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Timeline of recovery
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← δ 13 C stabilises at +2 ‰. Calcified green algae return.
[3]
← Full recovery of woody trees
[4]
An approximate timeline of recovery after the Permian–Triassic extinction
(Axis scale: millions of years ago)
^ Dai, X.; Davies, J. H. F. L.; Yuan, Z.; Brayard, A.; Ovtcharova, M.; Xu, G.; Liu, X.; Smith, C. P. A.; Schweitzer, C. E.; Li, M.; Perrot, M. G.; Jiang, S.; Miao, L.; Cao, Y.; Yan, J.; Bai, R.; Wang, F.; Guo, W.; Song, H.; Tian, L.; Dal Corso, J.; Liu, Y.; Chu, D.; Song, H. (2023).
"A Mesozoic fossil lagerstätte from 250.8 million years ago shows a modern-type marine ecosystem" . Science . 379 (6632): 567–572.
doi :
10.1126/science.adf1622 .
PMID
36758082 .
^ Brayard, Arnaud; Krumenacker, L. J.; Botting, Joseph P.; Jenks, James F.; Bylund, Kevin G.; Fara, Emmanuel; Vennin, Emmanuelle; Olivier, Nicolas; Goudemand, Nicolas; Saucède, Thomas; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Romano, Carlo; Doguzhaeva, Larisa; Thuy, Ben; Hautmann, Michael; Stephen, Daniel A.; Thomazo, Christophe; Escarguel, Gilles (2017).
"Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna" . Science Advances . 3 (2): e1602159.
Bibcode :
2017SciA....3E2159B .
doi :
10.1126/sciadv.1602159 .
PMC
5310825 .
PMID
28246643 .
^
a
b Payne, J.L.; Lehrmann, D.J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M.J.; Schrag, D.P.; Knoll, A.H. (2004).
"Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction" (PDF) . Science . 305 (5683): 506–9.
Bibcode :
2004Sci...305..506P .
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.582.9406 .
doi :
10.1126/science.1097023 .
PMID
15273391 .
S2CID
35498132 .
^ McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 22 (10): 548–557.
doi :
10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003 .
PMID
17919771 .
^ Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J. J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin . 108 (2): 195–207.
Bibcode :
1996GSAB..108..195R .
doi :
10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2 .