![]() | This is not a Wikipedia article: This is a workpage, a collection of material and work in progress that may or may not be incorporated into Woodlouse. It should not necessarily be considered factual or authoritative. |
Woodlice Temporal range: ca.
Carboniferous–
present,
| |
---|---|
![]() | |
Clockwise from top right: Ligia oceanica, Hemilepistus reaumuri, Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii and Schizidium tiberianum | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Isopoda |
Suborder: |
Oniscidea Latreille 1802 [1] |
Sections | |
A woodlouse (plural woodlice) is a crustacean from the monophyletic [2] suborder Oniscidea within the isopods. The first woodlice were marine isopods which are presumed to have colonised land in the Carboniferous. [3] They have many common names and although often referred to as ' terrestrial Isopods' some species live semiterrestrialy or have recolonised aquatic environments. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism, others have partial rolling ability but most cannot conglobate at all.
Woodlice have a basic morphology of a segmented, dorso-ventrally flattened body with 7 pairs of jointed legs, specialised appendages for respiration and like other peracarids, females carry fertilised eggs in their marsupium, through which they provide developing embryos with water, oxygen and nutrients. The immature young hatch as mancae and receive further maternal care in some species. Juveniles then go through a series of moults before reaching maturity.
While the broader phylogeny of the Oniscideans has not been settled, five Infraorders/ Sections are agreed on with 3637 species validated in scientific literature in 2004 [4] and 3710 species in 2014 out of an estimated total of 5000-7000 species extant worldwide. [5] Key adaptations to terrestrial life has led to a highly diverse set of animals; from the marine littoral zone and subterranean lakes to arid deserts and mountain slopes 4,725m above sea-level, woodlice have established themselves in most terrestrial biomes and represent the full range of transitional forms and behaviours for living on land.
Woodlice are widely studied in the contexts of evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology and nutrient cycling. They are popular as terrarium pets because of their varied colour and texture forms, conglobating ability and ease of care.
The exoskeletons of woodlice are permeable as they lack the waxy coating found on other terrestrial arthropods, such as the insects. Marine isopods
The bodies of woodlice are divided into three sections or tagma: Cephalon, Pereon and Pleon. The segments of the pereon and pleon are collectively called somites (body segments). Their dorsal plates are called tergites and their ventral plates are called sternites.
The appendages of woodlice may be biramous (branched) or uniramous (unbranched). The ramus (branch) which is furthest away from the woodlouse's central line of symmetry is termed the exopodite (external branch), while the ramus (branch) which closest to the woodlouse's centre is termed the endopodite (internal branch). Any part of the biramous appendage to which the exopodite and endopodite are attached to is termed the propodite.
The cephalon, or head, is the anterior-most part of the body. It is derived from the five cephalic and first thoracic metameres of the ancestral Eumalacostraca.
When referring to Onicideans in the context of other crustaceans the term cephalothorax is used, as what would have been the first thoracic segment in other Isopods has fused to the head in woodlice.
It has the following pairs of appendages:
Woodlice also have either a pair of compound eyes, with a varied number of ommatidae and in various arrangements, or a set of ocelli arranged symmetrically on both sides of the cephalon. Some woodlice, like the Platyarthus species which live as commensals in ant nests and some troglobitic species have lost sight altogether.
The pereon (thorax) consists of seven pereonites (pereonal somites), each of which has a pair of uniramous (pereonal appendages). The pereopods are the woodlous's walking legs and consist of seven articles -
Manca are born with only six pairs of pereopods, the seventh pair only form after the first moult.
In male, paired ventral copulatory papillae (occasionally a single cone) on ventral surface (sternite) of last (seventh) pereon segment (pereonite); transfers sperm to gonopods.
gonopore: In female reproductive system, opening of each oviduct to exterior; located on ventral surface (sternite) of fifth pereon segment (pereonite).
epimera
The pleon (abdomen) consists of five pleonites (pleonal somites). The posterior-most segment is called the telson. Morphologically this segment was formed by the fusion of the erstwhile sixth pleonal somite with the telson, thus it is referred to as the pleotelson in context of other crustaceans.
Each pleonite has a pair of pleopods (pleonal appendages), which are biramous and flattened parallel to the ventral surface of the pleon... psuedotrachea, respiration. [7]
The telson also has a pair of appendages called the uropods. The size and shape of the uropods is varied but they are generally biramous, with distinct protopodite, exopodite and endopodite.
