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The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used. As with other citation templates, this template can be used either in a footnote (between <ref>...</ref> tags) or in a section that lists sources. This template uses the same
Lua code as
citation style 1 (CS1) templates with parameters to change the displayed format to
citation style 2 (CS2).
If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{ Cite book}} and {{ Cite web}}, with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses commas in places where the Cite templates use periods (full stops) by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter.
Regardless of which citation templates are used or even if none are used at all, all citations should have the same format throughout an article in the saved, rendered text.
Notes:
- All parameter names must be lowercase.
- Invisible unicode space characters (see
list) will return an error message. Non-intentional invisible characters should be removed; intentional ones should be replaced with their corresponding HTML entity (e.g.
​).
Simple citations
This section covers the most commonly used parameters. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra parameters from the full list. Spacing and ordering of the parameters within the template is irrelevant and does not affect the final, rendered text.
{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |access-date=}}
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| year =
| title =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| page =
| url =
| access-date =
}}
|
- last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with the author parameter.
- first: The author's first or given name(s).
- year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from
Template:Harvard citation, unless
|date=specifies both month and year. - title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
- publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g.
Newsweek,
Billboard).
- publication-place (or place or location): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. The New York Times, The Times of India)
- page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
- url: A
url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
- access-date: Date [n 1] when the url was accessed.
Example
{{
Citation
| last = Turner | first = Orsamus | title = History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve | publisher = William Alling | place = Rochester, New York | year = 1851 | ol = 7120924W }} |
Turner, Orsamus (1851), History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling, OL 7120924W |
Full citation parameters
 | This section needs to be edited. It includes deprecated parameters and does not include parameters that were added in the updates. |
These can be used for all types of publication. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.
{{Citation
| author =
| last =
| first =
| author2 =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author-link =
| author2-link =
| author-separator =
| author-name-separator =
| author-mask =
| editor =
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| editor2 =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor-link =
| editor2-link =
| translator-last =
| translator-first =
| translator-link =
| translator2-last =
| translator2-first =
| translator2-link =
| others =
| publication-date =
| date =
| year =
| orig-date =
| title =
| chapter =
| chapter-url =
| chapter-format =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| type =
| journal =
| periodical =
| newspaper =
| magazine =
| encyclopedia =
| work =
| edition =
| series =
| volume =
| issue =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| place =
| language =
| page =
| pages =
| no-pp =
| at =
| id =
| isbn =
| issn =
| oclc =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| bibcode =
| doi =
| doi-inactive-date=
| zbl =
| url =
| access-date =
| format =
| archive-url =
| archive-date =
| url-status =
| quote =
| separator =
| postscript =
| ref =
}}
|
Parameters
Syntax
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a comma (,).
COinS
This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
- use
|date=27 September 2007not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, or  , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.
|periodical=,|journal=,|newspaper=,|magazine=,|work=,|website=,|encyclopedia=,|encyclopaedia=,|dictionary=|chapter=,|script-chapter=,|contribution=,|script-contribution=,|entry=,|script-entry=,|article=,|script-article=,|section=,|script-section=|title=,|script-title=,|book-title=|publication-place=,|place=,|location=|date=,|year=,|publication-date=|series=,|version=|volume=,|issue=,|number=|page=,|pages=,|at=,|quote-page=,|quote-pages=|edition=|publisher=,|institution=|url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|section-url=|author-last=,|author-last#=,|author#-last=,|author-surname=,|author-surname#=,|author#-surname=,|last=,|last#=,|surname=,|surname#=,|author=,|author#=,|subject=,|subject#=,|host=,|host#=|author-first=,|author-first#=,|author#-first=,|author-given=,|author-given#=,|author#-given=,|first=,|first#=,|given=,|given#=|degree=|arxiv=,|bibcode=,|biorxiv=,|citeseerx=,|doi=,|eissn=,|eprint=,|hdl=,|isbn=,|issn=,|jfm=,|jstor=,|lccn=,|message-id=,|mr=,|oclc=,|osti=,|pmc=,|pmid=,|rfc=,|ssrn=,|s2cid=,|zbl=
What's new
| Parameter | Description | Date |
|---|---|---|
| N/A | ||
Deprecated
| Deprecated parameter | Replace with | Date |
|---|---|---|
|authors= |
|lastn= / |firstn=, |authorn=, |vauthors= |
November 2023 |
| Removed parameter | Replace with | Date | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
|lay-date=
|
(delete) | August 2023 | |
|lay-source=
|
(delete) | ||
|lay-url=
|
(delete) | ||
|transcripturl=
|
|transcript-url=
|
August 2023 |
Description
Authors
- last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g.
|author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.- author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
|first=and|last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. - first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics only in accordance with MOS:HON.
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
|first1=...|last1=...|author2=.... - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
- OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
- vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in
Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in
doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in
|vauthors=as described above
- authors: deprecated
Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last. - contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1. Supports
accept-this-as-written markup.
- contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
- OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
- contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
- OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
- translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports
accept-this-as-written markup.
- translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
- translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
- collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
- others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
- Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Editors
- editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
- editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
- editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use
|editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=.... - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- veditors: comma separated list of editor names in
Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in
doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in
|veditors=, as described above
- Display:
- Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Title
- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. If work (or its alias) is defined, then title is displayed in quotes; otherwise, title displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a
Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
| newline | | | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| space | [ | ] | {{!}} (preferred)
|
| {{bracket|text}} | | or {{pipe}} – | ||
- title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
- chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a
Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows
Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows
Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- contribution: A separately-authored part of author's book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url, but not both. Values of
Afterword,Foreword,Introduction, orPrefacewill display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor.
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword
nonecan be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.
- language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the
ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:
|language=ru;|lang=fr, pt-br;|lang=Russian;|language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of ‹The template Category link is being considered for merging.› Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Date
- date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. [date 1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher.
-
Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate
{{ sfn}}links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, [more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets. - For approximate year, precede with "
c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
- For no date, or "undated", use
|date=n.d. - The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a
createdorupdateddate; a comment for editors such asdate=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01can be added.
- Automatic date formatting:
Citation Style 1 and
2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as
|date=,|publication-date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) except for|orig-date=in the style specified by the article's{{ use dmy dates}}or{{ use mdy dates}}template. See those templates' documentation for details.
- year: Year of publication. The more flexible
|date=parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the|date=parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:-
Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
CITEREFdisambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) - The
|date=format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
-
Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
- orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
|orig-date=First published 1859or|orig-date=Composed 1904. As|orig-date=does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by|df=(or, if it exists in the article, by|cs1-dates=of a{{ use dmy dates}}or{{ use mdy dates}}template), or as used in the|date=parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;mdy– as above for month day, year formatymd– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DDdmy-all– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;mdy-all– as above for month day, year formatymd-all– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
- ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
Work
- work (required by
{{ cite journal}}and{{ cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.- script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
- trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...
- issue: When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g.
|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''. Please choose either|issue=or|number=depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example|issue=2 #143. Displayed in parentheses following volume.
- When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
- title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
- chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).
Publisher
- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
- place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
- publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
- via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
Edition, series, volume
- edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so
|edition=2ndproduces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
- volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
In-source locations
- page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert|page=3-12to|pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yes.
Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|pages=without processing it, and use {{ hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use|at=, like this:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
p.orpp.notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where|page=Front coveror|pages= passim.
- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=.
Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For
|quote-page=and|quote-pages=used in conjunction with|quote=, see here.
URL
- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
#ixzz2rBr3aO94or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use|isbn=or|oclc=to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.
[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see
WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{ use dmy dates}}and{{ use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an
archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as
Internet Archive and
archive.today ; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by
|url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.
[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{ use dmy dates}}and{{ use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: A control parameter to select one of
|url=or|archive-url=to link|title=; requires url and archive-url. Use{{ dead link}}to mark dead|url=when there is no|archive-url=.- Accepts multiple keywords:
dead– (default condition when|url-status=omitted or empty) selects|archive-url=live– selects|url=; used when|url=is preemptively archived with|archive-url=deviated– selects|archive-url=; used when|url=is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Wikipedia articleunfit– selects|archive-url=; used when|url=links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable page; links to|url=are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQusurped– selects|archive-url=; used when the domain in|url=no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to|url=are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQbot: unknown– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.
- Accepts multiple keywords:
- archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.
[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- url-access:
- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.
[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see
WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
URLs must begin with a supported
URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.
IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in
citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be
percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| Character | space | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
Chapter URL
- chapter-url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by chapter or contribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapter-url is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases: contribution-url, section-url.
- chapter-format: Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.
Anchor
- ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,
|ref=IDgenerates an anchor with the givenID(theid=attribute in the citation's<cite id="ID">HTML tag). Setting|ref=IDidentifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{ sfn}} and {{ harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair|ref=harvhas no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set|ref=none. Aliases: none.
