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A couple of points: the statement that the Aizsargi participated in the Holocaust has been repeated and reiterated and is a stock feature of accounts of this horrible period. But there is a problem with it: the Aizsargi as an organization did not exist at this time.
The Soviets had identified it, no doubt correctly, as a hostile element, and they wasted no time in abolishing it. The high-ranking officers in this paramilitary organization were among the deportees to remote parts of the USSR. When the Nazis replaced the Soviets as the occupying power, they did not permit any country-wide organization other than those that they themselves invented, and certainly the last thing they would have tolerated was an armed, trained group such as the Aizsargi. What they did was to organize so-called "self-defense" units, in part imitating the organizational structure of the Aizsargi and including some former Aizsargi among their members. And of these "self-defense" groups, some were indeed used in actions against Jews--mostly arresting and transporting them but in some cases directly participating in the murder of Jews. But the Aizsargi as such did not exist; there were former members, but no command structure, no organizational structure, nothing of the sort. That some individual former Aizsargi committed crimes during the Holocaust is true; that the Aizsargi as such did so is misleading assertion.
The Pērkonkrusts party, which had been illegal in independent Latvia, is another story. It was small and powerless, but not without a baleful influence in some circles, and since it was viciously anti-Semitic the Nazis thought that it might be useful and allowed it to operated in return for cooperation. The Pērkonkrustieši turned out a few anti-Semitic pamphlets in 1941, but the honeymoon was short-lived--the inherent incompatibility between German and Latvian nationalism, even if the latter came in a fascist form as was the case with the Pērkonkrustieši. So before long the Nazis in their turn outlawed the Pērkonkrustiesi, who never met a government that could tolerated them. That the leaders of the infamous Arājs Commando (and the two similar groups that operated only locally and were disbanded early) were members of Pērkonkrusts is simply not so, no matter how often it is repeated. It is hard to think of anything good to say of this party, but they were not at all as important in the Holocaust as the stereotype account depicts them.
This sort of thing is simply recycled, quoted and quoted from quotations ad infinitem. What we need is articles that are based on the work of Margers Vestermanis, Andrievs Ezergailis, and the other historians who at last are giving us serious, source-based histories of the Holocaust in Latvia. Stephen.r 03:59, 17 March 2007 (UTC) (Is that how I'm supposed to sign?)
I was born in Riiga and am fluent in Latvian. My father went through both ghettos in Riiga, Kaizerwald and Shtuthoff; he was liberated by the Soviet Army on March 14, 1945 and returned to Riiga. Let me preface, that Latvians are no more responsible for Latvian killers than Latvian or German, Hungarian and other Jews were for the Jews in the NKVD that actively participated in the deportations of Latvian citizens (Latvians, Russians and Jews primarily) after USSR annexed the Latvian Republic in 1940. There are always few leaders and many followers. However, those in Latvia and of Latvian diaspora of today, who pretend that it was Soviet propaganda, who fall behind a highly debatable book by Dr. Ezergailis, as to DENY that it was Latvian killers that started (and were the proud “Strelnieki” during both actions – November 30 and December 3, 1940 – that resulted in mass murder of thousands of Jews) the mass extermination of Jews in Riiga, not German Nazis, are revisionist at best, and they indeed bear the responsibility for the glorification of the Latvian SS legion, for equating German fascism with Soviet socialism. So, for those of you, whitewashers and challengers of Latvian atrocities who have forgotten - re-read "Teevija", issues from early July 1940 -I think starting July 2, 1940 (when your claim of German Nazi control proves to be false). The newspapers I owned were confiscated by Soviet border guards in Brest, so I can not offer a copy of the newspaper with blood curling calls, by Latvians in Latvian, to get even with the Jews, to throw them in Daugava "Metiet zhiidus Dagavaa". The killings of the Jews, pilfering of their possessions, started well before Nazi order was established in Riiga. The burning of the Jews in the Gogol synagogue certainly has no witnesses left, the killing of the Jews in Skirotava prison certainly has no witnesses left. Except for those that were either killing or living next.
My father, Julius Drabkin, lived in Tukums and Riiga, never held hate towards Latvians; he lived his life to the fullest and had friends among Latvian and Russian, Jew and Lithuanian alike. He was "Muusu zhiids", no doubt behind his back. I had fond memories of many Latvians I knew, but many more for whom I was a "nolaadetais zhiids".
