![]() | This page is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. |
I've decided to focus on this article for GA, so I'm going to recite the vast majority of the article; hopefully I won't have to delete anything, because I don't want to do so. If anyone would like to help improve the article to the
WP:MEDRS standard, feel free to do so.
Seppi333 (
Insert 2¢ |
Maintained)
06:29, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
This article is my #1 priority now, so I'll add this content fix all the citation issues over the next 1-3 months, depending on how much time I have outside WP. Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 10:47, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
Antidepressant reviews from Talk:Antidepressant/Archive 2#Exercise:
Antidepressant reflist
|
---|
References
|
Formatted current medical review citations with filled quote parameters:
Formatted review citations, pending quotes:
Effects on receptor ligands
Neurodegenerative disorders
Massive reflist
|
---|
References
|
References
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
Research in children finds that higher fit and more active preadolescent children show greater hippocampal and basal ganglia volume, greater white matter integrity, elevated and more efficient patterns of brain activity, and superior cognitive performance and scholastic achievement. Higher fit and more physically active older adults show greater hippocampal, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia volume, greater functional brain connectivity, greater white matter integrity, more efficient brain activity, and superior executive and memory function. ...
Cognitive performance: Cross-sectional, observational, and randomized clinical trials of PA in late adulthood have demonstrated that engaging in PA may preserve and/or enhance cognitive function even in cognitively impaired individuals (e.g., [18]). Summaries of these studies can now be found in several meta-analyses, most of which confirm that PA positively influences cognitive function in late adulthood with small to moderate sized effects [19]. In a meta-analysis of 18 randomized PA trials, engaging in moderate intensity PA resulted in enhanced cognitive function across all cognitive domains examined, but with the largest effect sizes for indices of executive function [20]. Meta-analyses of longitudinal observational studies have also confirmed that self-reported engagement in PA is associated with nearly a 40% reduced risk of experiencing cognitive decline over several years [21]. These, and other studies, make a convincing argument that both continuing to engage in, and starting to engage in, PA in late adulthood may have a profound effect on maintaining cognitive health, improving function, and reducing the risk of developing cognitive impairment.
Brain structure: There have been now more than 30 published studies of PA or fitness on brain structure in older adults (>60 years) with the majority showing positive associations (see [22]). Such effects are important since increasing age is associated with brain atrophy and loss of volume, which precedes and predicts conversion to dementia. Higher aerobic fitness levels have been associated with larger gray matter volumes in older adults in several areas including the frontal cortex [23,24], hippocampus [25,26], and caudate nucleus [27]. Longitudinal observational studies have also shown that greater amounts of PA are associated with larger gray matter volumes in these regions, and greater volume is, in turn, associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment [28]. These cross-sectional and observational results in older adults are further supported by clinical trials that have shown that six-months to one-year of regular PA is associated with an increase in both frontal cortex [29••,30] and hippocampal volume ... These effects on gray matter volume are accompanied by differences found in white matter integrity. For example, several studies have reported that higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels and PA are associated with greater white matter integrity along several tracts linking frontal and subcortical areas [34–36] and that greater changes in fitness after an intervention was associated with an increase in white matter integrity [37]. In sum, there is now convincing evidence that PA and fitness influence brain structure, characterized by both gray matter volume and white matter integrity, in late adulthood.
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
Regular physical exercise has been proved to have therapeutic benefit [1], such as treating psychiatric illnesses [2,3,4,5,6,7], supporting brain injury recovery [8,9,10,11,12], and resisting neurodegenerative diseases [13,14,15,16,17,18]. ... Furthermore, regulations of the secretion of neurotrophic factors, vasculotropic factors, inflammatory mediators, and neurotransmitters are also involved in exercise's influence on brain function [21,22,23,24,25]. Among these effects, secretion of neurotransmitters, especially monoamines, have been linked to the exercise-induced neuronal adaptation. ... Upregulation of DA in the brain has been linked to exercise-induced higher levels of serum calcium, which is transported into the brain and affects calcium/calmodulin-dependent DA synthesis by activating the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme [77]. ... Studies of patients with PD suggest that exercise may provide preventive and non-pharmaceutical therapeutic approach for PD. Six months of aerobics exercise significantly improves the executive movement of simple and complex motions in patients diagnosed with mild to moderate PD [90]. Additionally, in an epidemiological evaluation of physical activity in a cohort of more than 200,000 participants, exercise at moderate to vigorous levels is found to protect against PD [91]. Altogether, exercise not only modulates the direct action of DA system, but also protects DA neuron against toxic assaults. ... the levels of plasma galanin are also increased in humans after acute exercise [101]. ... Similarly, the levels of NE in brain regions that are linked to cognitive function, including hippocampus and central and medial amygdala, are elevated by chronic treadmill exercise [108]. Blockade of β-adrenoreceptors with various antagonists inhibits the chronic exercise-induced improvement of learning and memory in contextual fear conditioning and water maze tasks [100,109]. The memory performance in both amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients and control subjects is significantly enhanced if a single bout of aerobic exercise is given immediately after learning [110]. Meanwhile, the endogenous activity of NE is also increased by exercise, suggesting a potential linkage between NE and exercise-enhanced cognitive function. ... The stimulation of the monoamine system is dependent on exercise intensity.
