 Cover page of Tasvîr-i Efkâr dated 29 October 1915 featuring
Mustafa Kemal (left) and
Cevat Pasha | |
| Founder(s) | İbrahim Şinasi |
|---|---|
| Founded | 27 June 1862 |
| Language | Turkish |
| Ceased publication | 4 March 1925 |
| Headquarters | Istanbul |
| Country |
|
Tasvîr-i Efkâr ( Ottoman Turkish: تسویر افکار, lit. 'Herald of Ideas') was a long term Ottoman newspaper which existed between 1862 and 1925 with some interruptions. The paper was one of the early privately-owned publications in the Ottoman Empire. [1] It is known for its founder İbrahim Şinasi and for its leading editors, including Namık Kemal and Yunus Nadi.
History and profile
First period (1862–1868)
Tasvîr-i Efkâr was first published on 27 June 1862 [2] although its license was granted on 14 May 1861. [3] The paper came out twice per week. [4] Its founder and chief editor was İbrahim Şinasi. [5] [6] In the first issue he declared the goal of the paper as expressing the voice of public. [7] Soon after its start Tasvîr-i Efkâr enjoyed higher levels of circulation. [6] Şinasi edited the paper until 30 January 1865 when he left the Empire for Europe. [3] During his editorship Tasvîr-i Efkâr featured less news reports on the activities of the upper classes and the travels of Sultan Abdülaziz. [8] Instead, it focused on news reports related to public such as fires, taxes, crop production, commercial and educational activities. [8] During the same period Tasvîr-i Efkâr featured numerous poems by Şinasi who also published the Ottoman Turkish translations of French poems. [9]
Şinasi was replaced by Namık Kemal in the post who expanded the coverage of Tasvîr-i Efkâr. [4] His term lasted until 1867 when he had to leave the Empire due to the increased pressure of the government on him. [4] The paper was edited by Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ve Kayazâde Reşad until its closure in 1868. [4] It produced 835 issues during this period. [2] [4]
Second period (1909–1925)
The license of the paper was sold to Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in 1909, and it was redesigned under the title Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr of which the first issue appeared on 31 May 1909. [3] Süleyman Nazif collaborated with Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in the publication of the paper, but he left it soon. [10] It was closed down many times during this period, but resumed publication under different titles. [3] Following the death of Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in January 1913 the paper was owned by his children, Talha and Velid Ebüzziya. [3] [5]
The editor of the paper under the ownership of the Ebüzziya brothers was Yunus Nadi. [11] Its publisher was Matbaa-i Ebüzziya which was based in Nuruosmaniye district of Istanbul. [5] The paper supported the independence movement led by Mustafa Kemal because of which it was frequently censored. [3] [11] Tasvîr-i Efkâr is the first Ottoman paper which published a photograph and biography of Mustafa Kemal. [11] The paper folded immediately after the occupation of Istanbul in 1918, and its owners exiled into Malta. [3]
Following the return of Velid Ebüzziya to Istanbul in 1921 the paper was restarted with the title Tevhîd-i Efkâr on 2 July. [11] Because he could not get a license for its original title. [5] The paper was published until 4 March 1925 when it was closed by the Independence Court in Istanbul. [11] The reason for its closure was its oppositional stance against the Turkish government. [5] [11] The court employed the Law for the Maintenance of Order, which had been put into force after the riot led by Sheikh Said, as a basis for its ban. [5]
Contributors
Early contributors of Tasvîr-i Efkâr included Şinasi's close friends Nâmık Kemal, Ahmed Vefik Paşa and Sâmipaşazâde Suphi. [3] In the late Ottoman period when the paper was owned by the Ebüzziya brothers notable contributors were Zekeriya Sertel, Ahmet Rasim, Cenap Şehabattin, Ruşen Eşref, Abdülhak Hamit, and Yahya Kemal. [11]
Spin-off
The paper was restarted with its original title, Tasvîr-i Efkâr, by Velid Ebüzziya and Ziyad Ebüzziya on 2 May 1940 and existed until the death of Velid Ebüzziya on 12 January 1945. [5] Then, Ziyad Ebüzziya and Cihad Baban continued to publish it under the title Tasvir which folded in 1949. [5]
References
- ^ Shin Sasaki (2018). "Mixed Dynamism of Relief in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Historical Actualities of Fundraising Campaigns". The Journal of Ottoman Studies. 51 (51): 165. doi: 10.18589/oa.591829.
