In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of
Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the
historical province of
Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university,
Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous
botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The
Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the
peri-urban area (
Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it
one of the most populous cities in Romania.
118 – After the battles with
Roxolani and the
Iazyges where Hadrian himself participates, the provinces of
Moesia and Dacia are reorganized, Trajan's original province of Dacia being relabelled Dacia Superior.[14]
Pressures building along the Danube frontier force Marcus Aurelius to set up an overarching province, Tres Daciae (Three Dacias), which fuses the three Dacia provinces into one and is commanded by a
consular legate.
The three provinces, including Dacia Porolissesnsis, still remain as separate entities, each one governed by a
praesidial procurator, who then reports to the proconsular governor.
Dacian revolt in the province,
Free Dacians living outside the borders also defeated.[27]
Commodus'
legates devastate a territory some 8 km (5 mi) deep along the north of the
Castrum Gilău (near Napoca) to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.[28]
271–275 – Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at
Serdica in
Lower Moesia.[33][39]
c.291
Goths, including
Thervingi, begin to move into the former province of Dacia.[40]
Victohali, a subdivision of
Hasdingi (themselves southern
Vandals), push from north and west into north west of Dacia.[41]
291–300 – Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.[43]
c.295 – Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.[44]
4th century
295-320s – After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals,[45] and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[43]
c.300–350 – Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.[46]
A small settlement appears on the ruins of Roman Napoca covering less than 3rd of the ancient site, with Roman fortifications being used as a source of construction materials.[74]
The settlement has four unequal sides (northern side 250 m, western side 223 m, southern side 300m, eastern side 197 m).[74]
1349 – A document signed by the
archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the
St. Michael's Church.
The
altar of St. Michael's Church is inaugurated[94] and the church starts to be used as the new parochial church of Kolozs.[85]
The original church from the Old Town is given to friars of the
Dominican Order.[85]
15th century
1405 – Through the privileges granted by
Sigismund of Luxembourg, Cluj becomes a
royal free city, is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtains the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.[95]
1445 –
John Hunyadi starts supporting the construction efforts of the Dominican friars, offering a guaranteed income of 50 cubes of salt from the
salt mine of
Szék.[85]
Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Romanian: Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie "Iuliu Hațieganu", or UMF Cluj) in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, is the oldest medical education institution in Transylvania, a continuation of the Faculty of Medicine which was founded in 1919, as a part of the Superior Dacia University.
Fodorean, Florin (2006).
Drumurile din Dacia Romană [The Roads of Roman Dacia]. Publicaţiile Institutului de Studii Clasice (in Romanian and English). Cluj-Napoca: Napoca Star.
ISBN978-973-647-372-2. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
Gündisch, Konrad (1998).
Siebenbürgen und die Siebenbürger Sachsen [Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons]. Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat (in German) (2 ed.). Langen Müller.
ISBN978-3-7844-2685-3. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
Petolescu, Constantin C. (2014).
Dacia: un mileniu de istorie [Dacia: a millennium of history] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române.
ISBN978-973-27-2450-7. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
Wanner, Robert (2010). Forts, fields and towns: Communities in Northwest Transylvania from the first century BC to the fifth century AD (Thesis). Leicester: University of Leicester.
hdl:2381/8335.
"Biserica Romano-Catolica Sf.Mihail – Cluj-Napoca" [St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church – Cluj-Napoca] (in Romanian). ghidvideoturistic.ro: Ghid Video Turistic. PhantomMedia. 2013. Archived from
the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
"Kolozsvár neve" [The name of Kolozsvár] (in Hungarian). szabadsag.ro: Szabadság. 4 August 2003. Archived from
the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of
Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the
historical province of
Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university,
Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous
botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The
Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the
peri-urban area (
Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it
one of the most populous cities in Romania.
118 – After the battles with
Roxolani and the
Iazyges where Hadrian himself participates, the provinces of
Moesia and Dacia are reorganized, Trajan's original province of Dacia being relabelled Dacia Superior.[14]
Pressures building along the Danube frontier force Marcus Aurelius to set up an overarching province, Tres Daciae (Three Dacias), which fuses the three Dacia provinces into one and is commanded by a
consular legate.
The three provinces, including Dacia Porolissesnsis, still remain as separate entities, each one governed by a
praesidial procurator, who then reports to the proconsular governor.
Dacian revolt in the province,
Free Dacians living outside the borders also defeated.[27]
Commodus'
legates devastate a territory some 8 km (5 mi) deep along the north of the
Castrum Gilău (near Napoca) to establish a buffer in the hope of preventing further barbarian incursions.[28]
271–275 – Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at
Serdica in
Lower Moesia.[33][39]
c.291
Goths, including
Thervingi, begin to move into the former province of Dacia.[40]
Victohali, a subdivision of
Hasdingi (themselves southern
Vandals), push from north and west into north west of Dacia.[41]
291–300 – Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.[43]
c.295 – Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.[44]
4th century
295-320s – After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals,[45] and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[43]
c.300–350 – Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.[46]
A small settlement appears on the ruins of Roman Napoca covering less than 3rd of the ancient site, with Roman fortifications being used as a source of construction materials.[74]
The settlement has four unequal sides (northern side 250 m, western side 223 m, southern side 300m, eastern side 197 m).[74]
1349 – A document signed by the
archbishop of Avignon and fifteen other bishops grants the indulgence for those contributing to the illumination and furniture of the
St. Michael's Church.
The
altar of St. Michael's Church is inaugurated[94] and the church starts to be used as the new parochial church of Kolozs.[85]
The original church from the Old Town is given to friars of the
Dominican Order.[85]
15th century
1405 – Through the privileges granted by
Sigismund of Luxembourg, Cluj becomes a
royal free city, is opting out from the jurisdiction of voivodes, vice-voivodes and royal judges, and obtains the right to elect a twelve-member jury every year.[95]
1445 –
John Hunyadi starts supporting the construction efforts of the Dominican friars, offering a guaranteed income of 50 cubes of salt from the
salt mine of
Szék.[85]
Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy (Romanian: Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie "Iuliu Hațieganu", or UMF Cluj) in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, is the oldest medical education institution in Transylvania, a continuation of the Faculty of Medicine which was founded in 1919, as a part of the Superior Dacia University.
Fodorean, Florin (2006).
Drumurile din Dacia Romană [The Roads of Roman Dacia]. Publicaţiile Institutului de Studii Clasice (in Romanian and English). Cluj-Napoca: Napoca Star.
ISBN978-973-647-372-2. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
Gündisch, Konrad (1998).
Siebenbürgen und die Siebenbürger Sachsen [Transylvania and the Transylvanian Saxons]. Studienbuchreihe der Stiftung Ostdeutscher Kulturrat (in German) (2 ed.). Langen Müller.
ISBN978-3-7844-2685-3. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
Petolescu, Constantin C. (2014).
Dacia: un mileniu de istorie [Dacia: a millennium of history] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Academiei Române.
ISBN978-973-27-2450-7. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
Wanner, Robert (2010). Forts, fields and towns: Communities in Northwest Transylvania from the first century BC to the fifth century AD (Thesis). Leicester: University of Leicester.
hdl:2381/8335.
"Biserica Romano-Catolica Sf.Mihail – Cluj-Napoca" [St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church – Cluj-Napoca] (in Romanian). ghidvideoturistic.ro: Ghid Video Turistic. PhantomMedia. 2013. Archived from
the original on 3 September 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
"Kolozsvár neve" [The name of Kolozsvár] (in Hungarian). szabadsag.ro: Szabadság. 4 August 2003. Archived from
the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.