The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Surabaya, Indonesia.
Prior to 19th century
- 1037 – An inscription mentioned Airlangga having built dams on the Brantas River and developed the port of Hujung Galuh, which is located on or near present-day Surabaya. [1]
- 1275 – According to some accounts, Surabaya was founded by Kertanegara of Singhasari. [2]
- 31 May 1293 – Raden Wijaya and his Javanese army defeated Mongol soldiers in a battle, with the date celebrated as the city's anniversary. [2]
- 1614–1625 – Mataram conquest of Surabaya, which culminated in the surrender of the city to the Mataram Sultanate. [3]
- 1617 – The Dutch East India Company established a lodge in Surabaya. [4]
- 4–13 May 1677 – Dutch forces took the city during the Trunajaya rebellion. [5]
- 1717–1723 – Surabaya rebelled against the VOC. [6]
- July 1741 – Chinese residents of the city were massacred during a wave of violence against ethnic Chinese following the 1740 Batavia massacre. [7]
- 1743 – A Dutch settlement was established in Surabaya. [8]
19th century
- 1808 – Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels established the Constructie Winkel - an arms factory that precedes modern-day Pindad - in Surabaya. [9]
- 22 March 1822 – The old building of the Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya was consecrated. [10]
- 1836 – The Soerabaijasch Advertentieblad, the first newspaper in Surabaya, began publication. [11]
- 1845 – Dutch authorities completed the construction of the Prins Hendrik Fort, meant to fortify the city. [12]
- 1871 – Surabaya's city walls were demolished to make way for the city's growth. [4]
- 1878 – The city's first railway, a 115 kilometres (71 mi) track connecting it to Pasuruan, was opened. [13]
- 1889–1891 – During this period, steam trams were introduced to Surabaya. [14]
- 1895
20th century
1900s-1930s
- 5 August 1900 – The present building of the Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya completed construction. [10]
- 1 April 1906 – Surabaya's city council was established, composed of 15 Europeans, 3 natives, and 3 Chinese/Arabs. [16]
- 1910 – Work began on the construction of a modern port at Tanjung Perak. [17]
- 1913 – The Nederlandsch-Indische Artsen School/NIAS (Surabaya Medical college) was founded. [18]
- 31 August 1916 – The Surabaya Zoo was first founded as the Soerabaiasche Planten-en Dierentuin. [19]
- 1917 – The Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV) organized sailors and soldiers into "soviets" mimicking the Russian Revolution, though the movement was suppressed in the following years. [20]
- 1925
- Morokrembangan Naval Air Base, a Dutch Air Base, was established. [21]
- September–December – Extensive strikes in Surabaya's engineering companies, culminating with the banning of Surabaya's railway workers' union. [22]
- 18 June 1927 – The Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond (today Persebaya) was established. [15]
- 1930 – Surabaya's population was recorded to be 341,700. [23]
1940s
- 1942
- 3 February – First Japanese air strike against the city. [24]
- 18 February – Dutch coastal defense ship HNLMS Soerabaja and submarine HNLMS K VII were sunk by Japanese bombers in Surabaya harbor. [25]
- 1 March – The Imperial Japanese Army—the 48th Division and part of the 156th Mixed Infantry Brigade—invaded East Java, with Surabaya as the primary objective. The Dutch surrender was signed before fighting occurred in the city. [24]
- 17 May 1944 – Operation Transom – American and British bombers raided Surabaya. [26]
- 1945
- 17 August – Immediately following the proclamation of Indonesian independence, the Japanese occupation government handed over the governing of the city to Indonesians, with Radjamin Nasution becoming the city's first Indonesian mayor. [27]
- 19 September – The "Flag Incident" or " Yamato Hotel Incident": Indonesian nationalist youths tore off the blue portion of the Dutch flag flown by the Yamato Hotel, changing it to the Indonesian flag. [28]
- 3 October – Vice Admiral Shibata Yaichiro, the most senior Japanese commander in Surabaya, surrendered to allied representatives. [29]
- 30 October – British Indian Army officer Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby was killed in his car. [28]
- 10 November – British forces attacked the city supported by naval and aerial bombardment, in what is today commemorated in Indonesia as Heroes' Day. [30]
