2100 BC –
Otomani culture develops from a Baden culture background in a widespread area between the
Mureş River, the
Apuseni Mountains, and the
Tisza River, up to modern-day
Slovakia. It was characterized by fortified settlements and islands, the bronze deposits from
Apa,
Valea Chioarului in Transylvania, and
Hajdúsámson in
Hungary, the typical full handle swords and the axes with disc, the practice of inhumation, and later of cremation, and with the sanctuary of
Sălacea[1]
Periam culture develops in southern Crişana, Banat, north-eastern Serbia and western Bulgaria; characterized by bronze jewelry and the practice of inhumation[1]
Pecica culture appears as a continuation of Periam culture and expands into the middle Danube,
Tisa, and lower
Mureş; brings
moulds for
casting weapons, crouched inhumation and the gold treasures from
Pecica and Rovine[1]
Sighişoara-Wietenberg culture develops from a
Coţofeni culture background in the center and the
Transylvanian Plain; characterized by fortified settlements with many weapons, pottery with spiral and
meander motifs, bronze deposits, Boiu-type swords,
Mycenaean swords from import, golden jewellery and axes (
Ţufalău), the practice of cremation and much rarely of inhumation[1]
Vatina culture begins in western
Banat, on lower
Tisa and northern Serbia; defined by rare bronze objects[1]
Verbicioara culture expands into Oltenia, eastern Muntenia, Serbia and north-western Bulgaria, with fortified settlements and a limited number of bronze artefacts[1]
c. 550 BC –
Agathyrsi, a
Thraco-Scythian people, build burial tombs around modern day
Ciumbrud, in contrast with the surrounding people who practice incineration[9][12]
c. 60 BC – Burebista leads a policy of conquest of new territories: he attacks and vanquishes the
Celtic tribes of
Boii and
Taurisci dwelling along the
Middle Danube (in what is now
Slovakia)[18]
48 BC – Citizens of
Dionysopolis dedicate an inscription to
Akornion, which mention this citizens' friendship to
Burebista,[21] as well as a diplomatic mission to the Dacian town named
Argedava[22] or
Argidava[23] to possibly visit Burebista's father[22]
c. 45 BC – Caesar emerges as victor and plans on sending legions to punish Burebista[24]
44 BC
On March 15 Caesar is assassinated in the
Senate before he can start a campaign against the Dacian Kingdom
Burebista is assassinated[14] in a plot made by the tribal aristocracy, which felt that a consolidation towards a centralized state would reduce their power
The Dacian Kingdom is dissolved, with the exception of the nucleus around the
Orăştie Mountains,[18] while the rest being divided into four different kingdoms[19]
c. 20 AD –
Strabo publishes his Geographica (Geography) giving a detailed account of the
Dacian Kingdom at the time of
Burebista in Book VII, Chapter 3 (Mysia, Dacia, and the Danube);[26] he mentions that
Getae and
Dacians speak the same language,[27] and makes important references to the high priest
Deceneus and the teachings of
Zalmoxis[24][19]
c. 77 AD –
Pliny the Elder publishes his Naturalis Historia (Natural History), gives an account of the Dacians, noting that the Romans call the Getae, Daci[29]
81-96 AD –
Bărboşi naval base founded during Domitian's reign[25]
84 AD –
Diurpaneus reorganizes the Dacian army, and begins minor raids upon the heavily fortified
Roman province of
Moesia, on the southern course of the
Danube river
85 AD
King Duras orders more vigorous attacks into
Moesia, raids being led by
Diurpaneus
After this attack, the Roman emperor
Domitian personally arrives in Moesia accompanied by a large force commanded by
Cornelius Fuscus, and possibly bases himself in
Naissus[30]
Cornelius Fuscus dies in the battle,[25] the
battle standard of the Praetorian Guard is lost and the Dacians capture Roman flags and war machines[33]
Rome must pay
tribute to the
Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance.
King Duras knowingly offers the kingship to
Diurpaneus as a recognition of his diplomatic, military and leadership skills
Diurpaneus dubbs himself
Decebalus, meaning "with the strength of ten [men]"[34] or simply "The Brave,"[32] and is crowned king of Dacia
88 AD
The Roman offensive into Dacia continues, with general
Tettius Iulianus in command[35]
The army starts from
Viminacium following the same route Cornelius Fuscus had in the previous year and heads towards
Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia[35]
In Rome, Domitian celebrates the
Secular Games and possibly plans a trip to the Danube to accept Dacians' surrender in person[35]
Late 88, a battle takes place mainly in the same area, at
Tapae, and this time the Romans are victorious[35]
Facing a difficult road to
Sarmizegetusa and for fear of falling into a trap, Iulianus abandons the offensive[32]
Domitian attacks the Germanic
Suebi tribes of
Marcomanni and
Quadi, possibly as a punitive action since the
Germanics did not provide assistance in the Dacian conflict[36]
After
Marcomanni defeat the Romans in
Pannonia and Rome faces wars on two fronts, Domitian comes in person to the
Danube and accepts the peace with the Dacians[37]
Later in the year, Decebalus sends
Diegis, general, member of the Dacian royal family and brother of Decebalus,[38] to Rome[38] to accept the
diadem from Domitian and the generous settlement[37]
For Domitians' achievements in Dacia, the
Roman Senate decrees a huge equestrian statue, impressive games take places and throughout the empire statues are erected[36]
after 89 AD
Instead of using the money as Rome intended, Decebalus builds
new citadels in the mountains, in important strategic points, and reinforces the existing ones.
