| Thoreaceae | |
|---|---|
_BHL28887061.jpg)
| |
| Illustration of 3 types of Thorea species from 1808 | |
Scientific classification
| |
| (unranked): | Archaeplastida |
| Division: | Rhodophyta |
| Class: | Florideophyceae |
| Subclass: | Nemaliophycidae |
| Order: |
Thoreales Müller, K.M., Sherwood, A.R., Pueschel, C.M., Gutell, R.R. & Sheath, R.G. 2002 |
| Family: |
Thoreaceae Hassall, 1845 |
Thoreales is an order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae. [1] The order consists only one family, Thoreaceae Hassall, 1845. [2] [3] The family of Thoreaceae was circumscribed by Arthur Hill Hassall in A history of the British freshwater algae, including descriptions of the Desmideae and Diatomaceae in 1845. [2]
The family was originally placed in the Nemaliales order before being transferred to the newly created Batrachospermales order, [4] [5] [6] before being placed later in Thoreales order in 2002. After various species of the family were analysed for the sequences of the genes coding for the large subunit of RUBISCO ( rbcL) and the small subunit of rRNA (18S rRNA). [1] [7]
Description
The order is characterized by having freshwater species with multi-axial gametophytes, a uni-axial chantransia stage, and pit plugs with two cap layers, the outer one of which is usually plate-like. [1] It has a multi-axial thalli. [8] They have branched uniseriate filaments as long as 200 cm (79 in) long and 0.5 mm in diameter. They have a colourless axis filament with dense photosynthetic lateral branches. They are normally reddish-brown, olive-green, blue-green to nearly black in colour. [9] [10]
Distribution
The family has cosmopolitan distribution. [11] Species from the family are found in tropical and sub-tropical regions or in temperate warm waters. Thorea is found on several continents (including Australia, [9] and South America), but Nemalionopsis has been only found in Asia and North America. [8] [12]
Genera
As accepted by AlgaeBase; [13]
- Nemalionopsis Skuja, 1934 - 3 spp.
- Thorea Bory, 1808 - 13 spp.
Former genera;Polycoma Pasilot de Bauvois, 1808 and Thorella B. Gaillon, 1883, [13] Both accepted as synonyms of Thorea Bory de Saint-Vincent. [14]
References
- ^ a b c Müller, Kirsten M.; Sherwood, Alison R.; Pueschel, Curt M.; Gutell, Robin R.; Sheath, Robert G. (16 August 2002). "A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales". Journal of Phycology. 38 (4): 807–820. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01055.x.
- ^ a b Hassall, A.H. 1845. A history of the British freshwater algae, including descriptions of the Desmideae and Diatomaceae. With upwards of one hundred plates, illustrating the various species. Vol. I. pp. [i]–viii, [i]–462, [i , err.]. London, Edinburgh, Paris & Leipzig: S. Highley, H. Baillière; Sunderland & Knox; J.B. Baillière; T.O. Weigel.
- ^ Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2.
- ^ Debashish Bhattacharya (Editor) Origins of Algae and their Plastids (2012), p. 126, at Google Books
- ^ Pueschel, Curt M.; Cole, Kathleen M. (May–June 1982). "Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey with Taxonomic Implications". American Journal of Botany. 69 (5): 703–720.
- ^ Pueschel, Curt M.; Sullivan, P. Gary; Titus, John E. (Fall 1995). "OCCURRENCE OF THE RED ALGA THOREA VIOLACEA (BATRACHOSPERMALES: THOREACEAE) IN THE HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK STATE". Rhodora. 97 (892): 328–338.
- ^ Morgan L Vis, Orlando Necchi Jr and Orlando Necchi Júnior Freshwater Red Algae: Phylogeny, Taxonomy and Biogeography (2021), p. 6, at Google Books
- ^
a
b Necchi Jr, Orlando (January 1997). "Taxonomy and distribution of Thorea (Thoreaceae, Rhodophyta) in Brazil". Algological Studies. 84: 84–90Taxonomy and phylogeny of freshwater red algae
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript ( link) - ^ a b P. M. McCarthy and Lyn Jessup Algae of Australia, Volume 3 (2006), p. 26, at Google Books
- ^ "Phycokey - Thorea". cfb.unh.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Thoreaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ Sheath, Robert G.; Vis, Morgan L.; Cole, Kathleen M. (11 Aug 1993). "Distribution and systematics of the freshwater red algal family Thoreaceae in North America". European Journal of Phycology. 28 (4): 231–241. doi: 10.1080/09670269300650341.
