Teungku Chik di Tiro | |
---|---|
Born | Muhammad Saman 1836 |
Died | 21 January 1891 | (aged 54–55)
Cause of death | Consumption of poisoned food |
Resting place | Meureu, Aceh Besar |
Nationality | Acehnese |
Occupation(s) | Religious teacher, guerrilla fighter |
Children | 5 |
Relatives | Hasan di Tiro (Great grandson) |
Muhammad Saman (1836 – 21 January 1891), better known as Teungku Chik di Tiro (usually spelt Cik di Tiro in Indonesia), was an Acehnese guerrilla fighter. On 6 November 1973 he was declared a National Hero of Indonesia.
Di Tiro was born to Tengku Sjech Abdullah and Siti Aisyah in Tiro, Pedir, Aceh Sultanate, in 1836. [1] Until the age of 15, he studied with his father; he then began studying with his uncle, Teungku Chik Dayah Tjut di Tiro. [2] After studying under several more teachers, he moved to Aceh Besar and spent two years there. [2] By day he would study Islam and by night he would join his fellows in fighting against Dutch colonials. [3] He was eventually called home to Tiro, where he began teaching with his uncle. [2] [3]
After several years as a teacher, di Tiro went on the hajj to Mecca. [2] There, he met several Islamic leaders and other revolutionaries from Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; through discussions on imperialism and colonialism, di Tiro became more interested in fighting against the Dutch. [2]
One day in 1880, after di Tiro returned to Tiro, a group of guerrilla fighters came through, looking for an ulama (religious leader) to lead the fight. [4] Di Tiro volunteered and joined the guerrillas in their base in Gunung Miram. [4] He then traveled throughout Aceh. [5] Every time he stopped in a town, he would deliver lectures at a mosque about holy war and how it was their duty to fight against unbelievers. [5] At the same time, he sent letters to other ulama to call them to war, determined to have driven the Dutch out of Aceh by 1883. [5] [6]
Soon di Tiro and the ulama had collected 6,000 soldiers to fight against the Dutch, [5] as well as the support of the Sultan of Aceh. [7] The Dutch, although aware of the impending rebellion, remained unaware of di Tiro's identity. [5] Soon his troops cut communications between Dutch fortresses and established their own base in Mureu. [5] Previous struggles in the 1870s had led the Dutch to double their numbers in Aceh. [7]
In May 1881, di Tiro and his troops captured the Dutch fortress in Indrapuri, sparking the Aceh War. [7] This was followed by the ones in Krueng Jreu and Gle Kameng. [7] In response, the Dutch reinforced their fortresses in Lambaro, Aneuk Galong, and Samahani. [5] Through 1882 and 1883, the two sides continued to fight, with the Acehnese gaining ground and taking over the island of Breuh. [5] [7] In early 1883, di Tiro's forces attacked the Dutch stronghold in Kutaraja (now Banda Aceh); despite failing to take the fort, they succeeded in killing the Dutch controuler. [8] At the peak of the war, the Dutch controlled only 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi) of land; before the war, they had controlled nearly all of Aceh. [9]
In April 1884, the sultan was told that di Tiro was now leader of the people. [6] In response, the sultan made a proclamation that he was still sultan; in August di Tiro himself declared that he had no intentions to be sultan. [10]
By 1885, di Tiro felt that the Dutch were ready to capitulate. [8] As such, he sent an ultimatum to Assistant Resident Van Langen, offering peace if the Dutch would convert to Islam. [8] Although some Dutchmen came claiming that they were willing to convert, they were later discovered to be spies. [11] In 1888 di Tiro sent another letter; this one also received no response from the Dutch leadership. [8] He then led more expeditions against Dutch forces, despite still being unable to enter Kutaraja. [8]
For several more years di Tiro led his troops against the Dutch; [8] the attempts to spy on him led him to declare that he would not rest until all the Dutch were killed. [11] On 21 January 1891, di Tiro was served poisoned food by the son of the leader of Sagi, whom the Dutch had offered a leadership position if he would kill di Tiro; despite being taken to Aneuk Galong fortress to be treated, di Tiro soon died. [12] He was later buried at the family graveyard in Meureu, Aceh Besar. [13] His struggle was continued by other Acehnese figures, including Teuku Umar, Cut Nyak Dhien, and Cut Nyak Meutia, as well as his family. [7] [14]
On 6 November 1973, President Suharto declared di Tiro a National Hero of Indonesia through Presidential Decree number 087/TK of 1973. [7] [15] He has numerous streets named after him, including one of the main streets in the well-known suburb of Menteng in Jakarta. [9]
Di Tiro had five sons: Teungku Mat Amin, Teungku Mahidin, Teungku di Tungkob, Teungku di Buket, and Teungku Lambada. [2] Through them he was the great-grandfather of Free Aceh Movement founder Hasan di Tiro. [13]
Teungku Chik di Tiro | |
---|---|
Born | Muhammad Saman 1836 |
Died | 21 January 1891 | (aged 54–55)
Cause of death | Consumption of poisoned food |
Resting place | Meureu, Aceh Besar |
Nationality | Acehnese |
Occupation(s) | Religious teacher, guerrilla fighter |
Children | 5 |
Relatives | Hasan di Tiro (Great grandson) |
Muhammad Saman (1836 – 21 January 1891), better known as Teungku Chik di Tiro (usually spelt Cik di Tiro in Indonesia), was an Acehnese guerrilla fighter. On 6 November 1973 he was declared a National Hero of Indonesia.