Truth is fact multiplied by faith. Thus revisionist history will always take place. If I would be an honorable Latvian, I would stay away from this subject at least. However, if I were a Latvian nationalist, planning to lay claims to Russia, deflecting criticism of discrimination against Russians in today’ Latvia, I would certainly want to get the support of Jewish power in the US and elsewhere, and show how innocent the Latvians were - "Mees visi bijam upuri" - we were all victims. In sum, your objectives are not of historical truth, or because of an attempt to accommodate disbelief in the horrible crimes committed by, perhaps, your relatives, but due to geo-political calculations. This subject does not lend itself to a civilized, non-emotional discourse on your or our side. But rest assured, that those of us, descendants of Latvian Jews whose families, clans, were killed primarily by Latvian nationalist, will never accept your truth. As most honorable Latvians will not.
BTW, I met Vaira Vika-Freiberga. To say the least, she certainly did not come across as a potential Zhanis Lipke. Rubiks, however, does.
mikhail_drabkin@yahoo.com Mikhail Drabkin ( talk) 09:46, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
Another important work which discounts the possibility of an interregnum in Latvia, when local forces would have a free hand to do as they pleased, is Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm's Die Einsatzgruppe A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1941/42 (Frankfurt am Main &c.: Peter Lang, 1996; ISBN 3631496400), especially pp. 104–13. It must be borne in mind that the situation in Latvia differed from that in neighbouring Lithuania, where an autnomous Lithuanian authority did briefly attempt to excercise its own power, during which time attacks on Jews did take place. As for why there were no pogroms in Denmark during the invasion in April 1940, there are several important reasons. A key point is, however, that the Germans did not exert direct control over the country in until 1943; as soon as the last vestiges of Danish state sovereingty were extinguished, Werner Best began to prepare the mass arrest and deportation of the Danish Jews. And he found willing helpers, particularly amongst the Danish SS men who had served on the Eastern Front (see for example the descriptions of the arrests in Dagbog fra Østfronten: En dansker i Waffen-SS 1941–44, Aschehoug, 2005; ISBN 8711118083). — Zalktis ( talk) 11:20, 1 September 2008 (UTC)"Es musste nach aussen gezeigt werden, dass die einheimische Bevölkerung selbst als natürliche Reaktion gegen jahrzehntenlange Unterdrückung durch die Juden und gegen Terror durch die Kommunisten in der vorangegangenen Zeit die ersten Massnahmen von sich aus getroffen hat." (IMT Blue Series, vol. 37, p. 672.)
My apologies that with family health issues I can't offer a more annotated answer to: "It appears that your point is that there was no limited Latvian governance, of governance by Latvian nationalists (which of course is not the same) however brief, early July 1941. What is the logical conclusion you reach on this narrowed argument (inter-regnum) then? That Latvian nationalists did not lead, kill, approve, applaud the extermination of Jews in Latvia? That is all was a charade, German Nazis role-playing Latvians, misunderstood by Latvian Holocaust survivors and reported as such in error? Is the other option, then, that the events were not led by Latvian nationalists and it was [NOT] a spontaneous act of "...der einheimischer Bevölkerung…” ? I can tell you, that among those Survivors I know, this later view is non-existent." ... but to your questions.
P.S. One of the reasons Der Spiegel loves to reprint events such as the Kaunas massacre is it holds the Germans blameless. But a another entire topic. The bottom line is that the "Germanless Holocaust" is a meticulously planned operation designed from the outset in Berlin to shield the Nazis from blame for the death of Jews in Eastern Europe, not a spontaneous uprising on the part of half the European continent waking up one day and deciding to kill their neighbors. — PētersV ( talk) 14:55, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
Soviet and Nazi lies have conspired to create the image that Latvians were even more efficient than the Nazis in their eagerness to eliminate Jews. I have obtained a copy of Ezergailis' book on the Holocaust in Latvia--notably, published in conjunction with the U.S. Holocaust Museum. I'll try and remember to put it in as reference, and I will check the other references to see what they are. I can't believe I missed D.V. Who are They? it in the citations list! — Pēters J. Vecrumba 13:30, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
What is the date of the latest edition of Encyclopedia Judaica? Works of this sort inherently require a bit of time to catch up with research. Prior to Ezergailis, there was hardly any serious history of the Holocaust in Latvia. Vestermanis was doing research, but during the Soviet period was very restricted in what he could publish. The result is that what was available until about 15 years ago was Soviet propaganda, together with the "eyewitness" accounts (which often delve into things of which the author was *not* an eyewitness, and as a result often contain misinformation), and a few articles by Dov Levin, always worth reading but dealing only with a few of the relevant topics. So there was simply not an adequate basis for any encyclopedia article on the topic, and if EJ references DV-Who Are They?, it is almost miraculously up-to-date. Of course, we all know that those Jews are pushy :) (Please, please, don't anyone take that literally--it's a *parody* of an anti-Semitic stereotype that I find ridiculous.)
