberg the beetles of
Scandinavia were better known than in any comparable area at this date.
1818
Johann Wilhelm MeigenSystematische Beschreibung der Bekannten EuropÀischen zweiflugen Insecten 7 vols. Aachen and Hamm 2869pp., in English, Systematic Descriptions of known European Two-winged Insects commenced. The seven volumes spanned the years 1818-1830. Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux ailes. Paris. New classification of the Diptera had already appeared, published in Paris.
Carl Gustav CarusLehrbuch der Zootomie. Leipzig. Lehrbuchs are student texts. This one is on anatomy, mainly dissection.
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig SuckowAnatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen der Insecten und Krustenthiere. 70 S. mit 11 Kupfern. Engelmann, Heidelberg.
George Samouelle publishes A nomenclature of British Entomology, or a catalogue of above 4000 species of the Classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Spiders, Mites and insects intended as labels for cabinets of Insects, etc., alphabetically arranged at London.
1820
Carl Fredrik FallĂšn Monographia Muscidum Suecia commenced.
Johann Fischer von WaldheimEntomographia Imperii Russici, Genera Insectorum Systematice Exposita et Analysi Inconographia Instructa published in Moscow.
Gustaf Johan BillbergEnumeratio insectorum in museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Typus Gadelianus.
1821
John FlemingInsecta. In: Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciencesan important systematic work.
Philipp Franz von Siebold begins natural history studies in Japan. Some of his many Japanese students take up entomology. The species they discovered were described in European journals without explicit attribution. They are honoured here. The invertebrate volume of Siebold's Fauna Japonica was undertaken by
Wilhem de Haan
John Curtis with
Alexander Henry Haliday and
Francis WalkerBritish Entomology, being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland; containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found 16 volumes 193 Folios 770 coloured plates commenced. A masterpiece of the engraver's and colourist's art, this work includes new classifications and many new species descriptions. The work falls between the illustrated works with little text of the previous years and the minimally illustrated revisions and monographs of later years.
Karl Ernst von BaerUber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere published. Baer was an
embryologist whose "biogenetic law" of recapitulation was a major reference point for 19th century
evolutionary theory.
Pierre Boitard publishes Manuel d'entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des insectes : contenant la synonymie et la description de la plus grande partie des espĂšces d'Europe et des espĂšces exotiques les plus remarquables (Roret,Paris)
Georges Cuvier, Regne Animalium, in English, The Animal Kingdom, published by Chez Deterville at Paris.
Hermann BurmeisterDe Insectorum Systemate Naturali (Diss., Grunert, Halle)
Johann Friedrich von EschscholtzZoölogische atlas enthaltend abbildungen neuer thierasten wÀhrend Kotzebues Zweiter reise um die welt gesammelt, in English, Zoological Atlas containing illustrations of the animals collected during Kotzebues etc.. Second travels around the world 1823-1826 published at Berlin.
Alfred Brehm's Tierleben (English title: Brehm's Life of Animals) commenced publication.Very popular it was published in many expanded editions the six volumes published between 1864 and 1869 was titled Illustrirtes Thierleben,
Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg wrote the entomological sections.
Christian Friedrich Freyer published Beitrage zur Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge mit Abbildungen nach der Natur.
Maximilian PertyDelectus Animalium Articulatorum quae in itinere per Brasiliam Annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX Iussu et Auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis Augustissimi, percato collegerunt Dr J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. (completed 1834)
Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle, natural history dealer opened for business at 23, Rue de la Monnaie, Paris later assisted by his son
Achille Deyrolle. Deyrolle et fils published many entomological works.
Hermann Friedrich StanniusBeitrÀge zur Entomologie, besondere in Bezug auf Schlesien, gemeinschaftlich mit Schummel. Breslau, published.
1833
Alexander Henry Haliday, An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus. Entomol. Mag. First part of a seminal work on
Hymenoptera erecting major taxa (phylogenetic divisions).
Francis Walker, Monographia Chalcidum. London, 1833â1842, commenced. Much of this work was collaborative with
Alexander Henry Haliday who was the sole author of the sectional diagnoses.
George Robert GrayThe Entomology of Australia: Monograph of the Genus Phasma Volume 1 Masterly work on Phasmidae.The first work on this group since Caspar Stoll (1780). Very often a
monograph is separated from its successor by thirty to fifty years.
Thaddeus William HarrisReport on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts published.
Second edition of
John Curtis "A guide to the arrangement of British insects being a catalogue of all the named species hitherto discovered in Great Britain and Ireland " published. The list contains 1500 generic and 15,000 specific names.