Identifiers
- id: A
unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an
external link template as applicable. For example,
|id=NCJ 122967will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={{NCJ|122967}}to append NCJ 122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
- arxiv:
arXiv
identifier; for example:
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027(before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001(April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin:
Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example
|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
ae,au,br,ca,cn,de,es,fr,in,it,jp,mx,nl,pl,sa,se,sg,tr,uk. Aliases: none.
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode:
bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none. - biorxiv:
bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g.
10.1101/078733for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733;10.1101/2020.07.24.220400for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none. - citeseerx:
CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.
10.1.1.176.341for https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none. - doi:
Digital object identifier; for example:
10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
- doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
- eissn:
International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a
hyphen, but not an
en dash or a space; example
|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- hdl:
Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example
|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL. - isbn:
International Standard Book Number; for example:
978-0-8126-9593-9. Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.- Use the {{
Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form
|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}– if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- Use the {{
Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form
- ismn:
International Standard Music Number; for example:
979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn:
International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a
hyphen, but not an
en dash or a space; example
|issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- jfm:
Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example
|jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM. - jstor:
JSTOR reference number; for example:
|jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn:
Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example
|lccn=79-57364or|lccn=2004042477or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN. - mr:
Mathematical Reviews; example
|mr=630583. Aliases: MR. - oclc:
OCLC Number for looking up publications in the
WorldCat
union catalog; example
|oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC. - ol:
Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example
|ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL. - osti:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example
|osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc:
PubMed Central; use article number for
open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g.
|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. . Aliases: PMC.- pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
- pmid:
PubMed; use unique identifier; example
|pmid=17322060Aliases: PMID. - rfc:
Request for Comments; example
|rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC. - sbn:
Standard Book Number; example
|sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ssrn:
Social Science Research Network; example
|ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid:
Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example
|s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl:
Zentralblatt MATH; example
|zbl=0472.53010For zbMATH search results likeJFM 35.0387.02use|jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special
accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the
access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.
For {{
cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a
convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a
Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages=or|at=. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages=or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yesis defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages=without processing it, and use {{ hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.
Display options
- mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For
|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask:
- contributor-mask:
- editor-mask:
- interviewer-mask:
- subject-mask:
- translator-mask:
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with
em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as
shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
{{ reflist}},<references />or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with
em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as
shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
- display-authors:
- display-contributors:
- display-editors:
- display-interviewers:
- display-subjects:
- display-translators:
- Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
|display-authors=2will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).|display-authors=0is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.|display-authors=etaldisplays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
- Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
- postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to none. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.
|postscript=is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
Four access levels can be used:
-
access indicator for named identifiers:
free: the source is free to read for anyone
-
access indicators for url-holding parameters:
registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration-
limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required 
subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" paywall")
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.
| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|url=
|
|url-access= |
registration limited subscription
|
|article-url=
|
|article-url-access=
| |
|chapter-url=
|
|chapter-url-access=
| |
|contribution-url=
|
|contribution-url-access=
| |
|entry-url=
|
|entry-url-access=
| |
|map-url=
|
|map-url-access=
| |
|section-url=
|
|section-url-access=
|
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}
which renders as:
- "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
Access indicator for named identifiers
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|bibcode=
|
|bibcode-access= |
free
|
|doi=
|
|doi-access=
| |
|hdl=
|
|hdl-access=
| |
|jstor=
|
|jstor-access=
| |
|ol=
|
|ol-access=
| |
|osti=
|
|osti-access=
| |
|ssrn=
|
|ssrn-access=
| |
|s2cid=
|
|s2cid-access=
|
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|medrxiv=|pmc=|rfc=
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
Examples
Books
| Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name. | {{Citation
| last1 = Lincoln
| first1 = A.
| last2 = Washington
| first2 = G.
| last3 = Adams
| first3 = J.
| name-list-style = amp
| title = All the Presidents' Names
| publisher = The Pentagon
| place = Home Base, New York
| volume = XII
| edition = 2nd
| year = 2007
}}
|
Lincoln, A.; Washington, G. & Adams, J. (2007), All the Presidents' Names, vol. XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon |
Web
| Web page | {{Citation
| url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/
| title = NPS Focus
| work = National Register of Historic Places
| publisher = [[National Park Service]]
| access-date = November 30, 2010
| ref = none
}}
|
"NPS Focus", National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, retrieved November 30, 2010 |
| Archived page | {{Citation
| url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| title = Earth's Atmosphere
| access-date = October 25, 2007
| publisher = [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| year = 1995
| author = NASA
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| archive-date = October 13, 2007
}}
|
NASA (1995), Earth's Atmosphere, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, archived from the original on October 13, 2007, retrieved October 25, 2007 |
Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals
| Journal article | {{Citation
| last = Hill
| first = Marvin S.
| title = Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 12
| issue = 2
| year = 1976
| pages = 1–8
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}
|
Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties" (PDF), BYU Studies, 12 (2): 1–8 |
| Journal article with multiple authors and identifier | {{Citation
| last1 = Mandelkern
| first1 = M
| last2 = Elias
| first2 = J
| last3 = Eden
| first3 = D
| last4 = Crothers
| first4 = D
| display-authors = 2
| title = The dimensions of DNA in solution
| journal = J Mol Biol
| volume = 152
| issue = 1
| pages = 153–161
| year = 1981
| pmid = 7338906
| doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}
|
Mandelkern, M; Elias, J; et al. (1981), "The dimensions of DNA in solution", J Mol Biol, 152 (1): 153–161, doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1, PMID 7338906 |
| Newspaper article | {{Citation
| last = Smith
| first = Joseph III
| author-link = Joseph Smith III
| title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper = The Saints' Herald
| location = Plano, IL
| volume = 26
| issue = 19
| date = October 1, 1879
| page = 289
| url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/
IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}
|
Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", The Saints' Herald, vol. 26, no. 19, Plano, IL, p. 289 |
Conference papers and public lectures
| Conference paper | {{Citation
| last = Sullivan
| first = D.B.
| contribution = Time and frequency measurement
at NIST: The first 100 years
| year = 2001
| title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology
| contribution-url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
}}
|
Sullivan, D.B. (2001), "Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years" (PDF), 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp., National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| Lecture | {{Citation
| last = Habicht
| first = Christian
| contribution = Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers
| year = 1988
| title = David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World
| publisher = Princeton University
| page=14
}}
|
Habicht, Christian (1988), "Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers", David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World, Princeton University, p. 14 |
Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles
| Manuscript published in an edited compilation | {{Citation
| last = Bidamon
| first = Emma Smith
| author-link = Emma Hale Smith
| chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date = March 27, 1876
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
|
Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), "Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim", in Vogel, Dan (ed.), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books (published 1996), ISBN 1-56085-072-8 |
| Work with an editor but no author | {{Citation
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
|
Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-072-8 |
| Encyclopedia article by a named author | {{Citation
| last = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link = Martin Kramer
| year=1999
| title = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| location = London
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|
Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
| Encyclopedia article with no named author | {{Citation
| title = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| year = 1999
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| location = London
| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|
Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), "Bernard Lewis", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article
| Manuscript edited and published in a journal | {{Citation
| last = Knight
| first = Joseph Sr.
| year = 1833
| editor-last = Jessee
| editor-first = Dean
| title = Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| publication-date = 1976
| page = 35
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}
|
Knight, Joseph Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean (ed.), "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History" (PDF), BYU Studies, 17 (1) (published 1976): 35 |
| Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor. | {{Citation
| last = Klingensmith
| first = Philip
| type = Affidavit
| date = September 5, 1872
| place = Lincoln County, Nevada
| title = Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last = Toohy
| editor-first = Dennis J.
| journal = Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date = September 24, 1872
| publication-place = Corinne, Utah
| volume = 5
| issue = 252
| page = 1
| url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}
|
Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), written at Lincoln County, Nevada, Toohy, Dennis J. (ed.), "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter (Affidavit), 5 (252), Corinne, Utah (published September 24, 1872): 1 |
Press release
| Press release with quotation | {{Citation
| url = https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher = Apple Inc
| access-date = April 10, 2010
| quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3
| ref = none}}
|
Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day, Apple Inc, retrieved April 10, 2010, in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3 |
Anchored citations
This template can generate a citation that can be combined with
shortened footnotes or
parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an
HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref= generates an anchor ID suitable for
Harvard referencing templates such as {{
harv}} as specified in the next section; an anchor ID is generated by default.
To disable anchor generation, specify |ref=none. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:
{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |date=1930 |ref=CivDis}}
which generates the citation:
- Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents
Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(
Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).
Anchors for Harvard referencing templates
IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{
harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors (or editors, if no authors are given) and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "(
Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:
{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |date=1851 |oclc=59510372}}- Wright, Thomas; Evans, R. H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372
In this example the {{
citation}} template defines, and the {{
harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{
harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "CITEREFWrightEvans1851".
Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{
harvnb}} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{
sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as
- 17. Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix
The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead.
Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |date=1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{
citation}} and {{
harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{
citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{
citation}} and the {{
harv}} invocations.
Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the
MediaWiki § Time function. This heuristic works with most common date formats (American, International and
ISO 8601 standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in
WP:MOS), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=.
IDs must be unique
Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{ harv}}-compatible IDs:
- Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008a), "Association of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders and Loss of Family Income", Pediatrics, 121 (4): e821–e826, doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1594, PMID 18381511
- Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008b), "Child Care Problems and Employment Among Families with Preschool-aged Children with Autism in the United States", Pediatrics, 122 (1): e202–e208, doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-3037, PMID 18595965
If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g. "|date=2008a" and "|date=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.
It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.
Dates
-
^ The format of dates in the references of an article should use consistent and unambiguous styles. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
- 2009
- 2009-09-14 ( ISO 8601 standard format: YYYY-MM-DD)
- 14 September 2009
- September 14, 2009 (with comma)
- September 2009
Tools
See Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.
TemplateData
TemplateData for Citation
The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.
| Parameter | Description | Type | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last name | last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname author-last host subject | The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead | Line | suggested |
| First name | first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead | Line | suggested |
| Title of source | title | Title of source. Works display in italics and articles surrounded in quotation marks. | String | required |
| Title link | title-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink. | Page name | optional |
| Vancouver style author list | vauthors | If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses
| String | optional |
| Collaboration | collaboration | Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list. | String | optional |
| Date of source | date | Full date of source being referenced; do not wikilink; use YYYY-MM-DD or other acceptable formats | Date | suggested |
| Work | work journal website newspaper magazine periodical | Name of the work in which the cited title is found | String | suggested |
| Interviewer | interviewer | Full name of interviewer(s); separate interviewers with a semicolon (;); wikilink as desired. | String | optional |
| Volume | volume | For one publication published in several volumes | Line | suggested |
| Issue | issue number | Issue number | String | suggested |
| In-source location: Minutes | minutes | Time the event occurs in an audio or visual source; followed by "minutes in". | Number | optional |
| In-source location: Time | time | Time the event occurs in an audio or visual source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at time". | String | optional |
| In-source location: Time caption | time-caption | Changes the default text displayed before time | String | optional |
| Page | page | Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' | Line | optional |
| Pages | pages | Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.' | Line | suggested |
| Publication date | publication-date | Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis. | String | optional |
| Date format | df | Sets rendered dates to the specified format | String | optional |
| Year of publication | year | Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed | Number | optional |
| Postscript | postscript | Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Ignored if quote is defined. | String | optional |
| Editor last name | editor-last editor editor-surname editor-last1 editor-surname1 editor1 editor1-last editor1-surname | The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link' | Unknown | optional |
| Editor first name | editor-first editor-first1 editor-given editor-given1 editor1-first editor1-given | The given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link' | Unknown | optional |
| Author mask | author-mask | Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. You can also use editor-mask and translator-mask in the same way. | String | optional |
| Author mask 2 | author-mask2 author2-mask | Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 3 | author-mask3 author3-mask | Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 4 | author-mask4 author4-mask | Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 5 | author-mask5 author5-mask | Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 6 | author-mask6 author6-mask | Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 7 | author-mask7 author7-mask | Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 8 | author-mask8 author8-mask | Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 9 | author-mask9 author9-mask | Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Display Editors | display-editors | Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al. | String | optional |
| Original date | orig-date | Original date of publication; provide specifics | String | optional |
| Last name of second editor | editor-last2 editor-surname2 editor2 editor2-last editor2-surname | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link' | String | optional |
| First name of second editor | editor-first2 editor-given2 editor2-first editor2-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link' | String | optional |
| Link for second editor | editor-link2 editor2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for second editor | editor-mask2 editor2-mask | Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of third editor | editor-last3 editor-surname3 editor3 editor3-last editor3-surname | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link' | String | optional |
| First name of third editor | editor-first3 editor-given3 editor3-first editor3-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link' | String | optional |
| Link for third editor | editor-link3 editor3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for third editor | editor-mask3 editor3-mask | Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of fourth editor | editor-last4 editor-surname4 editor4 editor4-last editor4-surname | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link' | String | optional |
| First name of fourth editor | editor-first4 editor-given4 editor4-first editor4-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link' | String | optional |
| Link for fourth editor | editor-link4 editor4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for fourth editor | editor-mask4 editor4-mask | Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of fifth editor | editor-last5 editor-surname5 editor5 editor5-last editor5-surname | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link' | String | optional |
| First name of fifth editor | editor-first5 editor-given5 editor5-first editor5-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link' | String | optional |
| Link for fifth editor | editor-link5 editor5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for fifth editor | editor-mask5 editor5-mask | Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of sixth editor | editor-last6 editor-surname6 editor6 editor6-last editor6-surname | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link' | String | optional |
| First name of sixth editor | editor-first6 editor-given6 editor6-first editor6-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link' | String | optional |
| Link for sixth editor | editor-link6 editor6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for sixth editor | editor-mask6 editor6-mask | Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of seventh editor | editor-last7 editor-surname7 editor7 editor7-last editor7-surname | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link' | String | optional |
| First name of seventh editor | editor-first7 editor-given7 editor7-first editor7-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link' | String | optional |
| Link for seventh editor | editor-link7 editor7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for seventh editor | editor-mask7 editor7-mask | Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of eighth editor | editor-last8 editor-surname8 editor8 editor8-last editor8-surname | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link' | String | optional |
| First name of eighth editor | editor-first8 editor-given8 editor8-first editor8-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link' | String | optional |
| Link for eighth editor | editor-link8 editor8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for eighth editor | editor-mask8 editor8-mask | Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of ninth editor | editor-last9 editor-surname9 editor9 editor9-last editor9-surname | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link' | String | optional |
| First name of ninth editor | editor-first9 editor-given9 editor9-first editor9-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link' | String | optional |
| Link for ninth editor | editor-link9 editor9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for ninth editor | editor-mask9 editor9-mask | Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Translated title | trans-title | An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | String | optional |
| Script Title | script-title | Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script
| String | optional |
| Translated chapter title | trans-chapter | An English language chapter title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | String | optional |
| Type | type | Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case | String | optional |
| URL of source | url | URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. | String | suggested |
| URL access date | access-date | The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink | Date | optional |
| Archive URL | archive-url | The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' | Line | suggested |
| Archive date | archive-date | Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |
| Archive Format | archive-format | Format of the Archive | Unknown | optional |
| URL status | url-status | The status of the URL- live, dead, usurped/unfit (inappropriate content) or deviated (different content)
| Unknown | suggested |
| Series | series version | Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version' | String | optional |
| At | at | May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient | Line | optional |
| No pp | no-pp | Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') | Line | optional |
| Chapter | chapter contribution entry article section | The chapter heading of the source. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last | String | optional |
| Script Chapter | script-chapter | Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script
| String | optional |
| Chapter URL | chapter-url contribution-url section-url | The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found | String | optional |
| Format of Chapter URL | chapter-format contribution-format section-format | Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.
| String | optional |
| Others | others | Free-text field for people involved in creating a work who cannot be added with another name parameter such as author or editor | String | optional |
| Vancouver style editor list | veditors | Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses
| String | optional |
| Edition | edition | When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.' | Line | optional |
| Location of publication | place location | Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked | String | suggested |
| Place of publication | publication-place | Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' | String | optional |
| Publisher | publisher institution | Name of the publisher; displays after title | String | suggested |
| Language | language | The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name; do not use icons or templates | String | optional |
| Format | format | Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML | String | optional |
| arXiv identifier | arxiv | An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers | Line | optional |
| ASIN | asin ASIN | Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters | Line | optional |
| ASIN TLD | asin-tld | ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US | Line | optional |
| Bibcode | bibcode | Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters | Line | optional |
| biorXiv | biorxiv | biorXiv identifier; 6 digits | Line | optional |
| CiteSeerX | citeseerx | CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter | Line | optional |
| DOI | doi DOI | Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' | String | optional |
| DOI broken date | doi-broken-date | The date that the DOI was determined to be broken | Date | optional |
| ISBN | isbn | International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible | Line | optional |
| ISSN | issn | International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen | Line | optional |
| eISSN | eissn | International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen | Line | optional |
| Handle System identifier | hdl HDL | Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet | String | optional |
| jfm code | jfm | Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code | Line | optional |
| JSTOR | jstor | JSTOR identifier | Line | optional |
| LCCN | lccn | Library of Congress Control Number | Line | optional |
| MR | mr | Mathematical Reviews identifier | Line | optional |
| OCLC | oclc | Online Computer Library Center number | Number | optional |
| OL | ol | Open Library identifier | Line | optional |
| OSTI | osti | Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier | Line | optional |
| PMC | pmc | PubMed Center article number | Number | optional |
| PMID | pmid | PubMed Unique Identifier | Line | optional |
| Semantic Scholar Corpus ID | s2cid S2CID | The Corpus identifier in Semantic Scholar. Displays as a link to the Semantic Scholar page.