- 1 July 1949 – Jawa Pos began publication in Surabaya. [31]
1950s-1990s
- 10 November 1954 – The Airlangga University was established. [32]
- 10 November 1957 – The Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology was inaugurated by Sukarno. [33]
- 4 April 1960 – The Morokrembangan Aviation Base was reinaugurated as the Morokrembangan Naval Air Base. [34]
- 19 December 1964 – IKIP Surabaya (today State University of Surabaya) was established. [35]
- 1965
- 16 October – Following the 30 September Movement, organized attacks began on the Indonesian Communist Party members and locations in Surabaya. [36]
- 29 October – Communist-affiliated mayor Moerachman was removed from his post and replaced by local army district commander Soekotjo Sastrodinoto. [37]
- 26 August–6 September 1969 – The 7th Pekan Olahraga Nasional was held in Surabaya. [38]
- 1979 – Moehadji Widjaja was elected mayor. [39]
- 1984 – Poernomo Kasidi was elected mayor. [39]
- 1986
- The first Tunjungan Plaza was opened. [40]
- The Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road was opened. [41]
- 16 June 1989 – The Surabaya Stock Exchange was established. [42]
- 24 August 1990 - SCTV, Indonesia's second private television network, began airing from Surabaya. [43]
- 1993 – The Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road began operations. [44]
- 1994
- The Surabaya Stock Exchange began operations. [42]
- Soenarto Soemoprawiro was elected mayor. [39]
21st century
2000s
- 2000
- Surabaya's population was recorded during the 2000 census to be 2,610,519. [45]
- 19–30 June – The 15th Pekan Olahraga Nasional was held in Surabaya. [46]
- 10 November – The Al-Akbar Mosque was inaugurated. [47]
- 16 January 2002 – Sunarto Sumoprawiro was removed from his position and was replaced by his deputy, Bambang Dwi Hartono. [48]
- 27 June 2005 – First direct mayoral election for the city resulted in Bambang Dwi Hartono's continuation as mayor. [49]
- 10 June 2009 – The Suramadu Bridge, connecting Surabaya and the island of Madura, was opened. [50]
2010s
- 2010
- Surabaya's population was recorded during the 2010 census to be 2,765,487. [51]
- 6 August – The Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium was opened. [52]
- 28 September – Tri Rismaharini becomes mayor of Surabaya. [53]
- 2012
- Surabaya's population was recorded 3,110,187 by Municipality of Surabaya. [54]
- 2015
- Tri Rismaharini was reelected as mayor with a landslide victory. [55]
- 2018
- 13–14 May – A series of suicide bombings attacking churches and a police station kills 28 people (including 13 attackers) and injures 57. [56]
- 20 December – President Joko Widodo inaugurates final segments of the Trans-Java Toll Road, fully connecting Jakarta and Surabaya. [57]
- 2021
- 26 February – Eri Cahyadi becomes mayor of Surabaya. [58]
References
Citations
- ^ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Continental Sales, Incorporated. p. 246. ISBN 9789814155670.
- ^ a b Graf, Arndt; Chua, Beng Huat (2008). Port Cities in Asia and Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781135784782.
- ^ Ali, Ahmad Saiful (1994). EKSPANSI MATARAM TERHADAP SURABAYA ABAD KE 17 (Thesis) [Mataram expansion against Surabaya in the 17th century] (undergraduate) (in Indonesian). UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
- ^ a b Kwanda 2012, p. 6.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993b, pp. 34–40.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 87.
- ^ Setiono, Benny G. (2008). Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik (in Indonesian). TransMedia. p. 147. ISBN 9789797990527.
- ^ Kwanda 2012, p. 7.
- ^ "Perjalanan Panjang PT. Pindad". detikfinance (in Indonesian). 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ a b Siahaan, Daniel (15 September 2007). "Gereja Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria: Gereja Tertua di Surabaya". Reformata (in Indonesian). No. 67. Yayasan Pelayanan Media Antiokhia (YAPAMA). p. 30. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Bosma, Ulbe; Raben, Remco (2008). Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920. NUS Press. p. 205. ISBN 9789971693732.
- ^ a b Kwanda 2012, p. 9.
- ^ Prathivi, Niken (6 October 2013). "Trip to the past: The History of Indonesian Railways". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Cars, Conduits, and Kampongs: The Modernization of the Indonesian City, 1920-1960. BRILL. 2014. p. 258. ISBN 9789004280724.