The Wikipedia article at this time (19 October 2007) is not bad; I take it that Peteris is the person to thank? One thing that still needs attention is the brief treatment of what became of the criminals after the war--it could easily be read as a smear of the DPs in general, in the manner of the notorious _DV--Who Are They?_. Stephen.r 03:05, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
Just in case, I remind everyone the arbcom editing restriction on Eastern Europe related topics. Suva Чего?
Read it twice and missed it, comment struck. However, RJ CG, I am not "equating" anything. If you read my original comment it was that the current article completely omits Stalin's actions against Jews. Addressing an omission is not "equating". It is you who are making the leap that I am making some sort of comparison or equating here and then getting on your moral high horse about it. My "repeated attempts to equate"? Please! (Even comments by others that Stalin was as anti-Semitic as Hitler does not equate the actual actions taken.) Since we're apparently both in agreement (and this is all a terrible misunderstanding) over the moral reprehensibility of debating evil, I believe we're done here. PētersV 14:48, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
P.S. I would trust that the recent ArbCom editing restriction allows us to assume that taking note of missing content is a good faith observation that information needs to be added, not that there is some sinister plot to debate levels of evil. To RJ CG, again, if you have reputably source information to add, please contribute. However, postulating that Stalin saved Jews by deporting them is, as we've seen, sure to provoke needless and nonconstructive debate. Let's stick to presenting reputably sourced materials, not our personal postulations--on which I rather expect RJ CG and I are bound to disagree. — PētersV 16:37, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
Passed through today, this time noticing "In addition to the above, the Jewish population was subjected to a heavy burden of taxes[citation needed]." What is the article (original source) saying? That Latvia had an ethnic-based taxation system? And who "expelled" Jews to the interior during WWI? This sort of passive tense mumbo-jumbo confuses more than informs. Oh the long list of things to rewrite. — PētersV ( talk) 00:07, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
1. There aren't no word about that by % jews from Latvia take big casulties in deportations to Soviet Union in june of 1941. From all deported to Siberia they was 13%, but in Latvia to that year lived about 5% jews, so soviets make first strike to those poeple. 2. There is words After liberation. It wasn't no liberation in 1944., it was second ocupation of Latvia... in 1949. year was deportode about 42 000 people to Siberia. -- Kurlandlegionar ( talk) 22:10, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
Sorry, Stalin got to the Baltic first and spared no one. PetersV TALK 00:30, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
It would probably be relevant to include some information on LEGU: Latvijas Ebrei - Genocida Upuri; Holocaust Survivors' Organization of Latvian Jewry. -- Deborahjay ( talk) 08:42, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
I hope the selection of people I did was good enough!
Mark Rothko •
Mikhail Tal •
Mischa Maisky
Philippe Halsman •
Abraham Isaac Kook •
Rogatchover Gaon
Feel free to suggest more ideas here! Guitar hero on the roof ( talk) 19:42, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
In December 1941 was promoted to Obersturmführer Kurt Krause, a former Berlin police officer and previously Commander of the camp in Salaspils, the ghetto of Riga. SS-Unterscharführer Max Gymnich, a Gestapo man from Cologne was his assistant and driver.[18] Krause, called by prisoners "the ogre" and Gymnich big dogs were to give their command emphasis. The Latvian Jew Joseph Berman, who survived the Holocaust, described Gymnich in 1947 as responsible person for deportation to the death ("suicide squad"). In the ghetto, he had been responsible for countless murders.[19][20], source: de.wiki, Riga Ghetto. Valleyspring ( talk) 04:24, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
Hi. I'm looking for citation on this sentence:
The causes of this decline were emigration by part of the younger generation and a decline in the natural increase through limiting the family to one or two children by the majority.[citation needed]
Does anyone know of a source that confirms Jews were limited to one or two children, and any details? Thank you.
JonBaile ( talk) 14:00, 12 November 2015 (UTC)
PS. I've deleted that "information" in page, because it made no sense. GrimDawn ( talk) 01:12, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
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A couple of points: the statement that the Aizsargi participated in the Holocaust has been repeated and reiterated and is a stock feature of accounts of this horrible period. But there is a problem with it: the Aizsargi as an organization did not exist at this time.