| Unknown | optional |
| RFC | rfc | Request for Comments number | Number | optional |
| SSRN | ssrn | Social Science Research Network | Line | optional |
| Zbl | zbl | Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier | Line | optional |
| id | id | A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable | Line | optional |
| Quote | quote | Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation | Content | optional |
| Ref | ref | An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates | Line | optional |
| Name list style | name-list-style | Sets the style for the list. Accepts 'amp', 'and', and 'vanc'. amp displays an ampersand after the penultimate name; and the same with 'and', and vanc displays in Vancouver format | String | optional |
| Display authors | display-authors | number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used; must be less than the number listed | Number | optional |
| Last name 2 | last2 author2 surname2 author-last2 author2-last subject2 | The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 2 | first2 given2 author-first2 author2-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 3 | last3 author3 surname3 author-last3 author3-last subject3 | The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 3 | first3 given3 author-first3 author3-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 4 | last4 author4 surname4 author-last4 author4-last subject4 | The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 4 | first4 given4 author-first4 author4-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 5 | last5 author5 surname5 | The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 5 | first5 given5 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 6 | last6 author6 surname6 | The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 6 | first6 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 7 | last7 author7 surname7 | The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 7 | first7 given7 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 8 | last8 author8 surname8 | The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 8 | first8 given8 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 9 | last9 author9 surname9 | The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 9 | first9 given9 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Author link | author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author | Page name | optional |
| Author link 2 | author-link2 author2-link subject-link2 subject2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 3 | author-link3 author3-link subject-link3 subject3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 4 | author-link4 author4-link subject-link4 subject4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 5 | author-link5 author5-link subject-link5 subject5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 6 | author-link6 author6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 7 | author-link7 author7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 8 | author-link8 author8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 9 | author-link9 author9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. | Page name | optional |
| Editor last name 2 | editor2-last editor2 | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 2 | editor2-first editor2-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 3 | editor3-last editor3 | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 3 | editor3-first editor3-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 4 | editor4-last editor4 | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 4 | editor4-first editor4-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 5 | editor5-last editor5 | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 5 | editor5-first editor5-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 6 | editor6-last editor6 | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 6 | editor6-first editor6-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 7 | editor7-last editor7 | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 7 | editor7-first editor7-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 8 | editor8-last editor8 | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 8 | editor8-first editor8-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 9 | editor9-last editor9 | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 9 | editor9-first editor9-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| editor-link | editor-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor1-link | editor1-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor2-link | editor2-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor3-link | editor3-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor4-link | editor4-link | no description | String | optional |
| Translator last name | translator-last translator translator-last1 translator1 translator1-last | The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name | translator-first translator1-first translator-first1 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator link | translator-link translator-link1 translator1-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator last name 2 | translator-last2 translator2 translator2-last | The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 2 | translator-first2 translator2-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 3 | translator-last3 translator3 translator3-last | The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 3 | translator-first3 translator3-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 4 | translator-last4 translator4 translator4-last | The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 4 | translator-first4 translator4-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 5 | translator-last5 translator5 translator5-last | The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 5 | translator-first5 translator5-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 6 | translator-last6 translator6 translator6-last | The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 6 | translator-first6 translator6-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 7 | translator-last7 translator7 translator7-last | The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 7 | translator-first7 translator7-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 8 | translator-last8 translator8 translator8-last | The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 8 | translator-first8 translator8-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 9 | translator-last9 translator9 translator9-last | The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 9 | translator-first9 translator9-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator link 2 | translator-link2 translator2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 3 | translator-link3 translator3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 4 | translator-link4 translator4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 5 | translator-link5 translator5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 6 | translator-link6 translator6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 7 | translator-link7 translator7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 8 | translator-link8 translator8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 9 | translator-link9 translator9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator. | Page name | optional |
| URL access level | url-access | no description
| Unknown | optional |
| DOI access level | doi-access | Requires DOI value.
| Unknown | optional |
| via | via | Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher.
| String | optional |
| Bibcode access level | bibcode-access | If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.
| Unknown | optional |
| Jstor access level | jstor-access | If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.
| String | optional |
| Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (s2cid) Access Level | s2cid-access | no description
| Unknown | optional |
| Agency | agency | The agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse | String | optional |
| Department | department | Department or column within a periodical. | Unknown | optional |
| Citation Style | mode | Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use the postscript parameter.
| String | optional |
| HDL access level | hdl-access | If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.
| String | optional |
| ISMN | ismn ISMN | International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.
| String | optional |
| People | people | Names of the authors | String | optional |
This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
See also
- Wikipedia:Citation templates
- Wikipedia:Inline citation
- Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing
- For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes
Notes
| This template is
transcluded in one or more
cascade-protected pages, so only
administrators can edit it. |
| This template is used on
422,000+ pages, or roughly 1% of all pages. To avoid major disruption and server load, any changes should be tested in the template's /sandbox or /testcases subpages, or in your own user subpage. The tested changes can be added to this page in a single edit. Consider discussing changes on the talk page before implementing them. |
| This template uses Lua: |
The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used. As with other citation templates, this template can be used either in a footnote (between <ref>...</ref> tags) or in a section that lists sources. This template uses the same
Lua code as
citation style 1 (CS1) templates with parameters to change the displayed format to
citation style 2 (CS2).
If the correct parameters are used, this template produces output identical to that of the Cite templates, such as {{ Cite book}} and {{ Cite web}}, with one important exception: By default, this Citation template uses commas in places where the Cite templates use periods (full stops) by default; either type of template can use periods (full stops) or commas by using an optional parameter.
Regardless of which citation templates are used or even if none are used at all, all citations should have the same format throughout an article in the saved, rendered text.
Notes:
- All parameter names must be lowercase.
- Invisible unicode space characters (see
list) will return an error message. Non-intentional invisible characters should be removed; intentional ones should be replaced with their corresponding HTML entity (e.g.
​).
Simple citations
This section covers the most commonly used parameters. You can copy the horizontal form or vertical form below and then add in extra parameters from the full list. Spacing and ordering of the parameters within the template is irrelevant and does not affect the final, rendered text.
{{Citation |last= |first= |year= |title= |publisher= |publication-place= |page= |url= |access-date=}}
{{Citation
| last =
| first =
| year =
| title =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| page =
| url =
| access-date =
}}
|
- last: The author's surname or last name. Don't use with the author parameter.
- first: The author's first or given name(s).
- year: Year of authorship or publication. Mandatory for use with links from
Template:Harvard citation, unless
|date=specifies both month and year. - title: Title of the work. Mandatory for web references.
- publisher: The name of the publisher. Omit terms such as Publishers, Co., Inc., Ltd., etc., but retain the words Books or Press. Not normally included where the publication is a periodical which has its own Wikipedia article (e.g.
Newsweek,
Billboard).
- publication-place (or place or location): The city of publication. If more than one town/city is listed on the title page, give the first one or the location of the publisher's head office. Omit when the publication is a periodical whose name specifies the location (e.g. The New York Times, The Times of India)
- page: For use when one page is cited. Adds "p." before the page number. Do not use with pages.
- url: A
url of an online location where the item can be found. If the url includes double quotes, these must be encoded as "%22".
- access-date: Date [n 1] when the url was accessed.
Example
{{
Citation
| last = Turner | first = Orsamus | title = History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve | publisher = William Alling | place = Rochester, New York | year = 1851 | ol = 7120924W }} |
Turner, Orsamus (1851), History of the pioneer settlement of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, and Morris' reserve, Rochester, New York: William Alling, OL 7120924W |
Full citation parameters
| This section needs to be edited. It includes deprecated parameters and does not include parameters that were added in the updates. |
These can be used for all types of publication. All are optional and indentation is used simply to group related items — these may be mutually exclusive where indicated. Some hyphenated names can also be placed without hyphens.
{{Citation
| author =
| last =
| first =
| author2 =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| author-link =
| author2-link =
| author-separator =
| author-name-separator =
| author-mask =
| editor =
| editor-last =
| editor-first =
| editor2 =
| editor2-last =
| editor2-first =
| editor-link =
| editor2-link =
| translator-last =
| translator-first =
| translator-link =
| translator2-last =
| translator2-first =
| translator2-link =
| others =
| publication-date =
| date =
| year =
| orig-date =
| title =
| chapter =
| chapter-url =
| chapter-format =
| contribution =
| contribution-url =
| type =
| journal =
| periodical =
| newspaper =
| magazine =
| encyclopedia =
| work =
| edition =
| series =
| volume =
| issue =
| publisher =
| publication-place =
| place =
| language =
| page =
| pages =
| no-pp =
| at =
| id =
| isbn =
| issn =
| oclc =
| pmid =
| pmc =
| bibcode =
| doi =
| doi-inactive-date=
| zbl =
| url =
| access-date =
| format =
| archive-url =
| archive-date =
| url-status =
| quote =
| separator =
| postscript =
| ref =
}}
|
Parameters
Syntax
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a comma (,).