- ^ a b Wirayudha, Randy (29 September 2018). "Surabaya dan Sepakbolanya". Historia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Budianta, Melani; Budiman, Manneke; Kusno, Abidin; Moriyama, Mikihiro (2017). Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Depok, Indonesia, November 7-9, 2016: Topics in Arts and Humanities. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351846608.
- ^ "The Study for Development of the Greater Surabaya Metropolitan Ports in the Republic of Indonesia" (PDF). pp. 3–18. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Pols, Hans (2018). Nurturing Indonesia: Medicine and Decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108614122.
- ^ ""Bidan" di Kebun Binatang Surabaya". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 9 January 2012.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 174.
- ^ "Doek valt voor Marineluchtvaartdienst". www.maritiemnederland.com (in Dutch). 7 December 2007.
- ^ Ingleson 2008, p. 33.
- ^ Ingleson, John (2014). Workers, Unions and Politics: Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 9789004264762.
- ^ a b Hackett, Bob. "Surabaya, Java Naval Base, Oil Fields and Refineries Under Imperial Japanese Navy Control". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Dutch East Indies Campaign, Java". World War II Database. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "Liaison Report: Operation Transom". Armoured Aircraft Carriers in World War II. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Batubara, Dahlan (24 May 2022). "Dr. Radjamin Nasution Walikota Pertama Surabaya". Mandailing Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ a b Legêne, Susan (October 2014). "Mallaby's car: colonial subjects, imperial actors, and the representation of human suffering in postcolonial exhibitions". Open Arts Journal (3). doi: 10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2014s16sl.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 217.
- ^ "The untold story of the Surabaya battle of 1945". The Jakarta Post. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "About Us". Jawa Pos. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "About Universitas Airlangga". QS Subject Focus. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "Fakta dan Sejarah" (in Indonesian). ITS. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Sejarah Bandara Juanda, Ternyata Dahulu Letaknya Ada di Krembangan Bukan di Waru". Tribun Jatim (in Indonesian). 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Tentang Unesa" (in Indonesian). State University of Surabaya. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Aryono (23 October 2017). "Penumpasan PKI di Surabaya" (in Indonesian). Historia.
- ^ Hearman, Vanessa (15 August 2018). Unmarked Graves: Death and Survival in the Anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-981-4722-94-0.
- ^ Buku kenang2an PON VII, 26 Agustus-6 September 1969 di Surabaja (in Indonesian). Panitya Besar PON VII, Seksi Dokumentasi. 1972.
- ^ a b c Widodo, Dukut Imam (2002). Soerabaia tempo doeloe (in Indonesian). Dinas Pariwisata, Kota Surabaya. p. 490.
- ^ "Tunjungan Plaza Shopping Mall". surabayatravel.com. 3 March 2015.
- ^ Wibowo, Andreas (2005). Private Participation in Transport: Case of Indonesia's Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT) Toll Roads. Univerlagtuberlin. p. 4. ISBN 9783798319790.
- ^ a b Tan, Chwee Huat (2000). Financial Sourcebook For Southeast Asia And Hong Kong. World Scientific. p. 474. ISBN 9789814493543.
- ^ Armando, Ade (2011). Televisi Jakarta di atas Indonesia: Kisah Kegagalan Sistem Televisi Berjaringan Di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Bentang Pustaka. p. 117. ISBN 978-602-8811-35-4.
- ^ Sihombing, Martin (17 December 2014). "Tarif Tol Surabaya - Gresik Bakal Naik". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "PENDUDUK JAWA TIMUR HASIL SENSUS PENDUDUK TAHUN 2000". Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Pedoman penyelenggaraan PON XV-2000, Jawa Timur, tanggal 19-30 Juni 2000, [Surabaya] (in Indonesian). 2000.
- ^ "Masjid Nasional Al Akbar". duniamasjid.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 January 2013.
- ^ "Wali Kota Surabaya Sunarto Dipecat". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 16 January 2002. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "KPUD Tetapkan Bambang Wali Kota Surabaya". Tempo (in Indonesian). 7 July 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Feature: Suramadu Bridge showcases mutually beneficial cooperation between China, Indonesia". Xinhua. 6 May 2018. Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Banyaknya Penduduk Menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kelompok Umur Kota Surabaya Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia.
- ^ "Stadion Gelora Bung Tomo Akan Dipercantik". Warta Kota (in Indonesian). 11 December 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "Hari Ini Risma dan Bambang Dilantik". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 28 September 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ surabaya.go.id, Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. "Demografi Kota Surabaya". www.surabaya.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2019-04-01. Retrieved 2019-04-01.