- ^ a b Önder Mezili (2021). "Osmanlı Aydınlarından Ali Kemal'in Türk Gazetesi ve Gazetenin Yayın Anlayışına Dair Bir Değerlendirme". İçtimaiyat (in Turkish). 5 (2): 350. doi: 10.33709/ictimaiyat.958739.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nesimi Yazıcı (2011). Tasvîr-i Efkâr (in Turkish). Vol. 40. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 138–140.
- ^ a b c d e "Tasvir-i Efkâr Gazetesi" (in Turkish). Eski Eserler. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fatma Esen (2020). Censorship under allied occupation of İstanbul: The analysis of Tasvir-i Efkar Newspaper (MA thesis). Sabancı University. pp. 8, 10–11.
- ^ a b Erol A.F. Baykal (2019). The Ottoman Press (1908-1923). Leiden: Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-04-39488-9.
- ^ Belkıs Ulusoy Nalcıoğlu (January 2012). "Birth Pangs of Turkish Magazine Publishing". Erciyes İletişim Dergisi. 2 (4): 85.
- ^ a b Gül Karagöz-Kızılca (2017). "News Publishing as a Reflection of Public Opinion: The Idea of News during the Ottoman Financial Crises". In Anthony Gorman; Didier Monciaud (eds.). The Press in the Middle East and North Africa, 1850–1950: Politics, Social History and Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781474430630.
- ^ Elisabeth Kendall (2002). "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century". In Leila Fawaz; C. A. Bayly; Robert Ilbert (eds.). Modernity and Culture. New York Chichester; West Sussex: Columbia University Press.
- ^ Syed Tanvir Wasti (2014). "Süleyman Nazîf – A Multi-Faceted Personality". Middle Eastern Studies. 50 (3): 495. doi: 10.1080/00263206.2014.886571.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ali Demirel (July 2018). The Relations of İstanbul and Ankara within the press of Turkish national struggle (1918-1922) (MA thesis). Middle East Technical University. pp. 14–15. hdl: 11511/27502.
- 1862 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1925 disestablishments in Turkey
- Banned newspapers
- Censorship in Turkey
- Defunct newspapers published in the Ottoman Empire
- Defunct newspapers published in Turkey
- Defunct Turkish-language newspapers
- Newspapers published in Istanbul
- Newspapers established in 1862
- Publications disestablished in 1925
|
Cover page of Tasvîr-i Efkâr dated 29 October 1915 featuring
Mustafa Kemal (left) and
Cevat Pasha | |
| Founder(s) | İbrahim Şinasi |
|---|---|
| Founded | 27 June 1862 |
| Language | Turkish |
| Ceased publication | 4 March 1925 |
| Headquarters | Istanbul |
| Country |
|
Tasvîr-i Efkâr ( Ottoman Turkish: تسویر افکار, lit. 'Herald of Ideas') was a long term Ottoman newspaper which existed between 1862 and 1925 with some interruptions. The paper was one of the early privately-owned publications in the Ottoman Empire. [1] It is known for its founder İbrahim Şinasi and for its leading editors, including Namık Kemal and Yunus Nadi.
History and profile
First period (1862–1868)
Tasvîr-i Efkâr was first published on 27 June 1862 [2] although its license was granted on 14 May 1861. [3] The paper came out twice per week. [4] Its founder and chief editor was İbrahim Şinasi. [5] [6] In the first issue he declared the goal of the paper as expressing the voice of public. [7] Soon after its start Tasvîr-i Efkâr enjoyed higher levels of circulation. [6] Şinasi edited the paper until 30 January 1865 when he left the Empire for Europe. [3] During his editorship Tasvîr-i Efkâr featured less news reports on the activities of the upper classes and the travels of Sultan Abdülaziz. [8] Instead, it focused on news reports related to public such as fires, taxes, crop production, commercial and educational activities. [8] During the same period Tasvîr-i Efkâr featured numerous poems by Şinasi who also published the Ottoman Turkish translations of French poems. [9]
Şinasi was replaced by Namık Kemal in the post who expanded the coverage of Tasvîr-i Efkâr. [4] His term lasted until 1867 when he had to leave the Empire due to the increased pressure of the government on him. [4] The paper was edited by Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ve Kayazâde Reşad until its closure in 1868. [4] It produced 835 issues during this period. [2] [4]
Second period (1909–1925)
