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Becase of ongoing discussion I have added this page to the Wikipedia:Pages needing attention section in the Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Religion section, under teminology Superbun ( talk) 14:14, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
I'd be curious to see any documentation of this, but I always assumed that calling Iraqis (specifically) "Haji" was due to the Mighty Mighty Bosstones song by that title, referring to "the baddest mf'er in Baghdad". I had that song on my iPod when deployed to Iraq in 2003, so the two points clicked, I assumed that was the original motivator. The Johnny Quest theory makes some sense too. I doubt that the slur/slang is directly connected with the Hajj, as almost no Americans servicemen would have been familiar with the term "Hajj" until the US military ran security for Mecca-bound Iraqis in the first pilgrimage following the invasion. The term has to be somehow related to associating "Haji" as an individual's name, and either the MMB song or the Quest TV show would seem the main influencers featuring a character named "Haji" MatthewVanitas ( talk) 16:58, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
I swear to you they are saying Hadji. They are referring to the Johnny quest character. It has nothing to do with the Hajj.
It's not about whether one is morally better than the other. It's about factual accuracy.-- Tchoutoye 01:39, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
I understand it's difficult to pull the "I was there" card on the internet, but I've done two tours--one in Afghanistan and one in Iraq. It has always been my understanding that the term refers to the hajj. I have never heard anyone reference the Johnny Quest character. While many soldiers may not be aware of the specific origins, instead simply having picked the term up from others, there is no doubt in my mind that the origin is the hajj and those who have made it.
However, I don't believe it's used as a slur or a pejorative term. I think it's more complex than that. While I was a line medic, I worked every day with infantrymen. To cope with the mental pressures that result from killing other human beings, soldiers develop a variety of coping mechanisms. One is to nickname the enemy, and in the process, dehumanize them.
Functionally, then, they are no longer killing a person. They are killing a hajji, a skinny, a gook, a kraut, a nip, and so on. In the past, there has been some overlap between these terms and racial slurs, yes. But I imagine that's simply a question of convenience. If we wanted to refer to Arabs by a racial slur, there are plenty available. It is telling that we did not choose any of them, preferring instead to select a new term to utilize (as we did the the Somalis). Squirrelcar ( talk) 02:40, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
I question the title “racial slur”, especially its comparison to “Charlie” in Vietnam which came from the “Victor Charlie” phrase. It’s a colloquial term. It might be seen as denigrating, but it’s not a “racial slur” BoonDock ( talk) 21:11, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
believe that the use of the word “slur” should be replaced with the term “slang”. Political views notwithstanding, “slang” is more-accurate as to the nature of the phrase.
Webster’s defines “slur” as “an insulting or disparaging remark or innuendo” whereas “slang” is defined as “an informal nonstandard vocabulary composed typically of coinages, arbitrarily changed words, and extravagant, forced, or facetious figures of speech”.
User Garzo has stated that the term “hajji…has recently become an ethnic slur commonly used among the armed-service personnel of the United States of America to refer to Muslims and Middle-Eastern people in general.”
The context of that term is common language used by some people. While, not politically correct or accurate in itself, the term is used as a generic reference, not an insult. History has recorded such similar identifiers such as “Charlie”, “Jerry”, “Ruskie”, etc. I argue the aforementioned terms are more “slang” than “slur”. “Slur”, I believe, would include terms such as “nigger”, “faggot”, “chink”, “WASP”, etc.
It's seems we differ on two main points; the choice of slur vs. slang and the specific use of the word by United States military personnel. While, I personally see 'slang' as more accurate, I'm not Muslim and won't attempt to pretend I know what is offensive to someone who is. I do strongly feel that the difference between the words is the intent of the speaker. If the term is not meant to offend, yet does, is that slang? I think of the "Pennsylvania Dutch" that we have in my state. That society is in no way Dutch or from Dutch origin, but as the legend goes when they first arrived and said they were from "Deutschland" (Germany), their neighbors misinterpreted that as being from the Netherlands. Was it malicious? No. Perhaps those with more experience being called that term should weigh in this debate.
As for the main users of the alternative meaning being US military, there is absolutely no way one can accurately state that. The term in its second definition is certainly not used universally and only by US service members. It is in no way part of US military doctrine or national vocabulary. "Some people" use that word that way; no modifiers are appropriate. Do US military members use the term? Probably. Do non-military people? Absolutely. I'd recommened the phrase "some people" be changed to "Westerners", but the first Asian to say it, would destroy the article's accuracy. "Some people" appears the most appropriate.