- ^ "Incumbents, former leaders remain too strong for newbies". The Jakarta Post. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- ^ Sarwanto, Abi (14 May 2018). "Korban Tewas Teror Bom Surabaya 28 Orang, 57 Luka". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Hari Ini, Jalan Tol Jakarta-Surabaya Akhirnya Tersambung". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 20 December 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Eri Cahyadi Dilantik Jadi Walkot Surabaya, Pengamat: Dia Digadang-gadang Seperti Risma..." KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). 26 February 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
Sources
- Kwanda, Timoticin (2012). "The Morphological Framework of the Chinese and the European Districts in Surabaya, 1787-2005" (PDF). DIMENSI (Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur). 38 (1): 1–14. doi: 10.9744/dimensi.38.1.1-14.
- Ingleson, John (2008). "Sutomo, the Indonesian Study Club and Organised Labour in Late Colonial Surabaya". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 39 (1): 31–57. doi: 10.1017/S0022463408000027. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20071869. S2CID 145337569.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia since c-1300. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 87. ISBN 9781349227006.
- Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993b). War, Culture and Economy in Java, 1677-1726: Asian and European Imperialism in the Early Kartasura Period. Asian Studies Association of Australia. ISBN 9781863733809.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Surabaya, Indonesia.
Prior to 19th century
- 1037 – An inscription mentioned Airlangga having built dams on the Brantas River and developed the port of Hujung Galuh, which is located on or near present-day Surabaya. [1]
- 1275 – According to some accounts, Surabaya was founded by Kertanegara of Singhasari. [2]
- 31 May 1293 – Raden Wijaya and his Javanese army defeated Mongol soldiers in a battle, with the date celebrated as the city's anniversary. [2]
- 1614–1625 – Mataram conquest of Surabaya, which culminated in the surrender of the city to the Mataram Sultanate. [3]
- 1617 – The Dutch East India Company established a lodge in Surabaya. [4]
- 4–13 May 1677 – Dutch forces took the city during the Trunajaya rebellion. [5]
- 1717–1723 – Surabaya rebelled against the VOC. [6]
- July 1741 – Chinese residents of the city were massacred during a wave of violence against ethnic Chinese following the 1740 Batavia massacre. [7]
- 1743 – A Dutch settlement was established in Surabaya. [8]
19th century
- 1808 – Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels established the Constructie Winkel - an arms factory that precedes modern-day Pindad - in Surabaya. [9]
- 22 March 1822 – The old building of the Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya was consecrated. [10]
- 1836 – The Soerabaijasch Advertentieblad, the first newspaper in Surabaya, began publication. [11]
- 1845 – Dutch authorities completed the construction of the Prins Hendrik Fort, meant to fortify the city. [12]
- 1871 – Surabaya's city walls were demolished to make way for the city's growth. [4]
- 1878 – The city's first railway, a 115 kilometres (71 mi) track connecting it to Pasuruan, was opened. [13]
- 1889–1891 – During this period, steam trams were introduced to Surabaya. [14]
- 1895
20th century
1900s-1930s
- 5 August 1900 – The present building of the Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya completed construction. [10]
- 1 April 1906 – Surabaya's city council was established, composed of 15 Europeans, 3 natives, and 3 Chinese/Arabs. [16]
- 1910 – Work began on the construction of a modern port at Tanjung Perak. [17]
- 1913 – The Nederlandsch-Indische Artsen School/NIAS (Surabaya Medical college) was founded. [18]
- 31 August 1916 – The Surabaya Zoo was first founded as the Soerabaiasche Planten-en Dierentuin. [19]
- 1917 – The Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV) organized sailors and soldiers into "soviets" mimicking the Russian Revolution, though the movement was suppressed in the following years. [20]
- 1925
- Morokrembangan Naval Air Base, a Dutch Air Base, was established. [21]
- September–December – Extensive strikes in Surabaya's engineering companies, culminating with the banning of Surabaya's railway workers' union. [22]
- 18 June 1927 – The Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond (today Persebaya) was established. [15]