COinS
This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
- use
|date=27 September 2007not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, or  , should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.
|periodical=,|journal=,|newspaper=,|magazine=,|work=,|website=,|encyclopedia=,|encyclopaedia=,|dictionary=|chapter=,|script-chapter=,|contribution=,|script-contribution=,|entry=,|script-entry=,|article=,|script-article=,|section=,|script-section=|title=,|script-title=,|book-title=|publication-place=,|place=,|location=|date=,|year=,|publication-date=|series=,|version=|volume=,|issue=,|number=|page=,|pages=,|at=,|quote-page=,|quote-pages=|edition=|publisher=,|institution=|url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|section-url=|author-last=,|author-last#=,|author#-last=,|author-surname=,|author-surname#=,|author#-surname=,|last=,|last#=,|surname=,|surname#=,|author=,|author#=,|subject=,|subject#=,|host=,|host#=|author-first=,|author-first#=,|author#-first=,|author-given=,|author-given#=,|author#-given=,|first=,|first#=,|given=,|given#=|degree=|arxiv=,|bibcode=,|biorxiv=,|citeseerx=,|doi=,|eissn=,|eprint=,|hdl=,|isbn=,|issn=,|jfm=,|jstor=,|lccn=,|message-id=,|mr=,|oclc=,|osti=,|pmc=,|pmid=,|rfc=,|ssrn=,|s2cid=,|zbl=
What's new
| Parameter | Description | Date |
|---|---|---|
| N/A | ||
Deprecated
| Deprecated parameter | Replace with | Date |
|---|---|---|
|authors= |
|lastn= / |firstn=, |authorn=, |vauthors= |
November 2023 |
| Removed parameter | Replace with | Date | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
|lay-date=
|
(delete) | August 2023 | |
|lay-source=
|
(delete) | ||
|lay-url=
|
(delete) | ||
|transcripturl=
|
|transcript-url=
|
August 2023 |
Description
Authors
- last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g.
|author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.- author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
|first=and|last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata. - first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics only in accordance with MOS:HON.
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
|first1=...|last1=...|author2=.... - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
- OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
- vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in
Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in
doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in
|vauthors=as described above
- authors: deprecated
Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last. - contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1. Supports
accept-this-as-written markup.
- contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
- OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
- contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
- OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
- translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports
accept-this-as-written markup.
- translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
- translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
- collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
- others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
- Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Editors
- editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
- editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
- editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use
|editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=.... - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- veditors: comma separated list of editor names in
Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in
doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in
|veditors=, as described above
- Display:
- Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Title
- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. If work (or its alias) is defined, then title is displayed in quotes; otherwise, title displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a
Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
| newline | | | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| space | [ | ] | {{!}} (preferred)
|
| {{bracket|text}} | | or {{pipe}} – | ||
- title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
- chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a
Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows
Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows
Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- contribution: A separately-authored part of author's book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url, but not both. Values of
Afterword,Foreword,Introduction, orPrefacewill display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor.
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword
nonecan be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.
- language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the
ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:
|language=ru;|lang=fr, pt-br;|lang=Russian;|language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of ‹The template Category link is being considered for merging.› Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Date
- date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. [date 1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher.
-
Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate
{{ sfn}}links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, [more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets. - For approximate year, precede with "
c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
- For no date, or "undated", use
|date=n.d. - The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a
createdorupdateddate; a comment for editors such asdate=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01can be added.
- Automatic date formatting:
Citation Style 1 and
2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as
|date=,|publication-date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) except for|orig-date=in the style specified by the article's{{ use dmy dates}}or{{ use mdy dates}}template. See those templates' documentation for details.
- year: Year of publication. The more flexible
|date=parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the|date=parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:-
Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
CITEREFdisambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.) - The
|date=format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
-
Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
- orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
|orig-date=First published 1859or|orig-date=Composed 1904. As|orig-date=does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by|df=(or, if it exists in the article, by|cs1-dates=of a{{ use dmy dates}}or{{ use mdy dates}}template), or as used in the|date=parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;mdy– as above for month day, year formatymd– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DDdmy-all– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;mdy-all– as above for month day, year formatymd-all– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
- ^ Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
Work
- work (required by
{{ cite journal}}and{{ cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.- script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
- trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...
- issue: When the publication is one of a series that is published periodically. Alias: number. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g.
|issue=2, ''Modern Canadian Literature''. Please choose either|issue=or|number=depending on what is used in the actual publication. If a publication carries both issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example|issue=2 #143. Displayed in parentheses following volume.
- When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
- title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
- chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).
Publisher
- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
- place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
- publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
- via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
Edition, series, volume
- edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so
|edition=2ndproduces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
- volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
In-source locations
- page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert|page=3-12to|pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yes.
Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|pages=without processing it, and use {{ hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use|at=, like this:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
p.orpp.notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where|page=Front coveror|pages= passim.
- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=.
Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For
|quote-page=and|quote-pages=used in conjunction with|quote=, see here.
URL
- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
#ixzz2rBr3aO94or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use|isbn=or|oclc=to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.
[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see
WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{ use dmy dates}}and{{ use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an
archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as
Internet Archive and
archive.today ; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by
|url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.
[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{{ use dmy dates}}and{{ use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: A control parameter to select one of
|url=or|archive-url=to link|title=; requires url and archive-url. Use{{ dead link}}to mark dead|url=when there is no|archive-url=.- Accepts multiple keywords:
dead– (default condition when|url-status=omitted or empty) selects|archive-url=live– selects|url=; used when|url=is preemptively archived with|archive-url=deviated– selects|archive-url=; used when|url=is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Wikipedia articleunfit– selects|archive-url=; used when|url=links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable page; links to|url=are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQusurped– selects|archive-url=; used when the domain in|url=no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to|url=are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQbot: unknown– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.
- Accepts multiple keywords:
- archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.
[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- url-access:
- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.
[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see
WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See
"Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
URLs must begin with a supported
URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.
IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in
citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be
percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| Character | space | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
Chapter URL
- chapter-url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by chapter or contribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapter-url is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases: contribution-url, section-url.
- chapter-format: Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.
Anchor
- ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,
|ref=IDgenerates an anchor with the givenID(theid=attribute in the citation's<cite id="ID">HTML tag). Setting|ref=IDidentifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{ sfn}} and {{ harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair|ref=harvhas no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set|ref=none. Aliases: none.
Identifiers
- id: A
unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an
external link template as applicable. For example,
|id=NCJ 122967will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={{NCJ|122967}}to append NCJ 122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
- arxiv:
arXiv
identifier; for example:
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027(before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001(April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin:
Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example
|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
ae,au,br,ca,cn,de,es,fr,in,it,jp,mx,nl,pl,sa,se,sg,tr,uk. Aliases: none.
- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
- bibcode:
bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none. - biorxiv:
bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g.
10.1101/078733for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733;10.1101/2020.07.24.220400for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none. - citeseerx:
CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.
10.1.1.176.341for https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none. - doi:
Digital object identifier; for example:
10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
- doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
- eissn:
International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a
hyphen, but not an
en dash or a space; example
|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- hdl:
Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example
|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL. - isbn:
International Standard Book Number; for example:
978-0-8126-9593-9. Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.- Use the {{
Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form
|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}– if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher. - Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- Use the {{
Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form
- ismn:
International Standard Music Number; for example:
979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn:
International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a
hyphen, but not an
en dash or a space; example
|issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- jfm:
Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example
|jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM. - jstor:
JSTOR reference number; for example:
|jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn:
Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example
|lccn=79-57364or|lccn=2004042477or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN. - mr:
Mathematical Reviews; example
|mr=630583. Aliases: MR. - oclc:
OCLC Number for looking up publications in the
WorldCat
union catalog; example
|oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC. - ol:
Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example
|ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL. - osti:
Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example
|osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc:
PubMed Central; use article number for
open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g.
|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. . Aliases: PMC.- pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
- pmid:
PubMed; use unique identifier; example
|pmid=17322060Aliases: PMID. - rfc:
Request for Comments; example
|rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC. - sbn:
Standard Book Number; example
|sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ssrn:
Social Science Research Network; example
|ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid:
Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example
|s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl:
Zentralblatt MATH; example
|zbl=0472.53010For zbMATH search results likeJFM 35.0387.02use|jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special
accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the
access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.
For {{
cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a
convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a
Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the
supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages=or|at=. Displays preceded byp.unless|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{ hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages=or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp.unless|no-pp=yesis defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages=without processing it, and use {{ hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.