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
Using toxins that induce a deficiency of dopamine, we have affirmed that physical exercise can reduce behavioral and neurobiological deficits induced by such toxins, and suggest that these neuroprotective effects are likely to involve the activation of signaling cascades by neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor.
Aerobic physical exercise (PE) activates the release of neurotrophic factors and promotes angiogenesis, thereby facilitating neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, which in turn improve memory and cognitive functions. ... Exercise limits the alteration in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and contributes to optimal functioning of the basal ganglia involved in motor commands and control by adaptive mechanisms involving dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission.
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
A range of validated platforms assessed CF across three domains: executive function (12 studies), memory (four studies) and processing speed (seven studies). Habitual PA was assessed via questionnaire/self-report methods (n=13, 8 validated) or accelerometers (n=1). In studies of executive function, five found a significant ES in favour of higher PA, ranging from small to large. Although three of four studies in the memory domain reported a significant benefit of higher PA, there was only one significant ES, which favoured low PA. Only one study examining processing speed had a significant ES, favouring higher PA.
CONCLUSIONS: A limited body of evidence supports a positive effect of PA on CF in young to middle-aged adults. Further research into this relationship at this age stage is warranted. ...
Significant positive effects of PA on cognitive function were found in 12 of the 14 included manuscripts, the relationship being most consistent for executive function, intermediate for memory and weak for processing speed.
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 22:56, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
I came across this [1] March 2017 review on the acute effects of exercise on cognition, affect, neurophysiology, and neurochemical/myokine signaling from a "Neuroscience news" story on my facebook news feed. Could probably use the news piece as a laysummary parameter in the citation. It makes some very interesting/notable assertions about the effects of acute exercise on executive functions/cognitive control and cognitive processing speed.
And oh my god, I have so much work to do on updating this article with the MASSIVE deluge of reviews and meta-analyses that have been published since I last worked on it 12 months ago ( 75 reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from using very specific filters for relevance). It seems like a lot more researchers have actually taken notice of the fact that aerobic exercise induces both acute and chronic psychostimulant-like effects on cognition and marked neuroplasticity in healthy adults and those with CNS disorders.
A couple of templated review/meta-analysis citations to add soonish:
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 12:54, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
References
{{
cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter |lay-date=
ignored (
help); Unknown parameter |lay-source=
ignored (
help); Unknown parameter |lay-url=
ignored (
help)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
The results of this study showed that a large network of brain areas, equal to 82% of the total grey matter volume, were associated with PA. This finding has important implications in utilizing PA as a mediator factor for educational purposes in children, rehabilitation applications in patients, improving the cognitive abilities of the human brain such as in learning or memory, and preventing age-related brain deteriorations. ... There is a significant association between the volume of the brain areas and their corresponding functions. Examples include the association of total and regional brain volumes (BV) with executive function and speed of processing, intelligence, working, verbal and spatial memory, and skill acquisition performance [27–29]. The connections between brain function and structure is due to the neural information processing being dependent on the size, arrangement, and configuration of the neurons, the number and type of the synaptic connections of the neurons, on the quality of their connection with distant neurons, and on the properties of non-neuronal cells such as glia [30]. ... This study showed that PA is positively associating with nearly all brain regions.
I've only read a few scattered paragraphs of this review; [1] I intend to finish reading it later. I've haven't read most of the material relevant to molecular neurobiology and neuropharmacology (NB: some of that may be worth covering). Out of the parts I read, I came across a few significant excerpts that should be added to/paraphrased in the article:
Extended quote
|
---|
|
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 01:10, 12 August 2017 (UTC)
References
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 23:55, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
The section on Long-term effects could be sorted by body segments, ie. brain, skin, muscles etc. It appears that the entire Long-term section is basically about brain development. prokaryotes ( talk) 21:27, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
@ Zefr: I rewrote almost every sentence in this article in the lead and body sections that do not contain a maintenance banner; I don't exaggerate the conclusions of sources that I cite. However, if you feel that there's an issue with how existing article text is worded in relation to the statements in the sources, it would be best to discuss this at WP:NPOV/Noticeboard instead of argue about it with me here since that will generate external/third-party feedback on this content.
I would prefer not to get into an edit war over this. Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 19:07, 13 May 2018 (UTC)
![]() | This page is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. |
I've decided to focus on this article for GA, so I'm going to recite the vast majority of the article; hopefully I won't have to delete anything, because I don't want to do so. If anyone would like to help improve the article to the
WP:MEDRS standard, feel free to do so.