John Obadiah Westwood. First part of An introduction to the modern classification of insects. ( 1839â1840) published.
John Forbes RoyleIllustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of Cashmere published. This work resembles 18th century works in its sumptuous illustration.
James Francis Stephens Manual of British Coleoptera or Beetles This work contains diagnoses of 3462 species and remained the standard work until the appearance of the Handbook of the Coleoptera by H.E. Cox was published in 1875. An instance of the longevity of some taxonomic works.
Alexander Henry Haliday, Hymenopterorum Synopsis and Methodum Fallenii ut plurimum accomodata (
Belfast) 8 4pg. s.titulo. This work on classification was privately printed. Very few copies survive. The same is true of many important works of other authors.
Edward Newman founded The Entomologist (an insect magazine) at London.
Henry Noel Humphreys, an illustrator and
John Obadiah WestwoodBritish Moths and their Transformations London: William Smith, 1843-1845. 2 Volumes. Humphreys orchestrated the overall work and provided all illustrations. Westwood provided the various scientific descriptions.
Anders Gustaf DahlbomHymenoptera Europaea Praecipue Borealia 1-2. Lundberg,
Lund 1008 pp. commenced publication (completed 1854)
Alcide d'Orbigny began Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire Naturelle. This work was finished in 1849.
Friederike Lienig publishes Lepidopterologische Fauna von Livland und Curland
1847
Edmond Ruffin publishes a study of the life history and cultural control of the "Corn or fly-weevil" (Sitotroga cerealellaOlivier) in the Farmers Register. Fourteen years later Edmond Ruffin pulled the lanyard on one of the columbiads off Morris Island the first shot fired in the
American Civil War but not the first entomologist to engage in violent politics.
Hercule NicoletEssai sur une classification des insectes aptĂšres, de l'ordre des Thysanoures.
Entomology, the study of insects, progressed between 1800 and 1850, with the publication of important texts, definition of new orders such as
Aphaniptera and
Strepsiptera, and the shift to specialization. The following timeline indicates significant events in entomology in this time period.
19th century
Around the beginning of the 19th century, systematists began to specialise. There remained entomological polyhistors â those who continued to work on the insect fauna as a whole.
From the beginning of the century, however, the specialist began to predominate, harbingered by
Johann Wilhelm Meigen's Nouvelle classification des mouches Ă deux aile (New classification of the Diptera) commenced in the first year of the century.
Lepidopterists were amongst the first to follow Meigen's lead.
The specialists fell into three categories. First there were
species describers, then specialists in species recognition and then specialists in gross
taxonomy. There were however considerable degrees of overlap. Also then, as now, few could entirely resist the lure of groups other than their own, and this was especially true of those in small countries where they were the sole 'expert', and many famous specialists in one order also worked on others. Hence, for instance, many works which began as butterfly faunas were completed as general regional works, often collaboratively.
"Man is born not to solve the problems of the universe, but to find out where the problem begins, and then to restrain himself within the limits of the comprehensible"
Johann Wolfgang von GoetheConversations with Eckerman: Feb. 13, 1829
Johan Christian FabriciusSystema eleutheratorum commenced. In a series of successive works to 1806
Johan Christian Fabricius developed a classificatory system based entirely on the structure of the mouthparts.
Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger's Magazin fĂŒr Insectenkundeor Insect Magazine commenced in Brunswick (last issue 1856). One of the first insect magazines.
The Aurelian Society meets in London "To form a complete and standard cabinet of the entomological productions of Great Britain:- to ascertain their names, uses, and distinctions:-the places and times of their appearance, food economy and peculiarities :- and to point out to the public the readiest and most desirable methods of destroying such as possess properties that are inimical to the welfare of mankind"
Adrian Hardy Haworth Lepidoptera Britannica (1803â1828) published. This was the most authoritative work on British butterflies and moths until
Henry Tibbats Stainton's Manual in 1857.
Jakob Heinrich LaspeyresKritische Revision der neuen Ausgabe des systematischen Verzeichnisses von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend.Braunschweig, Karl Reichard.
1804
Jacob HĂŒbnerSammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge, in English, 'Collection of European Butterflies', published in
Augsburg.
Jacob SturmDeutschlands Insecten, KĂ€fer, in English, 'German Insects, Beetles' commenced. This work was not completed until 1856. Like many insect faunal works, this was planned to cover all orders but got no further than beetles.
Thomas Marsham. Entomologica Britannica sisterns Insects Britanniae Indigena Secundum Linneum disposita in English, 'British Entomology comprising native British insects disposed (according to) Linnaeusâ second edition. The first British beetle fauna this work treated Coleoptera only.
