Here is a full
taxonomy of the
family
Euphorbiaceae , according to the most recent molecular research.
[1] This complex family previously comprised five subfamilies:
[1] the
Acalyphoideae , the
Crotonoideae , the
Euphorbioideae , the
Phyllanthoideae and the
Oldfieldioideae . The first three are
uni-ovulate families, and the last two are bi-ovulate.
Now the Euphorbiaceae has been split into five families: The three
uni-ovulate subfamilies have become the Euphorbiaceae in the strict sense, with the
tribe
Galearieae in the Acalyphoideae forming the most of the family
Pandaceae .
[1] Part of the bi-ovulate subfamily
Phyllanthoideae has become the family
Phyllanthaceae ,
[1] with the tribe
Drypeteae as family
Putranjivaceae .
[1] The other bi-ovulate subfamily
Oldfieldioideae has become the
Picrodendraceae .
[1]
Plants of the World Online places genus
Phyllanoa in Euphorbiaceae.
[2] Hayden et al. place it in
Violaceae .
[3]
There are 12 subtribes and 32 genera:
Subtribe
Acalyphinae
Acalypha (also Acalyphes , Acalyphopsis , Calyptrospatha , Caturus , Corythea , Cupameni , Galurus , Gymnalypha , Linostachys , Mercuriastrum , Odonteilema , Paracelsea , Ricinocarpus , Schizogyne , Usteria )
Subtribe
Adrianinae
Adriana (also Meialisa , Trachycaryon )
Subtribe
Claoxylinae
Claoxylon (also Erythrochilus , Erythrochylus )
Claoxylopsis
Discoclaoxylon
Erythrococca (also Athroandra , Autrandra , Chloropatane , Deflersia , Poggeophyton , Rivinoides )
Micrococca
Subtribe
Cleidiinae
Cleidion (also Lasiostyles , Psilostachys , Redia , Tetraglossa )
Sampantaea
Wetria (also Pseudotrewia )
Subtribe
Dysopsidinae
Dysopsis (also Mirabellia , Molina )
Subtribe
Lasiococcinae
Clonostylis
Homonoia (also called Haematospermum , Lumanaja ])
Lasiococca
Spathiostemon (also Polydragma )
Subtribe
Lobaniliinae
Lobanilia
Subtribe
Macaranginae
Macaranga (also Adenoceras , Mappa , Mecostylis , Pachystemon , Panopia , Phocea , Tanarius )
Subtribe
Mareyinae
Mareya
Mareyopsis
Subtribe
Mercurialinae
Mercurialis (also Cynocrambe , Discoplis , Synema )
Leidesia
Seidelia
Subtribe
Ricininae
Ricinus -
castor bean
Subtribe
Rottlerinae
Avellanita
Deuteromallotus
Hancea
Mallotus (also Aconceveibum , Axenfeldia , Coelodiscus , Diplochlamys , Echinocroton , Echinus , Hancea , Lasipana , Plagianthera , Rottlera ,Stylanthus )
Rockinghamia
There are 6 genera:
Adelia (also Ricinella )
Crotonogynopsis
Enriquebeltrania (also Beltrania )
Garciadelia
Lasiocroton
Leucocroton
There are 4 genera:
Agrostistachys (also Heterocalyx , Sarcoclinium )
Chondrostylis (also Kunstlerodendron )
Cyttaranthus
Pseudagrostistachys
There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
Subtribe
Alchorneinae
Alchornea (also Bleekeria , Cladodes , Hermesia , Lepidoturus , Schousboea , Stipellaria )
Aparisthmium
Aubletiana
Bocquillonia (also Ramelia )
Orfilea (also Diderotia , Laurembergia )
Subtribe
Conceveibinae
Conceveiba (also Conceveibastrum , Conceveibum , Veconcibea )
Gavarretia
Polyandra
There are 2 genera:
Amperea (also Leptomeria )
Monotaxis (also Hippocrepandra , Reissipa )
There are 6 genera:
Adenophaedra
Amyrea