- ^ a b "Taxonomy Browser :: AlgaeBase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Thoreaceae". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
| Thoreaceae | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Illustration of 3 types of Thorea species from 1808 | |
|
Scientific classification
| |
| (unranked): | Archaeplastida |
| Division: | Rhodophyta |
| Class: | Florideophyceae |
| Subclass: | Nemaliophycidae |
| Order: |
Thoreales Müller, K.M., Sherwood, A.R., Pueschel, C.M., Gutell, R.R. & Sheath, R.G. 2002 |
| Family: |
Thoreaceae Hassall, 1845 |
Thoreales is an order of red algae belonging to the class Florideophyceae. [1] The order consists only one family, Thoreaceae Hassall, 1845. [2] [3] The family of Thoreaceae was circumscribed by Arthur Hill Hassall in A history of the British freshwater algae, including descriptions of the Desmideae and Diatomaceae in 1845. [2]
The family was originally placed in the Nemaliales order before being transferred to the newly created Batrachospermales order, [4] [5] [6] before being placed later in Thoreales order in 2002. After various species of the family were analysed for the sequences of the genes coding for the large subunit of RUBISCO ( rbcL) and the small subunit of rRNA (18S rRNA). [1] [7]
Description
The order is characterized by having freshwater species with multi-axial gametophytes, a uni-axial chantransia stage, and pit plugs with two cap layers, the outer one of which is usually plate-like. [1] It has a multi-axial thalli. [8] They have branched uniseriate filaments as long as 200 cm (79 in) long and 0.5 mm in diameter. They have a colourless axis filament with dense photosynthetic lateral branches. They are normally reddish-brown, olive-green, blue-green to nearly black in colour. [9] [10]
Distribution
The family has cosmopolitan distribution. [11] Species from the family are found in tropical and sub-tropical regions or in temperate warm waters. Thorea is found on several continents (including Australia, [9] and South America), but Nemalionopsis has been only found in Asia and North America. [8] [12]
Genera
As accepted by AlgaeBase; [13]
- Nemalionopsis Skuja, 1934 - 3 spp.
- Thorea Bory, 1808 - 13 spp.
Former genera;Polycoma Pasilot de Bauvois, 1808 and Thorella B. Gaillon, 1883, [13] Both accepted as synonyms of Thorea Bory de Saint-Vincent. [14]
References
- ^ a b c Müller, Kirsten M.; Sherwood, Alison R.; Pueschel, Curt M.; Gutell, Robin R.; Sheath, Robert G. (16 August 2002). "A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales". Journal of Phycology. 38 (4): 807–820. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01055.x.
- ^ a b Hassall, A.H. 1845. A history of the British freshwater algae, including descriptions of the Desmideae and Diatomaceae. With upwards of one hundred plates, illustrating the various species. Vol. I. pp. [i]–viii, [i]–462, [i , err.]. London, Edinburgh, Paris & Leipzig: S. Highley, H. Baillière; Sunderland & Knox; J.B. Baillière; T.O. Weigel.
- ^ Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2.
- ^ Debashish Bhattacharya (Editor) Origins of Algae and their Plastids (2012), p. 126, at Google Books
- ^ Pueschel, Curt M.; Cole, Kathleen M. (May–June 1982). "Rhodophycean Pit Plugs: An Ultrastructural Survey with Taxonomic Implications". American Journal of Botany. 69 (5): 703–720.
- ^ Pueschel, Curt M.; Sullivan, P. Gary; Titus, John E. (Fall 1995). "OCCURRENCE OF THE RED ALGA THOREA VIOLACEA (BATRACHOSPERMALES: THOREACEAE) IN THE HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK STATE". Rhodora. 97 (892): 328–338.
- ^ Morgan L Vis, Orlando Necchi Jr and Orlando Necchi Júnior Freshwater Red Algae: Phylogeny, Taxonomy and Biogeography (2021), p. 6, at Google Books
- ^
a
b Necchi Jr, Orlando (January 1997). "Taxonomy and distribution of Thorea (Thoreaceae, Rhodophyta) in Brazil". Algological Studies. 84: 84–90Taxonomy and phylogeny of freshwater red algae
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript ( link) - ^ a b P. M. McCarthy and Lyn Jessup Algae of Australia, Volume 3 (2006), p. 26, at Google Books
- ^ "Phycokey - Thorea". cfb.unh.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "Thoreaceae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
- ^ Sheath, Robert G.; Vis, Morgan L.; Cole, Kathleen M. (11 Aug 1993). "Distribution and systematics of the freshwater red algal family Thoreaceae in North America". European Journal of Phycology. 28 (4): 231–241. doi: 10.1080/09670269300650341.
- ^ a b "Taxonomy Browser :: AlgaeBase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
- ^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Thoreaceae". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 13 December 2022.