- 1930 – Surabaya's population was recorded to be 341,700. [23]
1940s
- 1942
- 3 February – First Japanese air strike against the city. [24]
- 18 February – Dutch coastal defense ship HNLMS Soerabaja and submarine HNLMS K VII were sunk by Japanese bombers in Surabaya harbor. [25]
- 1 March – The Imperial Japanese Army—the 48th Division and part of the 156th Mixed Infantry Brigade—invaded East Java, with Surabaya as the primary objective. The Dutch surrender was signed before fighting occurred in the city. [24]
- 17 May 1944 – Operation Transom – American and British bombers raided Surabaya. [26]
- 1945
- 17 August – Immediately following the proclamation of Indonesian independence, the Japanese occupation government handed over the governing of the city to Indonesians, with Radjamin Nasution becoming the city's first Indonesian mayor. [27]
- 19 September – The "Flag Incident" or " Yamato Hotel Incident": Indonesian nationalist youths tore off the blue portion of the Dutch flag flown by the Yamato Hotel, changing it to the Indonesian flag. [28]
- 3 October – Vice Admiral Shibata Yaichiro, the most senior Japanese commander in Surabaya, surrendered to allied representatives. [29]
- 30 October – British Indian Army officer Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby was killed in his car. [28]
- 10 November – British forces attacked the city supported by naval and aerial bombardment, in what is today commemorated in Indonesia as Heroes' Day. [30]
- 1 July 1949 – Jawa Pos began publication in Surabaya. [31]
1950s-1990s
- 10 November 1954 – The Airlangga University was established. [32]
- 10 November 1957 – The Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology was inaugurated by Sukarno. [33]
- 4 April 1960 – The Morokrembangan Aviation Base was reinaugurated as the Morokrembangan Naval Air Base. [34]
- 19 December 1964 – IKIP Surabaya (today State University of Surabaya) was established. [35]
- 1965
- 16 October – Following the 30 September Movement, organized attacks began on the Indonesian Communist Party members and locations in Surabaya. [36]
- 29 October – Communist-affiliated mayor Moerachman was removed from his post and replaced by local army district commander Soekotjo Sastrodinoto. [37]
- 26 August–6 September 1969 – The 7th Pekan Olahraga Nasional was held in Surabaya. [38]
- 1979 – Moehadji Widjaja was elected mayor. [39]
- 1984 – Poernomo Kasidi was elected mayor. [39]
- 1986
- The first Tunjungan Plaza was opened. [40]
- The Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road was opened. [41]
- 16 June 1989 – The Surabaya Stock Exchange was established. [42]
- 24 August 1990 - SCTV, Indonesia's second private television network, began airing from Surabaya. [43]
- 1993 – The Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road began operations. [44]
- 1994
- The Surabaya Stock Exchange began operations. [42]
- Soenarto Soemoprawiro was elected mayor. [39]
21st century
2000s
- 2000
- Surabaya's population was recorded during the 2000 census to be 2,610,519. [45]
- 19–30 June – The 15th Pekan Olahraga Nasional was held in Surabaya. [46]
- 10 November – The Al-Akbar Mosque was inaugurated. [47]
- 16 January 2002 – Sunarto Sumoprawiro was removed from his position and was replaced by his deputy, Bambang Dwi Hartono. [48]
- 27 June 2005 – First direct mayoral election for the city resulted in Bambang Dwi Hartono's continuation as mayor. [49]
- 10 June 2009 – The Suramadu Bridge, connecting Surabaya and the island of Madura, was opened. [50]
2010s
- 2010
- Surabaya's population was recorded during the 2010 census to be 2,765,487. [51]
- 6 August – The Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium was opened. [52]
- 28 September – Tri Rismaharini becomes mayor of Surabaya. [53]
- 2012
- Surabaya's population was recorded 3,110,187 by Municipality of Surabaya. [54]
- 2015
- Tri Rismaharini was reelected as mayor with a landslide victory. [55]
- 2018
- 13–14 May – A series of suicide bombings attacking churches and a police station kills 28 people (including 13 attackers) and injures 57. [56]
- 20 December – President Joko Widodo inaugurates final segments of the Trans-Java Toll Road, fully connecting Jakarta and Surabaya. [57]
- 2021
- 26 February – Eri Cahyadi becomes mayor of Surabaya. [58]
References
Citations
- ^ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Continental Sales, Incorporated. p. 246. ISBN 9789814155670.
- ^ a b Graf, Arndt; Chua, Beng Huat (2008). Port Cities in Asia and Europe. Routledge. ISBN 9781135784782.