Display options
- mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For
|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask:
- contributor-mask:
- editor-mask:
- interviewer-mask:
- subject-mask:
- translator-mask:
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with
em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as
shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
{{ reflist}},<references />or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with
em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as
shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
- display-authors:
- display-contributors:
- display-editors:
- display-interviewers:
- display-subjects:
- display-translators:
- Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
|display-authors=2will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).|display-authors=0is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.|display-authors=etaldisplays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
- Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
- postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to none. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.
|postscript=is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
Four access levels can be used:
-
access indicator for named identifiers:
-
free: the source is free to read for anyone
-
access indicators for url-holding parameters:
-
registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration -
limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required -
subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source (" paywall")
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.
| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|url=
|
|url-access= |
registration limited subscription
|
|article-url=
|
|article-url-access=
| |
|chapter-url=
|
|chapter-url-access=
| |
|contribution-url=
|
|contribution-url-access=
| |
|entry-url=
|
|entry-url-access=
| |
|map-url=
|
|map-url-access=
| |
|section-url=
|
|section-url-access=
|
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
{{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}
which renders as:
- "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
Access indicator for named identifiers
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|bibcode=
|
|bibcode-access= |
free
|
|doi=
|
|doi-access=
| |
|hdl=
|
|hdl-access=
| |
|jstor=
|
|jstor-access=
| |
|ol=
|
|ol-access=
| |
|osti=
|
|osti-access=
| |
|ssrn=
|
|ssrn-access=
| |
|s2cid=
|
|s2cid-access=
|
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|medrxiv=|pmc=|rfc=
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
Examples
Books
| Three authors, a volume, and an edition. Ampersand (&) forced before final author's name. | {{Citation
| last1 = Lincoln
| first1 = A.
| last2 = Washington
| first2 = G.
| last3 = Adams
| first3 = J.
| name-list-style = amp
| title = All the Presidents' Names
| publisher = The Pentagon
| place = Home Base, New York
| volume = XII
| edition = 2nd
| year = 2007
}}
|
Lincoln, A.; Washington, G. & Adams, J. (2007), All the Presidents' Names, vol. XII (2nd ed.), Home Base, New York: The Pentagon |
Web
| Web page | {{Citation
| url = http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/
| title = NPS Focus
| work = National Register of Historic Places
| publisher = [[National Park Service]]
| access-date = November 30, 2010
| ref = none
}}
|
"NPS Focus", National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, retrieved November 30, 2010 |
| Archived page | {{Citation
| url = http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| title = Earth's Atmosphere
| access-date = October 25, 2007
| publisher = [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
| year = 1995
| author = NASA
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013232332/http://
liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
| archive-date = October 13, 2007
}}
|
NASA (1995), Earth's Atmosphere, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, archived from the original on October 13, 2007, retrieved October 25, 2007 |
Journals, newspapers, magazines, or other periodicals
| Journal article | {{Citation
| last = Hill
| first = Marvin S.
| title = Joseph Smith and the 1826
Trial: New Evidence and New
Difficulties
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 12
| issue = 2
| year = 1976
| pages = 1–8
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/12.2Hill.pdf
}}
|
Hill, Marvin S. (1976), "Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties" (PDF), BYU Studies, 12 (2): 1–8 |
| Journal article with multiple authors and identifier | {{Citation
| last1 = Mandelkern
| first1 = M
| last2 = Elias
| first2 = J
| last3 = Eden
| first3 = D
| last4 = Crothers
| first4 = D
| display-authors = 2
| title = The dimensions of DNA in solution
| journal = J Mol Biol
| volume = 152
| issue = 1
| pages = 153–161
| year = 1981
| pmid = 7338906
| doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1
}}
|
Mandelkern, M; Elias, J; et al. (1981), "The dimensions of DNA in solution", J Mol Biol, 152 (1): 153–161, doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90099-1, PMID 7338906 |
| Newspaper article | {{Citation
| last = Smith
| first = Joseph III
| author-link = Joseph Smith III
| title = Last Testimony of Sister Emma
| newspaper = The Saints' Herald
| location = Plano, IL
| volume = 26
| issue = 19
| date = October 1, 1879
| page = 289
| url = http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/
IL/sain1872.htm#100179
}}
|
Smith, Joseph III (October 1, 1879), "Last Testimony of Sister Emma", The Saints' Herald, vol. 26, no. 19, Plano, IL, p. 289 |
Conference papers and public lectures
| Conference paper | {{Citation
| last = Sullivan
| first = D.B.
| contribution = Time and frequency measurement
at NIST: The first 100 years
| year = 2001
| title = 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp.
| publisher = National Institute of Standards and Technology
| contribution-url = http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/general/pdf/1485.pdf
}}
|
Sullivan, D.B. (2001), "Time and frequency measurement at NIST: The first 100 years" (PDF), 2001 IEEE Int'l Frequency Control Symp., National Institute of Standards and Technology |
| Lecture | {{Citation
| last = Habicht
| first = Christian
| contribution = Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers
| year = 1988
| title = David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World
| publisher = Princeton University
| page=14
}}
|
Habicht, Christian (1988), "Hellenistic Athens and her Philosophers", David Magie Lecture, Princeton University Program in the History, Archaeology, and Religions of the Ancient World, Princeton University, p. 14 |
Parts of books, including encyclopedia articles
| Manuscript published in an edited compilation | {{Citation
| last = Bidamon
| first = Emma Smith
| author-link = Emma Hale Smith
| chapter = Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim
| date = March 27, 1876
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| publication-date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
|
Bidamon, Emma Smith (March 27, 1876), "Letter to Emma S. Pilgrim", in Vogel, Dan (ed.), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books (published 1996), ISBN 1-56085-072-8 |
| Work with an editor but no author | {{Citation
| editor-last = Vogel
| editor-first = Dan
| title = Early Mormon Documents
| volume = 1
| publisher = Signature Books
| date = 1996
| isbn = 1-56085-072-8
}}
|
Vogel, Dan, ed. (1996), Early Mormon Documents, vol. 1, Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-072-8 |
| Encyclopedia article by a named author | {{Citation
| last = Kramer
| first = Martin
| author-link = Martin Kramer
| year=1999
| title = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| location = London
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|
Kramer, Martin (1999), "Bernard Lewis", in Boyd, Kelley (ed.), Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
| Encyclopedia article with no named author | {{Citation
| title = Bernard Lewis
| editor-last = Boyd
| editor-first = Kelley
| year = 1999
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of Historians
and Historical Writing
| volume = 1
| pages = 719–720
| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn
| location = London
| url = http://www.geocities.com/martinkramerorg/BernardLewis.htm
}}
|
Boyd, Kelley, ed. (1999), "Bernard Lewis", Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, vol. 1, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 719–720 |
Republications, or edited quotations in a periodical article
| Manuscript edited and published in a journal | {{Citation
| last = Knight
| first = Joseph Sr.
| year = 1833
| editor-last = Jessee
| editor-first = Dean
| title = Joseph Knight's Recollection
of Early Mormon History
| journal = BYU Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 1
| publication-date = 1976
| page = 35
| url = https://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/PDFSRC/17.1Jessee.pdf
}}
|
Knight, Joseph Sr. (1833), Jessee, Dean (ed.), "Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History" (PDF), BYU Studies, 17 (1) (published 1976): 35 |
| Manuscript written at one date and place, then published in a periodical at a different date and place with commentary by the editor. | {{Citation
| last = Klingensmith
| first = Philip
| type = Affidavit
| date = September 5, 1872
| place = Lincoln County, Nevada
| title = Mountain Meadows Massacre
| editor-last = Toohy
| editor-first = Dennis J.
| journal = Corinne Daily Reporter
| publication-date = September 24, 1872
| publication-place = Corinne, Utah
| volume = 5
| issue = 252
| page = 1
| url = http://udn.lib.utah.edu/u?/corinne,5359
}}
|
Klingensmith, Philip (September 5, 1872), written at Lincoln County, Nevada, Toohy, Dennis J. (ed.), "Mountain Meadows Massacre", Corinne Daily Reporter (Affidavit), 5 (252), Corinne, Utah (published September 24, 1872): 1 |
Press release
| Press release with quotation | {{Citation
| url = https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/04/05ipad.html
| title = Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day
| publisher = Apple Inc
| access-date = April 10, 2010
| quote = in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3
| ref = none}}
|
Apple Sells Over 300,000 iPads First Day, Apple Inc, retrieved April 10, 2010, in the US as of midnight Saturday, April 3 |
Anchored citations
This template can generate a citation that can be combined with
shortened footnotes or
parenthetical referencing. It does this by creating an
HTML anchor containing an ID. The special parameter |ref= generates an anchor ID suitable for
Harvard referencing templates such as {{
harv}} as specified in the next section; an anchor ID is generated by default.