So, if I were to call an English person "Your Majesty" would that be a slur or slang? If I dropped the term "your honor" into the conversation when asking for gas "Can you fill the tank your honor" would that be a slur or slang? I would say it would be classed as a slur as I was denigrating a title of respect. Added to which a page that links here
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Army_acronyms_and_expressions#Slang_acronyms is a little more open to the origins of this denigrating term. "Some people" should be written as "Americans, especially the American occupying forces". After all you ask "Do non-military people? Absolutely." This may well be the case in America but nowhere else in the civilised world is this term used.
If you called an English person "Your Majesty" while asking him to fill your tank you would get punched in the nose because that person would presume you are trying to insult him. And the use of "hajji" for Iraqis or Arabs doesn`t sound like "Charlie" or "Jerry" to me at all. Sounds more like "gook" for a Vietnameese or a SE-Asian.
You wouldn't get punched over "Your Majesty," of course, and saying so is absurd. "Americans, especially the American occupying forces" implies all or at least a vast majority of Americans, which is flatly untrue; I'd never heard the term outside of an academic usage before I read the article. "Some Americans" seems accurate, though.
I spent four years in Iraq 2014-2017 at Balad. The Iraqis that were part of our teams used the term themselves without any discomfort, referring to “the Haji Store” etc.
BoonDock ( talk) 21:16, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
If my grammar is not erroneous, хаджи/хаџи/hadži are plural, whereas χατζής is singular. I think English hajji covers both singular and plural. -- Tēlex 18:17, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
I was a US Marine reservist in the first Gulf War in 1991, and the phrase "hajji" was heavily used to describe *any* non-service person in that theater. Whether they were local Saudis or 3rd country nationals driving trucks (Indians, Malaysians, Filipinos), they were all called hajjis. Hamburgers were from the local hamburger stand were called hajjiburgers from the hajjishack.
I was only in Saudi Arabia from Jan 1991 to May 1991, so I can't attest to it's usage from August 1990-Jan 1991.
Of course, good luck finding printed citations of that.
While I was at Sather Air Base, everyone who wasn't part of the coalition was a hajji. The insurgents, the barber, the launderer, the men, women, and children. Sometimes it was a slur and sometimes it wasn't. It just depended on the context. I was, however, dressed down for saying it on one occasion, so some people are more sensitive about its use than others. Hughsonj ( talk) 21:59, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
This recent edit says that the honorific is only used by "non-Arab muslims". What does that mean? Non-Arab means what, in this case? Those who are not native speakers of Arabic? Those who do not self-identify as Arab? Those who do not come from areas that are traditionally seen as Arab?
Isn't Hajj an Arabic word?
Aren't there lots of Arab speakers who apply this term? -- Geo Swan 17:55, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
It doesn't matter what the original use of "hajji" by American servicemen was supposed to mean. What matters is that it has become an ethnic slur. See:
We were using it as a slur in the late 90's in an Arab linguist unit of the 3rd Infantry Division during the late 90's.
is there a feminine conjugation of hajji? - Lordraydens 08:41, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
thank you. i was pretty sure it was hajjah. - Lordraydens 07:24, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
"Haji" is certainly not slang, but a negative racial/ethnic slur. A U.S serviceman calling an Iraqi a Haji is akin to a U.S servicemen calling a Vietnamese person a "gook" or a Japanese person a "Jap". Padishah5000 16:17, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
American military personell are not calling the Iraqis "haji", but "hadji", as in the Turban clad character from Jonnie Quest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.144.134.2 ( talk) 17:19, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
When I was in Iraq we used the tern Haji for anything local,
Haji shop = when locals were allowed on or around bases to sell variouse items to service personell.
Going Haji = driving across the medians in divided roadways or off the normal confines of the paved road to avoid traffic, altercations, military convoys, or just generally slow people.
Haji(food name ie. burger, pizza, subway.etc) = ANY food you could get outside from the chow hall.
Haji taxi = the white vehicals with orange fenders are identified as freelance taxis all throughout Iraq.(look at the photos or news clips, you see them more than you realise)
In my group I never heard anyone using the term in a hateful or demeaning way. I never heard it as a slur directed at anyone as in "you sorry haji" or the like. I think it can be taken and viewed many different ways depending on you persepyion and predisposition.
