1887 – 9 June: A
magnitude 7.3 earthquake affected the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme),[4] destroying the city and fort. Brick construction was subsequently banned in favor of wood and adobe as more earthquake resistant.
1911 – 3 January: An earthquake with a
magnitude of 7.7–8.7 affected the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X–XI (Extreme), causing 450 deaths,[4] although the avoidance of brick proved helpful.
^Adrian Room (2006), Placenames of the World (2nd ed.), Jefferson, NC: McFarland
^
abNatasha Rapoport (2001), "Kazakhstan", in Don Rubin; et al. (eds.), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific, Routledge,
ISBN9780415260879
^
abcdefLeslie Champeny (2010), "Kazakhstan: Libraries, Archives and Museums", in Marcia J. Bates (ed.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,
ISBN9780849397127
^
abWorld Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011,
ISBN9783110230710
Catherine Alexander (2007). "Almaty: Rethinking the Public Sector". In Catharine Alexander; Victor Buchli; Caroline Humphrey (eds.). Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia. UK: Taylor & Francis.
1887 – 9 June: A
magnitude 7.3 earthquake affected the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme),[4] destroying the city and fort. Brick construction was subsequently banned in favor of wood and adobe as more earthquake resistant.
1911 – 3 January: An earthquake with a
magnitude of 7.7–8.7 affected the city with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X–XI (Extreme), causing 450 deaths,[4] although the avoidance of brick proved helpful.
^Adrian Room (2006), Placenames of the World (2nd ed.), Jefferson, NC: McFarland
^
abNatasha Rapoport (2001), "Kazakhstan", in Don Rubin; et al. (eds.), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific, Routledge,
ISBN9780415260879
^
abcdefLeslie Champeny (2010), "Kazakhstan: Libraries, Archives and Museums", in Marcia J. Bates (ed.), Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,
ISBN9780849397127
^
abWorld Guide to Libraries (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011,
ISBN9783110230710
Catherine Alexander (2007). "Almaty: Rethinking the Public Sector". In Catharine Alexander; Victor Buchli; Caroline Humphrey (eds.). Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia. UK: Taylor & Francis.