The license of the paper was sold to Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in 1909, and it was redesigned under the title Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr of which the first issue appeared on 31 May 1909. [3] Süleyman Nazif collaborated with Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in the publication of the paper, but he left it soon. [10] It was closed down many times during this period, but resumed publication under different titles. [3] Following the death of Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik in January 1913 the paper was owned by his children, Talha and Velid Ebüzziya. [3] [5]
The editor of the paper under the ownership of the Ebüzziya brothers was Yunus Nadi. [11] Its publisher was Matbaa-i Ebüzziya which was based in Nuruosmaniye district of Istanbul. [5] The paper supported the independence movement led by Mustafa Kemal because of which it was frequently censored. [3] [11] Tasvîr-i Efkâr is the first Ottoman paper which published a photograph and biography of Mustafa Kemal. [11] The paper folded immediately after the occupation of Istanbul in 1918, and its owners exiled into Malta. [3]
Following the return of Velid Ebüzziya to Istanbul in 1921 the paper was restarted with the title Tevhîd-i Efkâr on 2 July. [11] Because he could not get a license for its original title. [5] The paper was published until 4 March 1925 when it was closed by the Independence Court in Istanbul. [11] The reason for its closure was its oppositional stance against the Turkish government. [5] [11] The court employed the Law for the Maintenance of Order, which had been put into force after the riot led by Sheikh Said, as a basis for its ban. [5]
Contributors
Early contributors of Tasvîr-i Efkâr included Şinasi's close friends Nâmık Kemal, Ahmed Vefik Paşa and Sâmipaşazâde Suphi. [3] In the late Ottoman period when the paper was owned by the Ebüzziya brothers notable contributors were Zekeriya Sertel, Ahmet Rasim, Cenap Şehabattin, Ruşen Eşref, Abdülhak Hamit, and Yahya Kemal. [11]
Spin-off
The paper was restarted with its original title, Tasvîr-i Efkâr, by Velid Ebüzziya and Ziyad Ebüzziya on 2 May 1940 and existed until the death of Velid Ebüzziya on 12 January 1945. [5] Then, Ziyad Ebüzziya and Cihad Baban continued to publish it under the title Tasvir which folded in 1949. [5]
References
- ^ Shin Sasaki (2018). "Mixed Dynamism of Relief in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Historical Actualities of Fundraising Campaigns". The Journal of Ottoman Studies. 51 (51): 165. doi: 10.18589/oa.591829.
- ^ a b Önder Mezili (2021). "Osmanlı Aydınlarından Ali Kemal'in Türk Gazetesi ve Gazetenin Yayın Anlayışına Dair Bir Değerlendirme". İçtimaiyat (in Turkish). 5 (2): 350. doi: 10.33709/ictimaiyat.958739.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Nesimi Yazıcı (2011). Tasvîr-i Efkâr (in Turkish). Vol. 40. İslâm Ansiklopedisi. pp. 138–140.
- ^ a b c d e "Tasvir-i Efkâr Gazetesi" (in Turkish). Eski Eserler. 9 March 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fatma Esen (2020). Censorship under allied occupation of İstanbul: The analysis of Tasvir-i Efkar Newspaper (MA thesis). Sabancı University. pp. 8, 10–11.
- ^ a b Erol A.F. Baykal (2019). The Ottoman Press (1908-1923). Leiden: Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-04-39488-9.
- ^ Belkıs Ulusoy Nalcıoğlu (January 2012). "Birth Pangs of Turkish Magazine Publishing". Erciyes İletişim Dergisi. 2 (4): 85.
- ^ a b Gül Karagöz-Kızılca (2017). "News Publishing as a Reflection of Public Opinion: The Idea of News during the Ottoman Financial Crises". In Anthony Gorman; Didier Monciaud (eds.). The Press in the Middle East and North Africa, 1850–1950: Politics, Social History and Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9781474430630.
- ^ Elisabeth Kendall (2002). "Between Politics and Literature: Journals in Alexandria and Istanbul at the End of the Nineteenth Century". In Leila Fawaz; C. A. Bayly; Robert Ilbert (eds.). Modernity and Culture. New York Chichester; West Sussex: Columbia University Press.
- ^ Syed Tanvir Wasti (2014). "Süleyman Nazîf – A Multi-Faceted Personality". Middle Eastern Studies. 50 (3): 495. doi: 10.1080/00263206.2014.886571.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ali Demirel (July 2018). The Relations of İstanbul and Ankara within the press of Turkish national struggle (1918-1922) (MA thesis). Middle East Technical University. pp. 14–15. hdl: 11511/27502.
- 1862 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
- 1925 disestablishments in Turkey
- Banned newspapers
- Censorship in Turkey
- Defunct newspapers published in the Ottoman Empire
- Defunct newspapers published in Turkey
- Defunct Turkish-language newspapers
- Newspapers published in Istanbul
- Newspapers established in 1862
- Publications disestablished in 1925