Suasponte
Regardless of whether the initial post in this section was original research or not it's not evidence enough to logically conclude that "Hajji" as used by American soldiers isn't a pejorative or a racial slur. Consider "gook" from Vietnam which is undoubtedly a slur, but could be still used usefully by the American troops stationed in Vietnam in all the same ways you describe (g* taxi, g* food, "going g*.") The same applies to Hun, Jap, Dink and many other words which are fair to classify as derogatory. 173.2.184.63 ( talk) 05:52, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
While it can definitely be used as a slur, it's not usually meant with negative connotation by troops in Iraq. It was used as a "catch all" term of endearment for the local peoples regardless of nationality. I think most would agree that its use outside of Iraq however is now used with negative racial connotation, which is unfortunate. It's clearly used as a racial slur now, but I wouldn't go so far as to say that its use overseas by US troops is a "racial slur," but perhaps its use elsewhere. Anton.hung ( talk) 07:00, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
Placed before given name and family name, or just preceding the family name? (yes i know that the
anthroponymy is not quite like ours, but suppose so-and-so ben/ibn (son of) so-and-so)
Ah never mind i found it in
Arabic name, it prefixes everything.
--
Jerome Potts
23:31, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
I am removing the line that indicates the word may not be intended as a slur because it is not sourced and it also does not comply with NPOV. See WP:NPOV -- Mherlihy ( talk) 21:00, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
The part of the racial/ethnic slur needs to be removed.This is not the list of racial & ethnic slurs, but an article that was intended to describe the honorifc title of someone who completed pilgrimage to Mecca or a muslim pilgrim. If you want to create a seperate racial/ethnic slur wiki you can do that - but do not mix up the two. That would be just disrespectfull and this is above gentleman's intention, I believe. I will proceed removing that vandalism and please someone protect this article - at least semiprotect. capybara capybara [[[Special:Contributions/95.223.187.171|95.223.187.171]] ( talk) 00: 19, 20 April 2010 (UTC)]
I would argue that the reference to the slur should not be at the very top of the article. For example, in the article [[Yankee] its use as a slur in Latin America is not noted in the top section, but is buried farther down under "Contemporary Usage". Dan Carkner ( talk) 20:51, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
Hi
I just did a quick copyedit. There were some descriptions removed and some words moved around in sentences. Nothing major should have changed.
I am a little confused as to how this has become a racial slur for South-Asian People though. I have never heard of it being usedfor that purpose, as South Asians are not really Arabic/Middle East. It may be because it is perceived as a slur against Indians (from India btw, not the USA), but that is Hadji, with a "D" as far as I can see from my research (though somewhat limited). The character in that case wore a turban but was a Sikh, I believe - and I would imagine some research would unfortunately lead to the term hadji/hajji being a reference to anyone wearing a turban, regardless of faith.
None of the servicemen I know use the term as a bad slur; as previously pointed out in one of the posts above, they use many other much more disagreable terms when slurring the local population or referring to Arabs, 'Middle East' Muslims and others. Chaosdruid ( talk) 21:42, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
Two references have been removed because they were found to be opinion pieces in a newspaper. Wikipedia policy is clear that we are not to cite opinion as fact, and are to attribute opinions to their source. A remaining reference has been notated as receiving a 404, and as there was only one remaining reference left, a needs more citations tag was added. 24.155.244.245 ( talk) 19:22, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
The title is used in west Africa countries,like Nigeria 102.88.34.91 ( talk) 12:01, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
This article is rated Start-class on Wikipedia's
content assessment scale. It is of interest to the following WikiProjects: | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Becase of ongoing discussion I have added this page to the Wikipedia:Pages needing attention section in the Wikipedia:Pages needing attention/Religion section, under teminology Superbun ( talk) 14:14, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
I'd be curious to see any documentation of this, but I always assumed that calling Iraqis (specifically) "Haji" was due to the Mighty Mighty Bosstones song by that title, referring to "the baddest mf'er in Baghdad". I had that song on my iPod when deployed to Iraq in 2003, so the two points clicked, I assumed that was the original motivator. The Johnny Quest theory makes some sense too. I doubt that the slur/slang is directly connected with the Hajj, as almost no Americans servicemen would have been familiar with the term "Hajj" until the US military ran security for Mecca-bound Iraqis in the first pilgrimage following the invasion. The term has to be somehow related to associating "Haji" as an individual's name, and either the MMB song or the Quest TV show would seem the main influencers featuring a character named "Haji" MatthewVanitas ( talk) 16:58, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
I swear to you they are saying Hadji. They are referring to the Johnny quest character. It has nothing to do with the Hajj.