The Soviets had identified it, no doubt correctly, as a hostile element, and they wasted no time in abolishing it. The high-ranking officers in this paramilitary organization were among the deportees to remote parts of the USSR. When the Nazis replaced the Soviets as the occupying power, they did not permit any country-wide organization other than those that they themselves invented, and certainly the last thing they would have tolerated was an armed, trained group such as the Aizsargi. What they did was to organize so-called "self-defense" units, in part imitating the organizational structure of the Aizsargi and including some former Aizsargi among their members. And of these "self-defense" groups, some were indeed used in actions against Jews--mostly arresting and transporting them but in some cases directly participating in the murder of Jews. But the Aizsargi as such did not exist; there were former members, but no command structure, no organizational structure, nothing of the sort. That some individual former Aizsargi committed crimes during the Holocaust is true; that the Aizsargi as such did so is misleading assertion.
The Pērkonkrusts party, which had been illegal in independent Latvia, is another story. It was small and powerless, but not without a baleful influence in some circles, and since it was viciously anti-Semitic the Nazis thought that it might be useful and allowed it to operated in return for cooperation. The Pērkonkrustieši turned out a few anti-Semitic pamphlets in 1941, but the honeymoon was short-lived--the inherent incompatibility between German and Latvian nationalism, even if the latter came in a fascist form as was the case with the Pērkonkrustieši. So before long the Nazis in their turn outlawed the Pērkonkrustiesi, who never met a government that could tolerated them. That the leaders of the infamous Arājs Commando (and the two similar groups that operated only locally and were disbanded early) were members of Pērkonkrusts is simply not so, no matter how often it is repeated. It is hard to think of anything good to say of this party, but they were not at all as important in the Holocaust as the stereotype account depicts them.
This sort of thing is simply recycled, quoted and quoted from quotations ad infinitem. What we need is articles that are based on the work of Margers Vestermanis, Andrievs Ezergailis, and the other historians who at last are giving us serious, source-based histories of the Holocaust in Latvia. Stephen.r 03:59, 17 March 2007 (UTC) (Is that how I'm supposed to sign?)
I was born in Riiga and am fluent in Latvian. My father went through both ghettos in Riiga, Kaizerwald and Shtuthoff; he was liberated by the Soviet Army on March 14, 1945 and returned to Riiga. Let me preface, that Latvians are no more responsible for Latvian killers than Latvian or German, Hungarian and other Jews were for the Jews in the NKVD that actively participated in the deportations of Latvian citizens (Latvians, Russians and Jews primarily) after USSR annexed the Latvian Republic in 1940. There are always few leaders and many followers. However, those in Latvia and of Latvian diaspora of today, who pretend that it was Soviet propaganda, who fall behind a highly debatable book by Dr. Ezergailis, as to DENY that it was Latvian killers that started (and were the proud “Strelnieki” during both actions – November 30 and December 3, 1940 – that resulted in mass murder of thousands of Jews) the mass extermination of Jews in Riiga, not German Nazis, are revisionist at best, and they indeed bear the responsibility for the glorification of the Latvian SS legion, for equating German fascism with Soviet socialism. So, for those of you, whitewashers and challengers of Latvian atrocities who have forgotten - re-read "Teevija", issues from early July 1940 -I think starting July 2, 1940 (when your claim of German Nazi control proves to be false). The newspapers I owned were confiscated by Soviet border guards in Brest, so I can not offer a copy of the newspaper with blood curling calls, by Latvians in Latvian, to get even with the Jews, to throw them in Daugava "Metiet zhiidus Dagavaa". The killings of the Jews, pilfering of their possessions, started well before Nazi order was established in Riiga. The burning of the Jews in the Gogol synagogue certainly has no witnesses left, the killing of the Jews in Skirotava prison certainly has no witnesses left. Except for those that were either killing or living next.
My father, Julius Drabkin, lived in Tukums and Riiga, never held hate towards Latvians; he lived his life to the fullest and had friends among Latvian and Russian, Jew and Lithuanian alike. He was "Muusu zhiids", no doubt behind his back. I had fond memories of many Latvians I knew, but many more for whom I was a "nolaadetais zhiids".