Jacob HĂŒbner. Tentamen determinationis, digestionis atque demonstrationis singularum stirpium Lepidopterorum, peritis ad inspiciendum et disjudicandum communicatum. published in Augsberg. In English, the title reads 'Preliminary examination. An attempt to fix, arrange and name the individual races of Lepidoptera to experts for examination and the expression of an opinion'. As its title states, this was a discussion document. Inadvertently published, it led to subsequent nomenclatural confusion.
Publication date of
Johann Cristoph Friedrich Klug Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, in English, 'The leaf wasps arranged according to their genera and species'.
Lamarck's views on evolution were fully elaborated in his Philosophie zoologique in which he also arranged animals according to relationships and was first to employ the genealogical tree.
George Perry began Arcana, also titled The museum of natural history.
1811
Gustaf von Paykull, Monographia Histeroidum Suecicae published in Uppsala. A monograph is a very complete work on a restricted subject, in this case
Histeridae. This is one of the first entomological monographs.
Kurimoto MasayoshiKurimoto's Iconographia Insectorumor Insects of Japan published.
William Elford Leach founded the orders Phasmida, Anoplura, Thysanura and Rhaphidides; the hemipterous families Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Belostomidae; the dipterous family Tipulidae and the hymenopterous family Chrysididae and published the first bibliography of entomology in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia.
William Kirby and
William Spence (entomologist), Introduction to entomology or elements of the natural history of insects. 4 vols. London, Longman 2430pp. This masterwork commenced in 1815 and was completed in 1826. It is an outstanding achievement: an entomology and a system of higher units in which Kirby was much influenced by MacLeay. By 1818 it was in its third edition, one of the most popular scientific works of all time.
Publication of Tome 1 of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck's Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertĂšbres.. completed with Tome 7 in 1822. Paris, Verdiere.
1816
Jacob HĂŒbnerVerzeichniss bekanuten schmetterlinge,in English, Catalogue of known butterflies published at Augsberg.
Royal Saxony School of Forestry established at Tharandt. The school taught entomology and later the
dipteristSamuel Friedrich Stein became its Director.
First issue of
Oken's Isis, eine encyclopĂ€dische Zeitschrift, vorzĂŒglich fĂŒr Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie published.
1817
First volume of
Thomas Say's American entomology published in Philadelphia. The pioneering work of American entomology. Some of the illustrations were undertaken by
Titian Peale .
Carl Rheinhold Sahlberg, Dissertatio entomologica insecta Fennica enumerans (Coleoptera) commenced. First work on the Coleoptera of Finland. Due to the efforts of Paykull,
Leonard Gyllenhaal and Sahlberg the beetles of
Scandinavia were better known than in any comparable area at this date.
1818
Johann Wilhelm MeigenSystematische Beschreibung der Bekannten EuropÀischen zweiflugen Insecten 7 vols. Aachen and Hamm 2869pp., in English, Systematic Descriptions of known European Two-winged Insects commenced. The seven volumes spanned the years 1818-1830. Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux ailes. Paris. New classification of the Diptera had already appeared, published in Paris.
Carl Gustav CarusLehrbuch der Zootomie. Leipzig. Lehrbuchs are student texts. This one is on anatomy, mainly dissection.
Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig SuckowAnatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen der Insecten und Krustenthiere. 70 S. mit 11 Kupfern. Engelmann, Heidelberg.
George Samouelle publishes A nomenclature of British Entomology, or a catalogue of above 4000 species of the Classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Spiders, Mites and insects intended as labels for cabinets of Insects, etc., alphabetically arranged at London.
1820
Carl Fredrik FallĂšn Monographia Muscidum Suecia commenced.
Johann Fischer von WaldheimEntomographia Imperii Russici, Genera Insectorum Systematice Exposita et Analysi Inconographia Instructa published in Moscow.
Gustaf Johan BillbergEnumeratio insectorum in museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Typus Gadelianus.
1821
John FlemingInsecta. In: Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciencesan important systematic work.
Philipp Franz von Siebold begins natural history studies in Japan. Some of his many Japanese students take up entomology. The species they discovered were described in European journals without explicit attribution. They are honoured here. The invertebrate volume of Siebold's Fauna Japonica was undertaken by
Wilhem de Haan
John Curtis with
Alexander Henry Haliday and
Francis WalkerBritish Entomology, being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland; containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found 16 volumes 193 Folios 770 coloured plates commenced. A masterpiece of the engraver's and colourist's art, this work includes new classifications and many new species descriptions. The work falls between the illustrated works with little text of the previous years and the minimally illustrated revisions and monographs of later years.