Seppi333 (
Insert 2¢ |
Maintained)
06:29, 8 December 2014 (UTC)
This article is my #1 priority now, so I'll add this content fix all the citation issues over the next 1-3 months, depending on how much time I have outside WP. Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 10:47, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
Antidepressant reviews from Talk:Antidepressant/Archive 2#Exercise:
Antidepressant reflist
|
---|
References
|
Formatted current medical review citations with filled quote parameters:
Formatted review citations, pending quotes:
Effects on receptor ligands
Neurodegenerative disorders
Massive reflist
|
---|
References
|
References
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
Research in children finds that higher fit and more active preadolescent children show greater hippocampal and basal ganglia volume, greater white matter integrity, elevated and more efficient patterns of brain activity, and superior cognitive performance and scholastic achievement. Higher fit and more physically active older adults show greater hippocampal, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia volume, greater functional brain connectivity, greater white matter integrity, more efficient brain activity, and superior executive and memory function. ...
Cognitive performance: Cross-sectional, observational, and randomized clinical trials of PA in late adulthood have demonstrated that engaging in PA may preserve and/or enhance cognitive function even in cognitively impaired individuals (e.g., [18]). Summaries of these studies can now be found in several meta-analyses, most of which confirm that PA positively influences cognitive function in late adulthood with small to moderate sized effects [19]. In a meta-analysis of 18 randomized PA trials, engaging in moderate intensity PA resulted in enhanced cognitive function across all cognitive domains examined, but with the largest effect sizes for indices of executive function [20]. Meta-analyses of longitudinal observational studies have also confirmed that self-reported engagement in PA is associated with nearly a 40% reduced risk of experiencing cognitive decline over several years [21]. These, and other studies, make a convincing argument that both continuing to engage in, and starting to engage in, PA in late adulthood may have a profound effect on maintaining cognitive health, improving function, and reducing the risk of developing cognitive impairment.
Brain structure: There have been now more than 30 published studies of PA or fitness on brain structure in older adults (>60 years) with the majority showing positive associations (see [22]). Such effects are important since increasing age is associated with brain atrophy and loss of volume, which precedes and predicts conversion to dementia. Higher aerobic fitness levels have been associated with larger gray matter volumes in older adults in several areas including the frontal cortex [23,24], hippocampus [25,26], and caudate nucleus [27]. Longitudinal observational studies have also shown that greater amounts of PA are associated with larger gray matter volumes in these regions, and greater volume is, in turn, associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment [28]. These cross-sectional and observational results in older adults are further supported by clinical trials that have shown that six-months to one-year of regular PA is associated with an increase in both frontal cortex [29••,30] and hippocampal volume ... These effects on gray matter volume are accompanied by differences found in white matter integrity. For example, several studies have reported that higher cardiorespiratory fitness levels and PA are associated with greater white matter integrity along several tracts linking frontal and subcortical areas [34–36] and that greater changes in fitness after an intervention was associated with an increase in white matter integrity [37]. In sum, there is now convincing evidence that PA and fitness influence brain structure, characterized by both gray matter volume and white matter integrity, in late adulthood.
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
Regular physical exercise has been proved to have therapeutic benefit [1], such as treating psychiatric illnesses [2,3,4,5,6,7], supporting brain injury recovery [8,9,10,11,12], and resisting neurodegenerative diseases [13,14,15,16,17,18]. ... Furthermore, regulations of the secretion of neurotrophic factors, vasculotropic factors, inflammatory mediators, and neurotransmitters are also involved in exercise's influence on brain function [21,22,23,24,25]. Among these effects, secretion of neurotransmitters, especially monoamines, have been linked to the exercise-induced neuronal adaptation. ... Upregulation of DA in the brain has been linked to exercise-induced higher levels of serum calcium, which is transported into the brain and affects calcium/calmodulin-dependent DA synthesis by activating the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme [77]. ... Studies of patients with PD suggest that exercise may provide preventive and non-pharmaceutical therapeutic approach for PD. Six months of aerobics exercise significantly improves the executive movement of simple and complex motions in patients diagnosed with mild to moderate PD [90]. Additionally, in an epidemiological evaluation of physical activity in a cohort of more than 200,000 participants, exercise at moderate to vigorous levels is found to protect against PD [91]. Altogether, exercise not only modulates the direct action of DA system, but also protects DA neuron against toxic assaults. ... the levels of plasma galanin are also increased in humans after acute exercise [101]. ... Similarly, the levels of NE in brain regions that are linked to cognitive function, including hippocampus and central and medial amygdala, are elevated by chronic treadmill exercise [108]. Blockade of β-adrenoreceptors with various antagonists inhibits the chronic exercise-induced improvement of learning and memory in contextual fear conditioning and water maze tasks [100,109]. The memory performance in both amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients and control subjects is significantly enhanced if a single bout of aerobic exercise is given immediately after learning [110]. Meanwhile, the endogenous activity of NE is also increased by exercise, suggesting a potential linkage between NE and exercise-enhanced cognitive function. ... The stimulation of the monoamine system is dependent on exercise intensity.