Truth is fact multiplied by faith. Thus revisionist history will always take place. If I would be an honorable Latvian, I would stay away from this subject at least. However, if I were a Latvian nationalist, planning to lay claims to Russia, deflecting criticism of discrimination against Russians in today’ Latvia, I would certainly want to get the support of Jewish power in the US and elsewhere, and show how innocent the Latvians were - "Mees visi bijam upuri" - we were all victims. In sum, your objectives are not of historical truth, or because of an attempt to accommodate disbelief in the horrible crimes committed by, perhaps, your relatives, but due to geo-political calculations. This subject does not lend itself to a civilized, non-emotional discourse on your or our side. But rest assured, that those of us, descendants of Latvian Jews whose families, clans, were killed primarily by Latvian nationalist, will never accept your truth. As most honorable Latvians will not.
BTW, I met Vaira Vika-Freiberga. To say the least, she certainly did not come across as a potential Zhanis Lipke. Rubiks, however, does.
mikhail_drabkin@yahoo.com Mikhail Drabkin ( talk) 09:46, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
Another important work which discounts the possibility of an interregnum in Latvia, when local forces would have a free hand to do as they pleased, is Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm's Die Einsatzgruppe A der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD 1941/42 (Frankfurt am Main &c.: Peter Lang, 1996; ISBN 3631496400), especially pp. 104–13. It must be borne in mind that the situation in Latvia differed from that in neighbouring Lithuania, where an autnomous Lithuanian authority did briefly attempt to excercise its own power, during which time attacks on Jews did take place. As for why there were no pogroms in Denmark during the invasion in April 1940, there are several important reasons. A key point is, however, that the Germans did not exert direct control over the country in until 1943; as soon as the last vestiges of Danish state sovereingty were extinguished, Werner Best began to prepare the mass arrest and deportation of the Danish Jews. And he found willing helpers, particularly amongst the Danish SS men who had served on the Eastern Front (see for example the descriptions of the arrests in Dagbog fra Østfronten: En dansker i Waffen-SS 1941–44, Aschehoug, 2005; ISBN 8711118083). — Zalktis ( talk) 11:20, 1 September 2008 (UTC)"Es musste nach aussen gezeigt werden, dass die einheimische Bevölkerung selbst als natürliche Reaktion gegen jahrzehntenlange Unterdrückung durch die Juden und gegen Terror durch die Kommunisten in der vorangegangenen Zeit die ersten Massnahmen von sich aus getroffen hat." (IMT Blue Series, vol. 37, p. 672.)
My apologies that with family health issues I can't offer a more annotated answer to: "It appears that your point is that there was no limited Latvian governance, of governance by Latvian nationalists (which of course is not the same) however brief, early July 1941. What is the logical conclusion you reach on this narrowed argument (inter-regnum) then? That Latvian nationalists did not lead, kill, approve, applaud the extermination of Jews in Latvia? That is all was a charade, German Nazis role-playing Latvians, misunderstood by Latvian Holocaust survivors and reported as such in error? Is the other option, then, that the events were not led by Latvian nationalists and it was [NOT] a spontaneous act of "...der einheimischer Bevölkerung…” ? I can tell you, that among those Survivors I know, this later view is non-existent." ... but to your questions.
P.S. One of the reasons Der Spiegel loves to reprint events such as the Kaunas massacre is it holds the Germans blameless. But a another entire topic. The bottom line is that the "Germanless Holocaust" is a meticulously planned operation designed from the outset in Berlin to shield the Nazis from blame for the death of Jews in Eastern Europe, not a spontaneous uprising on the part of half the European continent waking up one day and deciding to kill their neighbors. — PētersV ( talk) 14:55, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
Soviet and Nazi lies have conspired to create the image that Latvians were even more efficient than the Nazis in their eagerness to eliminate Jews. I have obtained a copy of Ezergailis' book on the Holocaust in Latvia--notably, published in conjunction with the U.S. Holocaust Museum. I'll try and remember to put it in as reference, and I will check the other references to see what they are. I can't believe I missed D.V. Who are They? it in the citations list! — Pēters J. Vecrumba 13:30, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
What is the date of the latest edition of Encyclopedia Judaica? Works of this sort inherently require a bit of time to catch up with research. Prior to Ezergailis, there was hardly any serious history of the Holocaust in Latvia. Vestermanis was doing research, but during the Soviet period was very restricted in what he could publish. The result is that what was available until about 15 years ago was Soviet propaganda, together with the "eyewitness" accounts (which often delve into things of which the author was *not* an eyewitness, and as a result often contain misinformation), and a few articles by Dov Levin, always worth reading but dealing only with a few of the relevant topics. So there was simply not an adequate basis for any encyclopedia article on the topic, and if EJ references DV-Who Are They?, it is almost miraculously up-to-date. Of course, we all know that those Jews are pushy :) (Please, please, don't anyone take that literally--it's a *parody* of an anti-Semitic stereotype that I find ridiculous.)