Bernardia (also Alevia , Bernarda , Bernhardia , Bivonia , Passaea , Phaedra , Polyboea , Traganthus , Tyria )
Discocleidion
Necepsia (also Neopalissya , Palissya )
Paranecepsia
There are 3 genera:
Alchorneopsis
Caryodendron (also Centrodiscus )
Discoglypremna
This tribe has 2 genera:
Chaetocarpus (also Gaedawakka , Mettenia , Neochevaliera , Regnaldia )
Trigonopleura (also Peniculifera )
There are 2 genera:
Cheilosa
Neoscortechinia (also Alcineanthus , Scortechinia )
This tribe has 4 subtribes and 12 genera:
Subtribe
Chrozophorinae
Chrozophora (also Crossophora , Crozophora , Ricinoides , Tournesol , Tournesolia )
Subtribe
Ditaxinae
Argythamnia (also Argithamnia , Argothamnia , Argyrothamnia , Argytamnia , Odotalon , Serophyton )
Caperonia (also Acanthopyxis , Androphoranthus , Cavanilla , Lepidococea , Meterana )
Chiropetalum (also Aonikena , Desfontaena , Desfontaina , Desfontainea )
Ditaxis (also Aphora , Paxiuscula , Stenonia )
Philyra (also Phyllera )
Subtribe
Doryxylinae
Doryxylon (also Mercadoa , Sumbavia )
Melanolepis
Sumbaviopsis (also Adisa , Adisca )
Thyrsanthera
Subtribe
Speranskiinae
Speranskia
Annual Mercury (Mercurialis annua )
This tribe has one genus:
Dicoelia
There are 2 subtribes and 9 genera:
Subtribe
Epiprininae
Adenochlaena (also Niedenzua , Centrostylis )
Cephalocroton
Cephalocrotonopsis
Cladogynos (also Adenogynum , Baprea , Chloradenia )
Cleidiocarpon (also Sinopimelodendron )
Epiprinus
Koilodepas (also Caelodepas , Calpigyne , Coelodepas , Nephrostylus )
Subtribe
Cephalomappinae
Cephalomappa
Muricococcum
There are 3 genera:
Erismanthus
Moultonianthus
Syndyophyllum
This tribe only has 1 genus:
Omphalea (also Duchola , Hebecocca , Hecatea , Neomphalea , Omphalandria , Ronnowia )
There are 3 subtribes and 13 genera:
Subtribe
Dalechampiinae
Dalechampia (also Cremophyllum , Dalechampsia , Megalostylis , Rhopalostylis )
Subtribe
Plukenetiinae
Angostylis (also Angostyles )
Astrococcus
Haematostemon
Plukenetia (also Accia , Angostylidium , Apopandra , Botryanthe , Ceratococcus , Elaeophora , Eleutherostigma , Fragariopsis , Hedraiostylus , Pseudotragia , Pterococcus , Sajorium , Tetracarpidium or Vigia )
Romanoa (also Anabaena , Anabaenella )
Subtribe
Tragiinae
Acidoton (also Durandeeldia , Gitara )
Bia
Cnesmone (also Cenesmon , Cnesmosa )
Megistostigma (also Clavistylus )
Pachystylidium
Platygyna (also Acanthocaulon )
Sphaerostylis
Tragia (also Agirta , Allosandra , Ctenomeria , Lassia , Leptobotrys , Leptorhachis , Leucandra , Schorigeram ,
Zuckertia )
Tragiella
There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
Subtribe
Blumeodendrinae
Blumeodendron
Botryophora (also Botryospora , Botryphora )
Podadenia
Ptychopyxis (also Clarorivinia )
Subtribe
Pycnocominae
Argomuellera (also Neopycnocoma , Wetriaria )
Droceloncia
Pycnocoma (also Comopyena )
There is only 1 genus:
Sphyranthera
There are 2 subtribes and 6 genera:
Subtribe
Adenoclininae
Adenocline (also Adenoclina , Diplostylis , Paradenocline )
Ditta
Glycydendron
Klaineanthus
Tetrorchidium (also Hasskarlia , Tetrorchidiopsis )
Subtribe
Endosperminae
Endospermum (also Capellenia )
This tribe has 6 subtribes and 14 genera:
Subtribe
Aleuritinae
Aleurites (also Camirium )
Reutealis
Vernicia (also Ambinux , Dryandra , Elaeococca )
Subtribe
Benoistiinae
Benoistia
Subtribe
Crotonogyninae
Crotonogyne (also Neomanniophyton )
Cyrtogonone
Manniophyton
Subtribe
Garciinae
Garcia (also called Carcia )
Subtribe
Grosserinae
Cavacoa
Grossera
Sandwithia
Tannodia (also Domohinea )
Tapoides
Subtribe
Neoboutoniinae
Neoboutonia
There are 15 genera:
Acidocroton
Baliospermum
Baloghia (also Steigeria )
Blachia (also Deonia )
Codiaeum (also Crozophyla , Junghuhnia , Phyllaurea , Synaspisma )
Colobocarpos
Dimorphocalyx
Dodecastigma
Fontainea
Hylandia
Ophellantha
Ostodes
Pantadenia
Pausandra
Sagotia
Strophioblachia
There are 6 genera:
Astraea
Brasiliocroton
Croton (also Agelandra , Aldinia , Angelandra , Anisepta , Anisophyllum , Argyra , Argyrodendron , Astraea , Astrogyne , Aubertia , Banalia , Barhamia , Brachystachys , Calypteriopetalon , Cascarilla , Centrandra , Cieca , Cleodora , Codonocalyx , Comatocroton , Crotonanthus , Crotonopsis , Cyclostigma , Decarinium , Drepadenium , Eluteria , Engelmannia , Eremocarpus , Eutrophia , Friesia , Furcaria , Geiseleria , Gynamblosis , Halecus , Hendecandas , Heptallon , Heterochlamys , Heterocroton , Julocroton , Klotzschiphytum , Kurkas , Lasiogyne , Leptemon , Leucadenia , Luntia , Macrocroton , Medea , Merleta , Monguia , Myriogomphus , Ocalia , Oxydectes , Palanostigma , Penteca , Pilinophyton , Piscaria , Pleopadium , Podostachys , Saipania , Schradera , Semilta , Tiglium , Timandra , Tridesmis , Triplandra , Vandera )
Mildbraedia (also Neojatropha , Plesiatropha )
Moacroton (also Cubacroton )
Paracroton (also Desmostemon , Fahrenheitia )
This tribe only has 1 genus:
Elateriospermum (also Elaterioides , Elaterispermum )
This tribe has 2 genera:
Cladogelonium
Suregada (also Ceratophorus , Erythrocarpus , Gelonium , Owataria )
There are 8 genera:
Annesijoa
Deutzianthus
Jatropha (also Adenorhopium , Adenoropium , Castiglionia , Collenucia , Curcas , Jatropa , Loureira , Mesandrinia , Mozinna , Zimapania )
Joannesia (also Anda , Andicus )
Leeuwenbergia
Loerzingia
Oligoceras
Vaupesia
This tribe has 2 genera:
Cnidoscolus (also Bivonea , Jussieuia , Mandioca , Victorinia )
Manihot (also Hotnima , Janipha , Manihotoides )
There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:
Subtribe
Heveinae
Hevea (also Caoutchoua , Micrandra , Siphonanthus , Siphonia )
Subtribe
Micrandrinae
Cunuria
Micrandra (also Clusiophyllum , Pogonophyllum )
Micrandropsis
There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:
Subtribe
Bertyinae
Bertya (also Lambertya )
Borneodendron
Cocconerion
Myricanthe
Subtribe
Ricinocarpinae
Alphandia
Beyeria (also Beyeriopsis , Calyptrostigma , Clavipodium )
Ricinocarpos (also Echinosphaera , Ricinocarpus , Roeperia )
There are 3 genera:
Givotia
Ricinodendron
Schinziophyton
There is only 1 genus:
Trigonostemon (also Actephilopsis , Athroisma , Enchidium , Kurziodendron , Neotrigonostemon , Nepenthandra , Poilaniella , Prosartema , Silvaea , Telogyne , Tritaxis , Tylosepalum )
This tribe has 3 subtribes and 6 genera:
Subtribe