- ^ Ali, Ahmad Saiful (1994). EKSPANSI MATARAM TERHADAP SURABAYA ABAD KE 17 (Thesis) [Mataram expansion against Surabaya in the 17th century] (undergraduate) (in Indonesian). UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
- ^ a b Kwanda 2012, p. 6.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993b, pp. 34–40.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 87.
- ^ Setiono, Benny G. (2008). Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik (in Indonesian). TransMedia. p. 147. ISBN 9789797990527.
- ^ Kwanda 2012, p. 7.
- ^ "Perjalanan Panjang PT. Pindad". detikfinance (in Indonesian). 16 August 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ a b Siahaan, Daniel (15 September 2007). "Gereja Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria: Gereja Tertua di Surabaya". Reformata (in Indonesian). No. 67. Yayasan Pelayanan Media Antiokhia (YAPAMA). p. 30. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Bosma, Ulbe; Raben, Remco (2008). Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500-1920. NUS Press. p. 205. ISBN 9789971693732.
- ^ a b Kwanda 2012, p. 9.
- ^ Prathivi, Niken (6 October 2013). "Trip to the past: The History of Indonesian Railways". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Cars, Conduits, and Kampongs: The Modernization of the Indonesian City, 1920-1960. BRILL. 2014. p. 258. ISBN 9789004280724.
- ^ a b Wirayudha, Randy (29 September 2018). "Surabaya dan Sepakbolanya". Historia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Budianta, Melani; Budiman, Manneke; Kusno, Abidin; Moriyama, Mikihiro (2017). Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, Depok, Indonesia, November 7-9, 2016: Topics in Arts and Humanities. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351846608.
- ^ "The Study for Development of the Greater Surabaya Metropolitan Ports in the Republic of Indonesia" (PDF). pp. 3–18. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ Pols, Hans (2018). Nurturing Indonesia: Medicine and Decolonisation in the Dutch East Indies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108614122.
- ^ ""Bidan" di Kebun Binatang Surabaya". KOMPAS (in Indonesian). 9 January 2012.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 174.
- ^ "Doek valt voor Marineluchtvaartdienst". www.maritiemnederland.com (in Dutch). 7 December 2007.
- ^ Ingleson 2008, p. 33.
- ^ Ingleson, John (2014). Workers, Unions and Politics: Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s. BRILL. p. 12. ISBN 9789004264762.
- ^ a b Hackett, Bob. "Surabaya, Java Naval Base, Oil Fields and Refineries Under Imperial Japanese Navy Control". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Dutch East Indies Campaign, Java". World War II Database. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "Liaison Report: Operation Transom". Armoured Aircraft Carriers in World War II. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Batubara, Dahlan (24 May 2022). "Dr. Radjamin Nasution Walikota Pertama Surabaya". Mandailing Online (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ a b Legêne, Susan (October 2014). "Mallaby's car: colonial subjects, imperial actors, and the representation of human suffering in postcolonial exhibitions". Open Arts Journal (3). doi: 10.5456/issn.2050-3679/2014s16sl.
- ^ Ricklefs 1993, p. 217.
- ^ "The untold story of the Surabaya battle of 1945". The Jakarta Post. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "About Us". Jawa Pos. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "About Universitas Airlangga". QS Subject Focus. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "Fakta dan Sejarah" (in Indonesian). ITS. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Sejarah Bandara Juanda, Ternyata Dahulu Letaknya Ada di Krembangan Bukan di Waru". Tribun Jatim (in Indonesian). 7 March 2017. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
- ^ "Tentang Unesa" (in Indonesian). State University of Surabaya. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Aryono (23 October 2017). "Penumpasan PKI di Surabaya" (in Indonesian). Historia.
- ^ Hearman, Vanessa (15 August 2018). Unmarked Graves: Death and Survival in the Anti-Communist Violence in East Java, Indonesia. NUS Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-981-4722-94-0.
- ^ Buku kenang2an PON VII, 26 Agustus-6 September 1969 di Surabaja (in Indonesian). Panitya Besar PON VII, Seksi Dokumentasi. 1972.
- ^ a b c Widodo, Dukut Imam (2002). Soerabaia tempo doeloe (in Indonesian). Dinas Pariwisata, Kota Surabaya. p. 490.
- ^ "Tunjungan Plaza Shopping Mall". surabayatravel.com. 3 March 2015.
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