The date used as the end of the ancient era is entirely arbitrary. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century.
Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the
fall of Rome in AD 476, the death of the emperor
Justinian I in AD 565, or the
coming of Islam in AD 632 as the end of
ancient European history.
^
abJones 1992, p. 138. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abcJones 1992, p. 139. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abcd"De Imperatoribus Romanis"(Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions). An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 2007-11-08. Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians. The first important confrontation between the Romans and the Dacians took place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian. The
praetorian prefectCornelius led five or six legions across the Danube on a bridge of ships and advanced towards
Banat (in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village of
Bucova, in Romania). Legion V Alaude was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed. The victorious general was originally known as
Diurpaneus (see Manea, p.109), but after this victory he was called Decebalus (the brave one).
^
abJones 1992, p. 141. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^"Decebalus" means "strong as ten [men]" (cf.
Sanskritdaśabala); Dece- being derived from
Proto-Indo-European*dekm- ('ten') and -balus from PIE *bel-, 'strong'. Cf.
Proto-Albanian*dek(a)t-, from PIE *dekm- (Demiraj, 1999).
^
abcdJones 1992, p. 142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abJones 1992, p. 151. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abJones 1992, pp. 150–151. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
Crişan, Ion Horaţiu (1978).
Burebista and His Time. Volume 20 of Bibliotheca historica Romaniae: Monographies. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.
Daicoviciu, Hadrian (1991).
Dacii [Dacians] (in Romanian). Romania: Hyperion.
Glodariu, Ioan (1997).
"1"(PDF). In Drăgoescu, Anton (ed.). Societatea umană din teritoriul intracarpatic în epoca veche [Human society within the intra-Carpathian space in ancient times]. Istoria României. Transilvania (in Romanian). Vol. 1.
Cluj-Napoca: Editura George Bariţiu. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 2012-03-09.
Pippidi, Dionisie M., ed. (1976).
"Dictionar de istorie veche a României: (Paleolitic-sec.X)". Dicţionar de istorie veche a României: (paleolitic – sec. X) (Dictionary of Romanian old history). Bucharest: Editura ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică.
2100 BC –
Otomani culture develops from a Baden culture background in a widespread area between the
Mureş River, the
Apuseni Mountains, and the
Tisza River, up to modern-day
Slovakia. It was characterized by fortified settlements and islands, the bronze deposits from
Apa,
Valea Chioarului in Transylvania, and
Hajdúsámson in
Hungary, the typical full handle swords and the axes with disc, the practice of inhumation, and later of cremation, and with the sanctuary of
Sălacea[1]
Periam culture develops in southern Crişana, Banat, north-eastern Serbia and western Bulgaria; characterized by bronze jewelry and the practice of inhumation[1]
Pecica culture appears as a continuation of Periam culture and expands into the middle Danube,
Tisa, and lower
Mureş; brings
moulds for
casting weapons, crouched inhumation and the gold treasures from
Pecica and Rovine[1]
Sighişoara-Wietenberg culture develops from a
Coţofeni culture background in the center and the
Transylvanian Plain; characterized by fortified settlements with many weapons, pottery with spiral and
meander motifs, bronze deposits, Boiu-type swords,
Mycenaean swords from import, golden jewellery and axes (
Ţufalău), the practice of cremation and much rarely of inhumation[1]
Vatina culture begins in western
Banat, on lower
Tisa and northern Serbia; defined by rare bronze objects[1]
Verbicioara culture expands into Oltenia, eastern Muntenia, Serbia and north-western Bulgaria, with fortified settlements and a limited number of bronze artefacts[1]
c. 550 BC –
Agathyrsi, a
Thraco-Scythian people, build burial tombs around modern day
Ciumbrud, in contrast with the surrounding people who practice incineration[9][12]
c. 60 BC – Burebista leads a policy of conquest of new territories: he attacks and vanquishes the
Celtic tribes of
Boii and
Taurisci dwelling along the
Middle Danube (in what is now
Slovakia)[18]
48 BC – Citizens of
Dionysopolis dedicate an inscription to
Akornion, which mention this citizens' friendship to
Burebista,[21] as well as a diplomatic mission to the Dacian town named
Argedava[22] or
Argidava[23] to possibly visit Burebista's father[22]
c. 45 BC – Caesar emerges as victor and plans on sending legions to punish Burebista[24]
44 BC
On March 15 Caesar is assassinated in the
Senate before he can start a campaign against the Dacian Kingdom
Burebista is assassinated[14] in a plot made by the tribal aristocracy, which felt that a consolidation towards a centralized state would reduce their power
The Dacian Kingdom is dissolved, with the exception of the nucleus around the
Orăştie Mountains,[18] while the rest being divided into four different kingdoms[19]
c. 20 AD –
Strabo publishes his Geographica (Geography) giving a detailed account of the
Dacian Kingdom at the time of
Burebista in Book VII, Chapter 3 (Mysia, Dacia, and the Danube);[26] he mentions that
Getae and
Dacians speak the same language,[27] and makes important references to the high priest
Deceneus and the teachings of
Zalmoxis[24][19]
c. 77 AD –
Pliny the Elder publishes his Naturalis Historia (Natural History), gives an account of the Dacians, noting that the Romans call the Getae, Daci[29]
81-96 AD –
Bărboşi naval base founded during Domitian's reign[25]
84 AD –
Diurpaneus reorganizes the Dacian army, and begins minor raids upon the heavily fortified
Roman province of
Moesia, on the southern course of the
Danube river
85 AD
King Duras orders more vigorous attacks into
Moesia, raids being led by
Diurpaneus
After this attack, the Roman emperor
Domitian personally arrives in Moesia accompanied by a large force commanded by
Cornelius Fuscus, and possibly bases himself in
Naissus[30]
Cornelius Fuscus dies in the battle,[25] the
battle standard of the Praetorian Guard is lost and the Dacians capture Roman flags and war machines[33]
Rome must pay
tribute to the
Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance.