To disable anchor generation, specify |ref=none. You can also specify the ID directly, using the |ref=ID parameter. For example, suppose an article's References section contains the markup:
{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=Civilization and Its Discontents |date=1930 |ref=CivDis}}
which generates the citation:
- Sigmund Freud (1930), Civilization and Its Discontents
Then, the markup "([[#CivDis|Freud 1930]])" generates a parenthetical reference "(
Freud 1930)" containing a wikilink to the citation (try clicking on the wikilink).
Anchors for Harvard referencing templates
IDs compatible with Harvard referencing templates such as {{
harv}} are computed from the last names of the authors (or editors, if no authors are given) and the year of the cited source. For example, the markup "{{harv|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}" generates the Harvard reference "(
Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix)", which wikilinks to the citation whose markup and appearance are shown below:
{{Citation |last1=Wright |first1=Thomas |last2=Evans |first2=R. H. |title=Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray |location=London |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |date=1851 |oclc=59510372}}- Wright, Thomas; Evans, R. H. (1851), Historical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, London: Henry G. Bohn, OCLC 59510372
In this example the {{
citation}} template defines, and the {{
harv}} template uses, the HTML ID "CITEREFWrightEvans1851", composed by concatenating the string "CITEREF" with the last names of the authors and the year. The {{
harvid}} template can be used to generate such IDs, for example, {{harvid|Wright|Evans|1851}} generates "CITEREFWrightEvans1851".
Related methods which leave only a number in the text are to use the {{
harvnb}} template enclosed in the <ref></ref> html code, or to use the {{
sfn}} template alone. The example above would be <ref>{{harvnb|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}}</ref> or {{sfn|Wright|Evans|1851|p=ix}} both of which generate a footnote, such as
- 17. Wright & Evans 1851, p. ix
The names of only the first four authors are used; other author names are not concatenated to the ID. If no author names are given, editor names are used instead.
Last names are used, as specified by the parameters |last1= (or |last=), |last2=, |last3=, and |last4=, and similarly for |editor1-last= etc. and for |inventor1-last= etc. If a full name is given but no last name is specified, this template falls back on the full name, but this usage is not recommended. For example, in "{{Citation |author=Sigmund Freud |title=The Ego and the Id |date=1923}}" no last name is given, so this citation cannot be combined with the Harvard reference "{{harv|Freud|1923}}". To make these {{
citation}} and {{
harv}} invocations compatible, either replace "|author=Sigmund Freud" with "|first=Sigmund |last=Freud", or add "|ref={{harvid|Freud|1923}}" to the {{
citation}} invocation, or add the same ref parameter (say, "|ref=EgoId") to both the {{
citation}} and the {{
harv}} invocations.
Similarly, the year is used, as specified by |year=. If no year is given, this template attempts to derive the year from |date= (or, if no date is given, from |publication-date=) by applying the
MediaWiki § Time function. This heuristic works with most common date formats (American, International and
ISO 8601 standard format YYYY-MM-DD as listed in
WP:MOS), but may not work as expected with other formats, so when in doubt it may be safer to use |year=.
IDs must be unique
Names, years, and hand-specified IDs must be chosen so that the IDs are unique within a page; otherwise the HTML will not conform to the W3C standards, and any references to the citations will not work reliably. For example, suppose a page contains the following two citations with {{ harv}}-compatible IDs:
- Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008a), "Association of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders and Loss of Family Income", Pediatrics, 121 (4): e821–e826, doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1594, PMID 18381511
- Montes, G.; Halterman, J. S. (2008b), "Child Care Problems and Employment Among Families with Preschool-aged Children with Autism in the United States", Pediatrics, 122 (1): e202–e208, doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-3037, PMID 18595965
If these citations were altered to say "2008" rather than "2008a" and "2008b", the resulting page would not work, because the two different citations would both attempt to use the ID "CITEREFMontesHalterman2008". To avoid this problem, distinguish the citations by appending suffixes to the years, e.g. "|date=2008a" and "|date=2008b", as was done above. Any Harvard references to these citations should use years with the same suffixes.
It is good practice to verify that a page does not contain duplicate IDs by using the W3C Markup Validation Service; see External links.
Dates
-
^ The format of dates in the references of an article should use consistent and unambiguous styles. Example formats used in Wikipedia citations include:
- 2009
- 2009-09-14 ( ISO 8601 standard format: YYYY-MM-DD)
- 14 September 2009
- September 14, 2009 (with comma)
- September 2009
Tools
See Wikipedia:Citing sources § Citation templates and tools for a list of tools that can help create a reference in the "citation" format.
TemplateData
TemplateData for Citation
The Citation template generates a citation for a book, periodical, contribution in a collective work, or a web page. It determines the citation type by examining which parameters are used.
| Parameter | Description | Type | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Last name | last last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname author-last host subject | The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead | Line | suggested |
| First name | first given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead | Line | suggested |
| Title of source | title | Title of source. Works display in italics and articles surrounded in quotation marks. | String | required |
| Title link | title-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink. | Page name | optional |
| Vancouver style author list | vauthors | If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses
| String | optional |
| Collaboration | collaboration | Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list. | String | optional |
| Date of source | date | Full date of source being referenced; do not wikilink; use YYYY-MM-DD or other acceptable formats | Date | suggested |
| Work | work journal website newspaper magazine periodical | Name of the work in which the cited title is found | String | suggested |
| Interviewer | interviewer | Full name of interviewer(s); separate interviewers with a semicolon (;); wikilink as desired. | String | optional |
| Volume | volume | For one publication published in several volumes | Line | suggested |
| Issue | issue number | Issue number | String | suggested |
| In-source location: Minutes | minutes | Time the event occurs in an audio or visual source; followed by "minutes in". | Number | optional |
| In-source location: Time | time | Time the event occurs in an audio or visual source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at time". | String | optional |
| In-source location: Time caption | time-caption | Changes the default text displayed before time | String | optional |
| Page | page | Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.' | Line | optional |
| Pages | pages | Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; displays after 'pp.' | Line | suggested |
| Publication date | publication-date | Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if year or date are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis. | String | optional |
| Date format | df | Sets rendered dates to the specified format | String | optional |
| Year of publication | year | Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed | Number | optional |
| Postscript | postscript | Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Ignored if quote is defined. | String | optional |
| Editor last name | editor-last editor editor-surname editor-last1 editor-surname1 editor1 editor1-last editor1-surname | The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link' | Unknown | optional |
| Editor first name | editor-first editor-first1 editor-given editor-given1 editor1-first editor1-given | The given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link' | Unknown | optional |
| Author mask | author-mask | Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text. Set author-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set author-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". You must still include the values for all authors for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. You can also use editor-mask and translator-mask in the same way. | String | optional |
| Author mask 2 | author-mask2 author2-mask | Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 3 | author-mask3 author3-mask | Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 4 | author-mask4 author4-mask | Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 5 | author-mask5 author5-mask | Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 6 | author-mask6 author6-mask | Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 7 | author-mask7 author7-mask | Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 8 | author-mask8 author8-mask | Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Author mask 9 | author-mask9 author9-mask | Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Display Editors | display-editors | Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al. | String | optional |
| Original date | orig-date | Original date of publication; provide specifics | String | optional |
| Last name of second editor | editor-last2 editor-surname2 editor2 editor2-last editor2-surname | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link' | String | optional |
| First name of second editor | editor-first2 editor-given2 editor2-first editor2-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link' | String | optional |
| Link for second editor | editor-link2 editor2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for second editor | editor-mask2 editor2-mask | Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of third editor | editor-last3 editor-surname3 editor3 editor3-last editor3-surname | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link' | String | optional |
| First name of third editor | editor-first3 editor-given3 editor3-first editor3-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link' | String | optional |
| Link for third editor | editor-link3 editor3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for third editor | editor-mask3 editor3-mask | Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of fourth editor | editor-last4 editor-surname4 editor4 editor4-last editor4-surname | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link' | String | optional |
| First name of fourth editor | editor-first4 editor-given4 editor4-first editor4-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link' | String | optional |
| Link for fourth editor | editor-link4 editor4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for fourth editor | editor-mask4 editor4-mask | Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of fifth editor | editor-last5 editor-surname5 editor5 editor5-last editor5-surname | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link' | String | optional |
| First name of fifth editor | editor-first5 editor-given5 editor5-first editor5-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link' | String | optional |
| Link for fifth editor | editor-link5 editor5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for fifth editor | editor-mask5 editor5-mask | Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of sixth editor | editor-last6 editor-surname6 editor6 editor6-last editor6-surname | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link' | String | optional |
| First name of sixth editor | editor-first6 editor-given6 editor6-first editor6-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link' | String | optional |
| Link for sixth editor | editor-link6 editor6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for sixth editor | editor-mask6 editor6-mask | Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of seventh editor | editor-last7 editor-surname7 editor7 editor7-last editor7-surname | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link' | String | optional |
| First name of seventh editor | editor-first7 editor-given7 editor7-first editor7-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link' | String | optional |
| Link for seventh editor | editor-link7 editor7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for seventh editor | editor-mask7 editor7-mask | Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of eighth editor | editor-last8 editor-surname8 editor8 editor8-last editor8-surname | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link' | String | optional |
| First name of eighth editor | editor-first8 editor-given8 editor8-first editor8-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link' | String | optional |
| Link for eighth editor | editor-link8 editor8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for eighth editor | editor-mask8 editor8-mask | Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Last name of ninth editor | editor-last9 editor-surname9 editor9 editor9-last editor9-surname | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link' | String | optional |
| First name of ninth editor | editor-first9 editor-given9 editor9-first editor9-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link' | String | optional |
| Link for ninth editor | editor-link9 editor9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor | Page name | optional |
| Mask for ninth editor | editor-mask9 editor9-mask | Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead | String | optional |
| Translated title | trans-title | An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | String | optional |
| Script Title | script-title | Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script
| String | optional |
| Translated chapter title | trans-chapter | An English language chapter title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended | String | optional |
| Type | type | Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case | String | optional |
| URL of source | url | URL of an online location where the text of the publication can be found. | String | suggested |
| URL access date | access-date | The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink | Date | optional |
| Archive URL | archive-url | The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date' | Line | suggested |
| Archive date | archive-date | Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink | Date | suggested |
| Archive Format | archive-format | Format of the Archive | Unknown | optional |
| URL status | url-status | The status of the URL- live, dead, usurped/unfit (inappropriate content) or deviated (different content)
| Unknown | suggested |
| Series | series version | Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version' | String | optional |
| At | at | May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient | Line | optional |
| No pp | no-pp | Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover') | Line | optional |
| Chapter | chapter contribution entry article section | The chapter heading of the source. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last | String | optional |
| Script Chapter | script-chapter | Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script
| String | optional |
| Chapter URL | chapter-url contribution-url section-url | The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found | String | optional |
| Format of Chapter URL | chapter-format contribution-format section-format | Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.