Book: S. Sutton (Auth.)- Woodlice - Pergamon Press (1972)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_British_Woodlice_(1906)
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/armadillidium.html
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/ligia.html
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/armadillidium.html
https://research.nhm.org/glossary/all.html
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43928/43928-h/43928-h.htm
https://archive.org/stream/britishwoodliceb00webb
https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst541905unit
https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14758874206/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/odonataman/10057865136
http://nzslaters.massey.ac.nz/morphology.php
http://www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf
DOI 10.1163/187498308X414724
soil formation, nutrient recycling
Woodlouse species diversity:
Diplocheta (1 family - Ligiidae)
Tylida (1 family - Tylidae)
Microcheta (1 family - Mesoniscidae)
Synocheta (5 families - Schoebliidae, Styloniscidae, Titanidae, Trichoniscidae, Tunanoniscidae)
Crinocheta (26 families- Agnaridae, Alloniscidae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Berytoniscidae, Bisilvestriidae, Cylisticidae, Delatorreidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, Eubelidae, Halophilosciidae, Hekelidae, IIrmaosidae, Olibrinidae, Oniscidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Pudeoniscidae, Rhyscotidae, Scleropactidae, Scyphacidae, Spelaeoniscidae, Sphaeroniscidae, Stenoniscidae, Tendosphaeridae, Trachelipodidae)
He lists 31 families though
The earliest woodlice fossils date to the cretaceaous but common ancestor in Carboniferous... woddlice don't fossilise well
Woodlice neither eat live wood/dead wood(but eat rotting wood) nor are parasitic...
Common names for woodlice vary throughout the English-speaking world. A number of local names make reference to conglobation, others make comparisons to a pig, others relate to coastal habitat of family ligiidae. Ligiidae names: rock lice, sea slaters, wharf roaches, sea roaches, rock slaters, quay louse
Local names for common cosmopolitian species include: From existing article
Early mentions of hoglice(confused distintction between pill millipedes and pill woodlice) as medicine
Latreille's mention of woodlice as medicine: Vol 1 p 361 On ordonne souvent la poudre de cloporte dans l'asthme, dans l'esquinancie(angina), l'hydropisie, dans les maladies où il faut fondre et résoudre les humeurs, purifier le sang, etc.
First taxonomic reference: linnaeus oniscus https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/658/mode/1up
First use of oniscidea: Latreille Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes Vol 3 p 42 oniscides
Key taxonomic milestone: Budde-lunds first oniscidea catalog
RESEARCH ON THE BIOLOGY OF TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS: A HISTORICAL SURVEY by Helmut Schmalfuss ( http://actazool.nhmus.hu/64/3/ActaZH_2018_Vol_64_3_193.pdf)
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link)
{{
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (
link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: Check date values in: |date=
(
help)
In very, very rough order of importance. Many sources are paywalled, use Sci-hub and Libgen
![]() | This is not a Wikipedia article: This is a workpage, a collection of material and work in progress that may or may not be incorporated into Woodlouse. It should not necessarily be considered factual or authoritative. |
Woodlice Temporal range: ca.
Carboniferous–
present,
| |
---|---|
![]() | |
Clockwise from top right: Ligia oceanica, Hemilepistus reaumuri, Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii and Schizidium tiberianum | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Malacostraca |
Order: | Isopoda |
Suborder: |
Oniscidea Latreille 1802 [1] |
Sections | |
A woodlouse (plural woodlice) is a crustacean from the monophyletic [2] suborder Oniscidea within the isopods. The first woodlice were marine isopods which are presumed to have colonised land in the Carboniferous. [3] They have many common names and although often referred to as ' terrestrial Isopods' some species live semiterrestrialy or have recolonised aquatic environments. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism, others have partial rolling ability but most cannot conglobate at all.
Woodlice have a basic morphology of a segmented, dorso-ventrally flattened body with 7 pairs of jointed legs, specialised appendages for respiration and like other peracarids, females carry fertilised eggs in their marsupium, through which they provide developing embryos with water, oxygen and nutrients. The immature young hatch as mancae and receive further maternal care in some species. Juveniles then go through a series of moults before reaching maturity.
While the broader phylogeny of the Oniscideans has not been settled, five Infraorders/ Sections are agreed on with 3637 species validated in scientific literature in 2004 [4] and 3710 species in 2014 out of an estimated total of 5000-7000 species extant worldwide. [5] Key adaptations to terrestrial life has led to a highly diverse set of animals; from the marine littoral zone and subterranean lakes to arid deserts and mountain slopes 4,725m above sea-level, woodlice have established themselves in most terrestrial biomes and represent the full range of transitional forms and behaviours for living on land.
Woodlice are widely studied in the contexts of evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology and nutrient cycling. They are popular as terrarium pets because of their varied colour and texture forms, conglobating ability and ease of care.
The exoskeletons of woodlice are permeable as they lack the waxy coating found on other terrestrial arthropods, such as the insects. Marine isopods
The bodies of woodlice are divided into three sections or tagma: Cephalon, Pereon and Pleon. The segments of the pereon and pleon are collectively called somites (body segments). Their dorsal plates are called tergites and their ventral plates are called sternites.
The appendages of woodlice may be biramous (branched) or uniramous (unbranched). The ramus (branch) which is furthest away from the woodlouse's central line of symmetry is termed the exopodite (external branch), while the ramus (branch) which closest to the woodlouse's centre is termed the endopodite (internal branch). Any part of the biramous appendage to which the exopodite and endopodite are attached to is termed the propodite.