King Duras knowingly offers the kingship to
Diurpaneus as a recognition of his diplomatic, military and leadership skills
Diurpaneus dubbs himself
Decebalus, meaning "with the strength of ten [men]"[34] or simply "The Brave,"[32] and is crowned king of Dacia
88 AD
The Roman offensive into Dacia continues, with general
Tettius Iulianus in command[35]
The army starts from
Viminacium following the same route Cornelius Fuscus had in the previous year and heads towards
Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia[35]
In Rome, Domitian celebrates the
Secular Games and possibly plans a trip to the Danube to accept Dacians' surrender in person[35]
Late 88, a battle takes place mainly in the same area, at
Tapae, and this time the Romans are victorious[35]
Facing a difficult road to
Sarmizegetusa and for fear of falling into a trap, Iulianus abandons the offensive[32]
Domitian attacks the Germanic
Suebi tribes of
Marcomanni and
Quadi, possibly as a punitive action since the
Germanics did not provide assistance in the Dacian conflict[36]
After
Marcomanni defeat the Romans in
Pannonia and Rome faces wars on two fronts, Domitian comes in person to the
Danube and accepts the peace with the Dacians[37]
Later in the year, Decebalus sends
Diegis, general, member of the Dacian royal family and brother of Decebalus,[38] to Rome[38] to accept the
diadem from Domitian and the generous settlement[37]
For Domitians' achievements in Dacia, the
Roman Senate decrees a huge equestrian statue, impressive games take places and throughout the empire statues are erected[36]
after 89 AD
Instead of using the money as Rome intended, Decebalus builds
new citadels in the mountains, in important strategic points, and reinforces the existing ones.
The date used as the end of the ancient era is entirely arbitrary. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century.
Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the
fall of Rome in AD 476, the death of the emperor
Justinian I in AD 565, or the
coming of Islam in AD 632 as the end of
ancient European history.
^
abJones 1992, p. 138. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abcJones 1992, p. 139. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abcd"De Imperatoribus Romanis"(Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions). An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Retrieved 2007-11-08. Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians. The first important confrontation between the Romans and the Dacians took place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian. The
praetorian prefectCornelius led five or six legions across the Danube on a bridge of ships and advanced towards
Banat (in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village of
Bucova, in Romania). Legion V Alaude was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed. The victorious general was originally known as
Diurpaneus (see Manea, p.109), but after this victory he was called Decebalus (the brave one).
^
abJones 1992, p. 141. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^"Decebalus" means "strong as ten [men]" (cf.
Sanskritdaśabala); Dece- being derived from
Proto-Indo-European*dekm- ('ten') and -balus from PIE *bel-, 'strong'. Cf.
Proto-Albanian*dek(a)t-, from PIE *dekm- (Demiraj, 1999).
^
abcdJones 1992, p. 142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abJones 1992, p. 151. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
^
abJones 1992, pp. 150–151. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1992 (
help)
Crişan, Ion Horaţiu (1978).
Burebista and His Time. Volume 20 of Bibliotheca historica Romaniae: Monographies. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.
Daicoviciu, Hadrian (1991).
Dacii [Dacians] (in Romanian). Romania: Hyperion.
Glodariu, Ioan (1997).
"1"(PDF). In Drăgoescu, Anton (ed.). Societatea umană din teritoriul intracarpatic în epoca veche [Human society within the intra-Carpathian space in ancient times]. Istoria României. Transilvania (in Romanian). Vol. 1.
Cluj-Napoca: Editura George Bariţiu. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 2012-03-09.
Pippidi, Dionisie M., ed. (1976).
"Dictionar de istorie veche a României: (Paleolitic-sec.X)". Dicţionar de istorie veche a României: (paleolitic – sec. X) (Dictionary of Romanian old history). Bucharest: Editura ştiinţifică şi enciclopedică.