Di Tiro was born to Tengku Sjech Abdullah and Siti Aisyah in Tiro, Pedir, Aceh Sultanate, in 1836. [1] Until the age of 15, he studied with his father; he then began studying with his uncle, Teungku Chik Dayah Tjut di Tiro. [2] After studying under several more teachers, he moved to Aceh Besar and spent two years there. [2] By day he would study Islam and by night he would join his fellows in fighting against Dutch colonials. [3] He was eventually called home to Tiro, where he began teaching with his uncle. [2] [3]
After several years as a teacher, di Tiro went on the hajj to Mecca. [2] There, he met several Islamic leaders and other revolutionaries from Sumatra, Java, and Borneo; through discussions on imperialism and colonialism, di Tiro became more interested in fighting against the Dutch. [2]
One day in 1880, after di Tiro returned to Tiro, a group of guerrilla fighters came through, looking for an ulama (religious leader) to lead the fight. [4] Di Tiro volunteered and joined the guerrillas in their base in Gunung Miram. [4] He then traveled throughout Aceh. [5] Every time he stopped in a town, he would deliver lectures at a mosque about holy war and how it was their duty to fight against unbelievers. [5] At the same time, he sent letters to other ulama to call them to war, determined to have driven the Dutch out of Aceh by 1883. [5] [6]
Soon di Tiro and the ulama had collected 6,000 soldiers to fight against the Dutch, [5] as well as the support of the Sultan of Aceh. [7] The Dutch, although aware of the impending rebellion, remained unaware of di Tiro's identity. [5] Soon his troops cut communications between Dutch fortresses and established their own base in Mureu. [5] Previous struggles in the 1870s had led the Dutch to double their numbers in Aceh. [7]
In May 1881, di Tiro and his troops captured the Dutch fortress in Indrapuri, sparking the Aceh War. [7] This was followed by the ones in Krueng Jreu and Gle Kameng. [7] In response, the Dutch reinforced their fortresses in Lambaro, Aneuk Galong, and Samahani. [5] Through 1882 and 1883, the two sides continued to fight, with the Acehnese gaining ground and taking over the island of Breuh. [5] [7] In early 1883, di Tiro's forces attacked the Dutch stronghold in Kutaraja (now Banda Aceh); despite failing to take the fort, they succeeded in killing the Dutch controuler. [8] At the peak of the war, the Dutch controlled only 4 square kilometres (1.5 sq mi) of land; before the war, they had controlled nearly all of Aceh. [9]
In April 1884, the sultan was told that di Tiro was now leader of the people. [6] In response, the sultan made a proclamation that he was still sultan; in August di Tiro himself declared that he had no intentions to be sultan. [10]
By 1885, di Tiro felt that the Dutch were ready to capitulate. [8] As such, he sent an ultimatum to Assistant Resident Van Langen, offering peace if the Dutch would convert to Islam. [8] Although some Dutchmen came claiming that they were willing to convert, they were later discovered to be spies. [11] In 1888 di Tiro sent another letter; this one also received no response from the Dutch leadership. [8] He then led more expeditions against Dutch forces, despite still being unable to enter Kutaraja. [8]
For several more years di Tiro led his troops against the Dutch; [8] the attempts to spy on him led him to declare that he would not rest until all the Dutch were killed. [11] On 21 January 1891, di Tiro was served poisoned food by the son of the leader of Sagi, whom the Dutch had offered a leadership position if he would kill di Tiro; despite being taken to Aneuk Galong fortress to be treated, di Tiro soon died. [12] He was later buried at the family graveyard in Meureu, Aceh Besar. [13] His struggle was continued by other Acehnese figures, including Teuku Umar, Cut Nyak Dhien, and Cut Nyak Meutia, as well as his family. [7] [14]
On 6 November 1973, President Suharto declared di Tiro a National Hero of Indonesia through Presidential Decree number 087/TK of 1973. [7] [15] He has numerous streets named after him, including one of the main streets in the well-known suburb of Menteng in Jakarta. [9]
Di Tiro had five sons: Teungku Mat Amin, Teungku Mahidin, Teungku di Tungkob, Teungku di Buket, and Teungku Lambada. [2] Through them he was the great-grandfather of Free Aceh Movement founder Hasan di Tiro. [13]