The cephalon, or head, is the anterior-most part of the body. It is derived from the five cephalic and first thoracic metameres of the ancestral Eumalacostraca.
When referring to Onicideans in the context of other crustaceans the term cephalothorax is used, as what would have been the first thoracic segment in other Isopods has fused to the head in woodlice.
It has the following pairs of appendages:
Woodlice also have either a pair of compound eyes, with a varied number of ommatidae and in various arrangements, or a set of ocelli arranged symmetrically on both sides of the cephalon. Some woodlice, like the Platyarthus species which live as commensals in ant nests and some troglobitic species have lost sight altogether.
The pereon (thorax) consists of seven pereonites (pereonal somites), each of which has a pair of uniramous (pereonal appendages). The pereopods are the woodlous's walking legs and consist of seven articles -
Manca are born with only six pairs of pereopods, the seventh pair only form after the first moult.
In male, paired ventral copulatory papillae (occasionally a single cone) on ventral surface (sternite) of last (seventh) pereon segment (pereonite); transfers sperm to gonopods.
gonopore: In female reproductive system, opening of each oviduct to exterior; located on ventral surface (sternite) of fifth pereon segment (pereonite).
epimera
The pleon (abdomen) consists of five pleonites (pleonal somites). The posterior-most segment is called the telson. Morphologically this segment was formed by the fusion of the erstwhile sixth pleonal somite with the telson, thus it is referred to as the pleotelson in context of other crustaceans.
Each pleonite has a pair of pleopods (pleonal appendages), which are biramous and flattened parallel to the ventral surface of the pleon... psuedotrachea, respiration. [7]
The telson also has a pair of appendages called the uropods. The size and shape of the uropods is varied but they are generally biramous, with distinct protopodite, exopodite and endopodite.
Book: S. Sutton (Auth.)- Woodlice - Pergamon Press (1972)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:The_British_Woodlice_(1906)
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/armadillidium.html
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/ligia.html
http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/armadillidium.html
https://research.nhm.org/glossary/all.html
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43928/43928-h/43928-h.htm
https://archive.org/stream/britishwoodliceb00webb
https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst541905unit
https://www.flickr.com/photos/internetarchivebookimages/14758874206/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/odonataman/10057865136
http://nzslaters.massey.ac.nz/morphology.php
http://www.sylvanusservices.com/resources/Woodlice_Info.pdf
DOI 10.1163/187498308X414724
soil formation, nutrient recycling
Woodlouse species diversity:
Diplocheta (1 family - Ligiidae)
Tylida (1 family - Tylidae)
Microcheta (1 family - Mesoniscidae)
Synocheta (5 families - Schoebliidae, Styloniscidae, Titanidae, Trichoniscidae, Tunanoniscidae)
Crinocheta (26 families- Agnaridae, Alloniscidae, Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Balloniscidae, Bathytropidae, Berytoniscidae, Bisilvestriidae, Cylisticidae, Delatorreidae, Detonidae, Dubioniscidae, Eubelidae, Halophilosciidae, Hekelidae, IIrmaosidae, Olibrinidae, Oniscidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, Porcellionidae, Pudeoniscidae, Pudeoniscidae, Rhyscotidae, Scleropactidae, Scyphacidae, Spelaeoniscidae, Sphaeroniscidae, Stenoniscidae, Tendosphaeridae, Trachelipodidae)
He lists 31 families though
The earliest woodlice fossils date to the cretaceaous but common ancestor in Carboniferous... woddlice don't fossilise well
Woodlice neither eat live wood/dead wood(but eat rotting wood) nor are parasitic...
Common names for woodlice vary throughout the English-speaking world. A number of local names make reference to conglobation, others make comparisons to a pig, others relate to coastal habitat of family ligiidae. Ligiidae names: rock lice, sea slaters, wharf roaches, sea roaches, rock slaters, quay louse
Local names for common cosmopolitian species include: From existing article
Early mentions of hoglice(confused distintction between pill millipedes and pill woodlice) as medicine
Latreille's mention of woodlice as medicine: Vol 1 p 361 On ordonne souvent la poudre de cloporte dans l'asthme, dans l'esquinancie(angina), l'hydropisie, dans les maladies où il faut fondre et résoudre les humeurs, purifier le sang, etc.
First taxonomic reference: linnaeus oniscus https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/10277#page/658/mode/1up
First use of oniscidea: Latreille Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes Vol 3 p 42 oniscides
Key taxonomic milestone: Budde-lunds first oniscidea catalog
RESEARCH ON THE BIOLOGY OF TERRESTRIAL ISOPODS: A HISTORICAL SURVEY by Helmut Schmalfuss ( http://actazool.nhmus.hu/64/3/ActaZH_2018_Vol_64_3_193.pdf)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (
link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: Check date values in: |date=
(
help)
In very, very rough order of importance. Many sources are paywalled, use Sci-hub and Libgen