It's not about whether one is morally better than the other. It's about factual accuracy.-- Tchoutoye 01:39, 9 September 2007 (UTC)
I understand it's difficult to pull the "I was there" card on the internet, but I've done two tours--one in Afghanistan and one in Iraq. It has always been my understanding that the term refers to the hajj. I have never heard anyone reference the Johnny Quest character. While many soldiers may not be aware of the specific origins, instead simply having picked the term up from others, there is no doubt in my mind that the origin is the hajj and those who have made it.
However, I don't believe it's used as a slur or a pejorative term. I think it's more complex than that. While I was a line medic, I worked every day with infantrymen. To cope with the mental pressures that result from killing other human beings, soldiers develop a variety of coping mechanisms. One is to nickname the enemy, and in the process, dehumanize them.
Functionally, then, they are no longer killing a person. They are killing a hajji, a skinny, a gook, a kraut, a nip, and so on. In the past, there has been some overlap between these terms and racial slurs, yes. But I imagine that's simply a question of convenience. If we wanted to refer to Arabs by a racial slur, there are plenty available. It is telling that we did not choose any of them, preferring instead to select a new term to utilize (as we did the the Somalis). Squirrelcar ( talk) 02:40, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
I question the title “racial slur”, especially its comparison to “Charlie” in Vietnam which came from the “Victor Charlie” phrase. It’s a colloquial term. It might be seen as denigrating, but it’s not a “racial slur” BoonDock ( talk) 21:11, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
believe that the use of the word “slur” should be replaced with the term “slang”. Political views notwithstanding, “slang” is more-accurate as to the nature of the phrase.
Webster’s defines “slur” as “an insulting or disparaging remark or innuendo” whereas “slang” is defined as “an informal nonstandard vocabulary composed typically of coinages, arbitrarily changed words, and extravagant, forced, or facetious figures of speech”.
User Garzo has stated that the term “hajji…has recently become an ethnic slur commonly used among the armed-service personnel of the United States of America to refer to Muslims and Middle-Eastern people in general.”
The context of that term is common language used by some people. While, not politically correct or accurate in itself, the term is used as a generic reference, not an insult. History has recorded such similar identifiers such as “Charlie”, “Jerry”, “Ruskie”, etc. I argue the aforementioned terms are more “slang” than “slur”. “Slur”, I believe, would include terms such as “nigger”, “faggot”, “chink”, “WASP”, etc.
It's seems we differ on two main points; the choice of slur vs. slang and the specific use of the word by United States military personnel. While, I personally see 'slang' as more accurate, I'm not Muslim and won't attempt to pretend I know what is offensive to someone who is. I do strongly feel that the difference between the words is the intent of the speaker. If the term is not meant to offend, yet does, is that slang? I think of the "Pennsylvania Dutch" that we have in my state. That society is in no way Dutch or from Dutch origin, but as the legend goes when they first arrived and said they were from "Deutschland" (Germany), their neighbors misinterpreted that as being from the Netherlands. Was it malicious? No. Perhaps those with more experience being called that term should weigh in this debate.
As for the main users of the alternative meaning being US military, there is absolutely no way one can accurately state that. The term in its second definition is certainly not used universally and only by US service members. It is in no way part of US military doctrine or national vocabulary. "Some people" use that word that way; no modifiers are appropriate. Do US military members use the term? Probably. Do non-military people? Absolutely. I'd recommened the phrase "some people" be changed to "Westerners", but the first Asian to say it, would destroy the article's accuracy. "Some people" appears the most appropriate.
So, if I were to call an English person "Your Majesty" would that be a slur or slang? If I dropped the term "your honor" into the conversation when asking for gas "Can you fill the tank your honor" would that be a slur or slang? I would say it would be classed as a slur as I was denigrating a title of respect. Added to which a page that links here
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Army_acronyms_and_expressions#Slang_acronyms is a little more open to the origins of this denigrating term. "Some people" should be written as "Americans, especially the American occupying forces". After all you ask "Do non-military people? Absolutely." This may well be the case in America but nowhere else in the civilised world is this term used.