The Wikipedia article at this time (19 October 2007) is not bad; I take it that Peteris is the person to thank? One thing that still needs attention is the brief treatment of what became of the criminals after the war--it could easily be read as a smear of the DPs in general, in the manner of the notorious _DV--Who Are They?_. Stephen.r 03:05, 20 October 2007 (UTC)
Just in case, I remind everyone the arbcom editing restriction on Eastern Europe related topics. Suva Чего?
Read it twice and missed it, comment struck. However, RJ CG, I am not "equating" anything. If you read my original comment it was that the current article completely omits Stalin's actions against Jews. Addressing an omission is not "equating". It is you who are making the leap that I am making some sort of comparison or equating here and then getting on your moral high horse about it. My "repeated attempts to equate"? Please! (Even comments by others that Stalin was as anti-Semitic as Hitler does not equate the actual actions taken.) Since we're apparently both in agreement (and this is all a terrible misunderstanding) over the moral reprehensibility of debating evil, I believe we're done here. PētersV 14:48, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
P.S. I would trust that the recent ArbCom editing restriction allows us to assume that taking note of missing content is a good faith observation that information needs to be added, not that there is some sinister plot to debate levels of evil. To RJ CG, again, if you have reputably source information to add, please contribute. However, postulating that Stalin saved Jews by deporting them is, as we've seen, sure to provoke needless and nonconstructive debate. Let's stick to presenting reputably sourced materials, not our personal postulations--on which I rather expect RJ CG and I are bound to disagree. — PētersV 16:37, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
Passed through today, this time noticing "In addition to the above, the Jewish population was subjected to a heavy burden of taxes[citation needed]." What is the article (original source) saying? That Latvia had an ethnic-based taxation system? And who "expelled" Jews to the interior during WWI? This sort of passive tense mumbo-jumbo confuses more than informs. Oh the long list of things to rewrite. — PētersV ( talk) 00:07, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
1. There aren't no word about that by % jews from Latvia take big casulties in deportations to Soviet Union in june of 1941. From all deported to Siberia they was 13%, but in Latvia to that year lived about 5% jews, so soviets make first strike to those poeple. 2. There is words After liberation. It wasn't no liberation in 1944., it was second ocupation of Latvia... in 1949. year was deportode about 42 000 people to Siberia. -- Kurlandlegionar ( talk) 22:10, 7 February 2009 (UTC)
Sorry, Stalin got to the Baltic first and spared no one. PetersV TALK 00:30, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
It would probably be relevant to include some information on LEGU: Latvijas Ebrei - Genocida Upuri; Holocaust Survivors' Organization of Latvian Jewry. -- Deborahjay ( talk) 08:42, 7 December 2011 (UTC)
I hope the selection of people I did was good enough!
Mark Rothko •
Mikhail Tal •
Mischa Maisky
Philippe Halsman •
Abraham Isaac Kook •
Rogatchover Gaon
Feel free to suggest more ideas here! Guitar hero on the roof ( talk) 19:42, 11 January 2013 (UTC)
In December 1941 was promoted to Obersturmführer Kurt Krause, a former Berlin police officer and previously Commander of the camp in Salaspils, the ghetto of Riga. SS-Unterscharführer Max Gymnich, a Gestapo man from Cologne was his assistant and driver.[18] Krause, called by prisoners "the ogre" and Gymnich big dogs were to give their command emphasis. The Latvian Jew Joseph Berman, who survived the Holocaust, described Gymnich in 1947 as responsible person for deportation to the death ("suicide squad"). In the ghetto, he had been responsible for countless murders.[19][20], source: de.wiki, Riga Ghetto. Valleyspring ( talk) 04:24, 9 February 2013 (UTC)
Hi. I'm looking for citation on this sentence:
The causes of this decline were emigration by part of the younger generation and a decline in the natural increase through limiting the family to one or two children by the majority.[citation needed]
Does anyone know of a source that confirms Jews were limited to one or two children, and any details? Thank you.
JonBaile ( talk) 14:00, 12 November 2015 (UTC)
PS. I've deleted that "information" in page, because it made no sense. GrimDawn ( talk) 01:12, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
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