Karl Ernst von BaerUber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere published. Baer was an
embryologist whose "biogenetic law" of recapitulation was a major reference point for 19th century
evolutionary theory.
Pierre Boitard publishes Manuel d'entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des insectes : contenant la synonymie et la description de la plus grande partie des espĂšces d'Europe et des espĂšces exotiques les plus remarquables (Roret,Paris)
Georges Cuvier, Regne Animalium, in English, The Animal Kingdom, published by Chez Deterville at Paris.
Hermann BurmeisterDe Insectorum Systemate Naturali (Diss., Grunert, Halle)
Johann Friedrich von EschscholtzZoölogische atlas enthaltend abbildungen neuer thierasten wÀhrend Kotzebues Zweiter reise um die welt gesammelt, in English, Zoological Atlas containing illustrations of the animals collected during Kotzebues etc.. Second travels around the world 1823-1826 published at Berlin.
Alfred Brehm's Tierleben (English title: Brehm's Life of Animals) commenced publication.Very popular it was published in many expanded editions the six volumes published between 1864 and 1869 was titled Illustrirtes Thierleben,
Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg wrote the entomological sections.
Christian Friedrich Freyer published Beitrage zur Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge mit Abbildungen nach der Natur.
Maximilian PertyDelectus Animalium Articulatorum quae in itinere per Brasiliam Annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX Iussu et Auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis Augustissimi, percato collegerunt Dr J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius. (completed 1834)
Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle, natural history dealer opened for business at 23, Rue de la Monnaie, Paris later assisted by his son
Achille Deyrolle. Deyrolle et fils published many entomological works.
Hermann Friedrich StanniusBeitrÀge zur Entomologie, besondere in Bezug auf Schlesien, gemeinschaftlich mit Schummel. Breslau, published.
1833
Alexander Henry Haliday, An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus. Entomol. Mag. First part of a seminal work on
Hymenoptera erecting major taxa (phylogenetic divisions).
Francis Walker, Monographia Chalcidum. London, 1833â1842, commenced. Much of this work was collaborative with
Alexander Henry Haliday who was the sole author of the sectional diagnoses.
George Robert GrayThe Entomology of Australia: Monograph of the Genus Phasma Volume 1 Masterly work on Phasmidae.The first work on this group since Caspar Stoll (1780). Very often a
monograph is separated from its successor by thirty to fifty years.
Thaddeus William HarrisReport on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts published.
Second edition of
John Curtis "A guide to the arrangement of British insects being a catalogue of all the named species hitherto discovered in Great Britain and Ireland " published. The list contains 1500 generic and 15,000 specific names.
John Obadiah Westwood. First part of An introduction to the modern classification of insects. ( 1839â1840) published.
John Forbes RoyleIllustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of Cashmere published. This work resembles 18th century works in its sumptuous illustration.
James Francis Stephens Manual of British Coleoptera or Beetles This work contains diagnoses of 3462 species and remained the standard work until the appearance of the Handbook of the Coleoptera by H.E. Cox was published in 1875. An instance of the longevity of some taxonomic works.
Alexander Henry Haliday, Hymenopterorum Synopsis and Methodum Fallenii ut plurimum accomodata (
Belfast) 8 4pg. s.titulo. This work on classification was privately printed. Very few copies survive. The same is true of many important works of other authors.
Edward Newman founded The Entomologist (an insect magazine) at London.
Henry Noel Humphreys, an illustrator and
John Obadiah WestwoodBritish Moths and their Transformations London: William Smith, 1843-1845. 2 Volumes. Humphreys orchestrated the overall work and provided all illustrations. Westwood provided the various scientific descriptions.
Anders Gustaf DahlbomHymenoptera Europaea Praecipue Borealia 1-2. Lundberg,
Lund 1008 pp. commenced publication (completed 1854)
Alcide d'Orbigny began Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire Naturelle. This work was finished in 1849.
Friederike Lienig publishes Lepidopterologische Fauna von Livland und Curland
1847
Edmond Ruffin publishes a study of the life history and cultural control of the "Corn or fly-weevil" (Sitotroga cerealellaOlivier) in the Farmers Register. Fourteen years later Edmond Ruffin pulled the lanyard on one of the columbiads off Morris Island the first shot fired in the
American Civil War but not the first entomologist to engage in violent politics.
Hercule NicoletEssai sur une classification des insectes aptĂšres, de l'ordre des Thysanoures.