Anthosteminae
Anthostema
Dichostemma
Subtribe
Euphorbiinae
Cubanthus (to be transferred to Euphorbia)
Euphorbia (also Ademo , Adenopetalum , Adenorima , Agaloma , Aklema , Alectoroctonum , Allobia , Anisophyllum , Anthacantha , Aplarina , Arthrothamnus , Bojeria , Ceraselma , Chamaesyce , Characias , Chylogala , Crepidaria , Ctenadena , Cyathophora , Cystidospermum , Dactylanthes , Dematra , Desmonema , Diadenaria , Dichrophyllum , Dichylium , Diplocyathium , Ditritra , Elaeophorbia , Endadenium , Endoisila , Epurga , Esula , Euforbia , Eumecanthus , Euphorbiastrum , Euphorbiodendron , Euphorbiopsis , Euphorbium , Galarhoeus , Hexadenia , Kanopikon , Kobiosis , Lacanthis , Lathyris , Lepadena , Leptopus , Lophobios , Lortia , Lyciopsis , Medusea , Monadenium , Nisomenes , Ossifraga , Peccana , Pedilanthus , Petalandra , Pleuradena , Poinsettia , Pythius , Sclerocyathium , Stenadenium , Sterigmanthe , Synadenium , Tithymaloides , Tithymalopsis , Tithymalus , Torfasadis , Treisia , Tricherostigma , Trichosterigma , Tumalis , Vallaris , Ventenatia , Xamesike , Zalitea , Zygophyllidium )
Subtribe
Neoguillauminiinae
Calycopeplus
Neoguillauminia
This tribe has 2 subtribes and 33 genera:
Subtribe
Carumbiinae
Homalanthus (also Carumbium , Dibrachion , Dibrachium , Duania , Wartmannia )
Subtribe
Hippomaninae
Actinostemon (also Dactylostemon )
Adenopeltis
Anomostachys
Balakata
Bonania (also Hypocoton )
Colliguaja
Conosapium
Dalembertia (also Alcoceria )
Dendrocousinsia
Dendrothrix
Ditrysinia
Duvigneaudia
Excoecaria (also Commia , Glyphostylus )
Falconeria
Grimmeodendron
Gymnanthes (also Adenogyne , Ateramnus )
Hippomane (also Mancanilla , Mancinella )
Mabea
Maprounea (also Aegopicron , Aegopricon , Aegopricum )
Microstachys
Neoshirakia (also Shirakia )
Pleradenophora
Pseudosenefeldera
Rhodothyrsus
Sapium (also Carumbium , Gymnobothrys , Sapiopsis , Seborium , Shirakiopsis , Stillingfleetia , Taeniosapium ) -
Chinese tallow
Sclerocroton
Sebastiania (also Clonostachys , Cnemidostachys , Elachocroton , Gussonia , Microstachys , Sarothrostachys , Tragiopsis )
Senefeldera
Senefelderopsis
Shirakiopsis
Spegazziniophytum
Spirostachys
Stillingia (also Gymnostillingia )
Triadica
There are 4 genera:
Algernonia
Hura
Ophthalmoblapton
Tetraplandra (also Dendrobryon )
There is one genus:
Pachystroma (also Acantholoma )
There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:
Subtribe
Hamilcoinae
Hamilcoa
Nealchornea
Subtribe
Stomatocalycinae
Pimelodendron (also Stomatocalyx )
Plagiostyles
See also
References
^
a
b
c
d
e
f Wurdack, K. J.; Hoffmann, P.; Chase, M. W. (2005), "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of uniovulate Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto) using plastid RBCL and TRNL-F DNA sequences", American Journal of Botany , 92 (8): 1397–1420,
doi :
10.3732/ajb.92.8.1397 ,
PMID
21646159
^
Phyllanoa Croizat .
Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 12 June 2024.
^ W.J. Hayden et al. Two enigmatic biovulate Euphorbiaceae from the Neotropics: relationships of Chonocentrum and the identity of Phyllanoa. Am. J. Bot. (1996)
External links