| String | optional |
| Others | others | Free-text field for people involved in creating a work who cannot be added with another name parameter such as author or editor | String | optional |
| Vancouver style editor list | veditors | Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses
| String | optional |
| Edition | edition | When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.' | Line | optional |
| Location of publication | place location | Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked | String | suggested |
| Place of publication | publication-place | Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at' | String | optional |
| Publisher | publisher institution | Name of the publisher; displays after title | String | suggested |
| Language | language | The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name; do not use icons or templates | String | optional |
| Format | format | Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML | String | optional |
| arXiv identifier | arxiv | An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers | Line | optional |
| ASIN | asin ASIN | Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters | Line | optional |
| ASIN TLD | asin-tld | ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US | Line | optional |
| Bibcode | bibcode | Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters | Line | optional |
| biorXiv | biorxiv | biorXiv identifier; 6 digits | Line | optional |
| CiteSeerX | citeseerx | CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter | Line | optional |
| DOI | doi DOI | Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.' | String | optional |
| DOI broken date | doi-broken-date | The date that the DOI was determined to be broken | Date | optional |
| ISBN | isbn | International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible | Line | optional |
| ISSN | issn | International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen | Line | optional |
| eISSN | eissn | International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen | Line | optional |
| Handle System identifier | hdl HDL | Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet | String | optional |
| jfm code | jfm | Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code | Line | optional |
| JSTOR | jstor | JSTOR identifier | Line | optional |
| LCCN | lccn | Library of Congress Control Number | Line | optional |
| MR | mr | Mathematical Reviews identifier | Line | optional |
| OCLC | oclc | Online Computer Library Center number | Number | optional |
| OL | ol | Open Library identifier | Line | optional |
| OSTI | osti | Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier | Line | optional |
| PMC | pmc | PubMed Center article number | Number | optional |
| PMID | pmid | PubMed Unique Identifier | Line | optional |
| Semantic Scholar Corpus ID | s2cid S2CID | The Corpus identifier in Semantic Scholar. Displays as a link to the Semantic Scholar page.
| Unknown | optional |
| RFC | rfc | Request for Comments number | Number | optional |
| SSRN | ssrn | Social Science Research Network | Line | optional |
| Zbl | zbl | Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier | Line | optional |
| id | id | A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable | Line | optional |
| Quote | quote | Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation | Content | optional |
| Ref | ref | An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates | Line | optional |
| Name list style | name-list-style | Sets the style for the list. Accepts 'amp', 'and', and 'vanc'. amp displays an ampersand after the penultimate name; and the same with 'and', and vanc displays in Vancouver format | String | optional |
| Display authors | display-authors | number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used; must be less than the number listed | Number | optional |
| Last name 2 | last2 author2 surname2 author-last2 author2-last subject2 | The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 2 | first2 given2 author-first2 author2-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 3 | last3 author3 surname3 author-last3 author3-last subject3 | The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 3 | first3 given3 author-first3 author3-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 4 | last4 author4 surname4 author-last4 author4-last subject4 | The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 4 | first4 given4 author-first4 author4-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 5 | last5 author5 surname5 | The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 5 | first5 given5 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 6 | last6 author6 surname6 | The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 6 | first6 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 7 | last7 author7 surname7 | The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 7 | first7 given7 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 8 | last8 author8 surname8 | The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 8 | first8 given8 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Last name 9 | last9 author9 surname9 | The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. | Line | optional |
| First name 9 | first9 given9 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Author link | author-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author | Page name | optional |
| Author link 2 | author-link2 author2-link subject-link2 subject2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 3 | author-link3 author3-link subject-link3 subject3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 4 | author-link4 author4-link subject-link4 subject4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 5 | author-link5 author5-link subject-link5 subject5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 6 | author-link6 author6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 7 | author-link7 author7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 8 | author-link8 author8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author. | Page name | optional |
| Author link 9 | author-link9 author9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author. | Page name | optional |
| Editor last name 2 | editor2-last editor2 | The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 2 | editor2-first editor2-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 3 | editor3-last editor3 | The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 3 | editor3-first editor3-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 4 | editor4-last editor4 | The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 4 | editor4-first editor4-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 5 | editor5-last editor5 | The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 5 | editor5-first editor5-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 6 | editor6-last editor6 | The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 6 | editor6-first editor6-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 7 | editor7-last editor7 | The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 7 | editor7-first editor7-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 8 | editor8-last editor8 | The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 8 | editor8-first editor8-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| Editor last name 9 | editor9-last editor9 | The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'. | Line | optional |
| Editor first name 9 | editor9-first editor9-given | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink. | Line | optional |
| editor-link | editor-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor1-link | editor1-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor2-link | editor2-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor3-link | editor3-link | no description | String | optional |
| editor4-link | editor4-link | no description | String | optional |
| Translator last name | translator-last translator translator-last1 translator1 translator1-last | The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name | translator-first translator1-first translator-first1 | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator link | translator-link translator-link1 translator1-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator last name 2 | translator-last2 translator2 translator2-last | The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 2 | translator-first2 translator2-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 3 | translator-last3 translator3 translator3-last | The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 3 | translator-first3 translator3-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 4 | translator-last4 translator4 translator4-last | The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 4 | translator-first4 translator4-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 5 | translator-last5 translator5 translator5-last | The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 5 | translator-first5 translator5-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 6 | translator-last6 translator6 translator6-last | The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 6 | translator-first6 translator6-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 7 | translator-last7 translator7 translator7-last | The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 7 | translator-first7 translator7-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 8 | translator-last8 translator8 translator8-last | The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 8 | translator-first8 translator8-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator last name 9 | translator-last9 translator9 translator9-last | The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator first name 9 | translator-first9 translator9-first | Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'. | String | optional |
| Translator link 2 | translator-link2 translator2-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 3 | translator-link3 translator3-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 4 | translator-link4 translator4-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 5 | translator-link5 translator5-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 6 | translator-link6 translator6-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 7 | translator-link7 translator7-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 8 | translator-link8 translator8-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator. | Page name | optional |
| Translator link 9 | translator-link9 translator9-link | Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator. | Page name | optional |
| URL access level | url-access | no description
| Unknown | optional |
| DOI access level | doi-access | Requires DOI value.
| Unknown | optional |
| via | via | Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher.
| String | optional |
| Bibcode access level | bibcode-access | If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.
| Unknown | optional |
| Jstor access level | jstor-access | If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.
| String | optional |
| Semantic Scholar Corpus ID (s2cid) Access Level | s2cid-access | no description
| Unknown | optional |
| Agency | agency | The agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse | String | optional |
| Department | department | Department or column within a periodical. | Unknown | optional |
| Citation Style | mode | Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use the postscript parameter.
| String | optional |
| HDL access level | hdl-access | If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.
| String | optional |
| ISMN | ismn ISMN | International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.
| String | optional |
| People | people | Names of the authors | String | optional |
This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
See also
- Wikipedia:Citation templates
- Wikipedia:Inline citation
- Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing
- For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods § Footnotes