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
Using toxins that induce a deficiency of dopamine, we have affirmed that physical exercise can reduce behavioral and neurobiological deficits induced by such toxins, and suggest that these neuroprotective effects are likely to involve the activation of signaling cascades by neurotrophic factors such as glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor.
Aerobic physical exercise (PE) activates the release of neurotrophic factors and promotes angiogenesis, thereby facilitating neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, which in turn improve memory and cognitive functions. ... Exercise limits the alteration in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and contributes to optimal functioning of the basal ganglia involved in motor commands and control by adaptive mechanisms involving dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission.
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
A range of validated platforms assessed CF across three domains: executive function (12 studies), memory (four studies) and processing speed (seven studies). Habitual PA was assessed via questionnaire/self-report methods (n=13, 8 validated) or accelerometers (n=1). In studies of executive function, five found a significant ES in favour of higher PA, ranging from small to large. Although three of four studies in the memory domain reported a significant benefit of higher PA, there was only one significant ES, which favoured low PA. Only one study examining processing speed had a significant ES, favouring higher PA.
CONCLUSIONS: A limited body of evidence supports a positive effect of PA on CF in young to middle-aged adults. Further research into this relationship at this age stage is warranted. ...
Significant positive effects of PA on cognitive function were found in 12 of the 14 included manuscripts, the relationship being most consistent for executive function, intermediate for memory and weak for processing speed.
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 22:56, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
I came across this [1] March 2017 review on the acute effects of exercise on cognition, affect, neurophysiology, and neurochemical/myokine signaling from a "Neuroscience news" story on my facebook news feed. Could probably use the news piece as a laysummary parameter in the citation. It makes some very interesting/notable assertions about the effects of acute exercise on executive functions/cognitive control and cognitive processing speed.
And oh my god, I have so much work to do on updating this article with the MASSIVE deluge of reviews and meta-analyses that have been published since I last worked on it 12 months ago ( 75 reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses from using very specific filters for relevance). It seems like a lot more researchers have actually taken notice of the fact that aerobic exercise induces both acute and chronic psychostimulant-like effects on cognition and marked neuroplasticity in healthy adults and those with CNS disorders.
A couple of templated review/meta-analysis citations to add soonish:
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 12:54, 16 June 2017 (UTC)
References
{{
cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter |lay-date=
ignored (
help); Unknown parameter |lay-source=
ignored (
help); Unknown parameter |lay-url=
ignored (
help)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
link)
The results of this study showed that a large network of brain areas, equal to 82% of the total grey matter volume, were associated with PA. This finding has important implications in utilizing PA as a mediator factor for educational purposes in children, rehabilitation applications in patients, improving the cognitive abilities of the human brain such as in learning or memory, and preventing age-related brain deteriorations. ... There is a significant association between the volume of the brain areas and their corresponding functions. Examples include the association of total and regional brain volumes (BV) with executive function and speed of processing, intelligence, working, verbal and spatial memory, and skill acquisition performance [27–29]. The connections between brain function and structure is due to the neural information processing being dependent on the size, arrangement, and configuration of the neurons, the number and type of the synaptic connections of the neurons, on the quality of their connection with distant neurons, and on the properties of non-neuronal cells such as glia [30]. ... This study showed that PA is positively associating with nearly all brain regions.
I've only read a few scattered paragraphs of this review; [1] I intend to finish reading it later. I've haven't read most of the material relevant to molecular neurobiology and neuropharmacology (NB: some of that may be worth covering). Out of the parts I read, I came across a few significant excerpts that should be added to/paraphrased in the article:
Extended quote
|
---|
|
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 01:10, 12 August 2017 (UTC)
References
Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 23:55, 21 December 2017 (UTC)
The section on Long-term effects could be sorted by body segments, ie. brain, skin, muscles etc. It appears that the entire Long-term section is basically about brain development. prokaryotes ( talk) 21:27, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
@ Zefr: I rewrote almost every sentence in this article in the lead and body sections that do not contain a maintenance banner; I don't exaggerate the conclusions of sources that I cite. However, if you feel that there's an issue with how existing article text is worded in relation to the statements in the sources, it would be best to discuss this at WP:NPOV/Noticeboard instead of argue about it with me here since that will generate external/third-party feedback on this content.
I would prefer not to get into an edit war over this. Seppi333 ( Insert 2¢) 19:07, 13 May 2018 (UTC)