If you called an English person "Your Majesty" while asking him to fill your tank you would get punched in the nose because that person would presume you are trying to insult him. And the use of "hajji" for Iraqis or Arabs doesn`t sound like "Charlie" or "Jerry" to me at all. Sounds more like "gook" for a Vietnameese or a SE-Asian.
You wouldn't get punched over "Your Majesty," of course, and saying so is absurd. "Americans, especially the American occupying forces" implies all or at least a vast majority of Americans, which is flatly untrue; I'd never heard the term outside of an academic usage before I read the article. "Some Americans" seems accurate, though.
I spent four years in Iraq 2014-2017 at Balad. The Iraqis that were part of our teams used the term themselves without any discomfort, referring to “the Haji Store” etc.
BoonDock ( talk) 21:16, 14 October 2020 (UTC)
If my grammar is not erroneous, хаджи/хаџи/hadži are plural, whereas χατζής is singular. I think English hajji covers both singular and plural. -- Tēlex 18:17, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
I was a US Marine reservist in the first Gulf War in 1991, and the phrase "hajji" was heavily used to describe *any* non-service person in that theater. Whether they were local Saudis or 3rd country nationals driving trucks (Indians, Malaysians, Filipinos), they were all called hajjis. Hamburgers were from the local hamburger stand were called hajjiburgers from the hajjishack.
I was only in Saudi Arabia from Jan 1991 to May 1991, so I can't attest to it's usage from August 1990-Jan 1991.
Of course, good luck finding printed citations of that.
While I was at Sather Air Base, everyone who wasn't part of the coalition was a hajji. The insurgents, the barber, the launderer, the men, women, and children. Sometimes it was a slur and sometimes it wasn't. It just depended on the context. I was, however, dressed down for saying it on one occasion, so some people are more sensitive about its use than others. Hughsonj ( talk) 21:59, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
This recent edit says that the honorific is only used by "non-Arab muslims". What does that mean? Non-Arab means what, in this case? Those who are not native speakers of Arabic? Those who do not self-identify as Arab? Those who do not come from areas that are traditionally seen as Arab?
Isn't Hajj an Arabic word?
Aren't there lots of Arab speakers who apply this term? -- Geo Swan 17:55, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
It doesn't matter what the original use of "hajji" by American servicemen was supposed to mean. What matters is that it has become an ethnic slur. See:
We were using it as a slur in the late 90's in an Arab linguist unit of the 3rd Infantry Division during the late 90's.
is there a feminine conjugation of hajji? - Lordraydens 08:41, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
thank you. i was pretty sure it was hajjah. - Lordraydens 07:24, 9 January 2007 (UTC)
"Haji" is certainly not slang, but a negative racial/ethnic slur. A U.S serviceman calling an Iraqi a Haji is akin to a U.S servicemen calling a Vietnamese person a "gook" or a Japanese person a "Jap". Padishah5000 16:17, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
American military personell are not calling the Iraqis "haji", but "hadji", as in the Turban clad character from Jonnie Quest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.144.134.2 ( talk) 17:19, 7 April 2008 (UTC)
When I was in Iraq we used the tern Haji for anything local,
Haji shop = when locals were allowed on or around bases to sell variouse items to service personell.
Going Haji = driving across the medians in divided roadways or off the normal confines of the paved road to avoid traffic, altercations, military convoys, or just generally slow people.
Haji(food name ie. burger, pizza, subway.etc) = ANY food you could get outside from the chow hall.
Haji taxi = the white vehicals with orange fenders are identified as freelance taxis all throughout Iraq.(look at the photos or news clips, you see them more than you realise)
In my group I never heard anyone using the term in a hateful or demeaning way. I never heard it as a slur directed at anyone as in "you sorry haji" or the like. I think it can be taken and viewed many different ways depending on you persepyion and predisposition.
Suasponte
Regardless of whether the initial post in this section was original research or not it's not evidence enough to logically conclude that "Hajji" as used by American soldiers isn't a pejorative or a racial slur. Consider "gook" from Vietnam which is undoubtedly a slur, but could be still used usefully by the American troops stationed in Vietnam in all the same ways you describe (g* taxi, g* food, "going g*.") The same applies to Hun, Jap, Dink and many other words which are fair to classify as derogatory. 173.2.184.63 ( talk) 05:52, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
While it can definitely be used as a slur, it's not usually meant with negative connotation by troops in Iraq. It was used as a "catch all" term of endearment for the local peoples regardless of nationality. I think most would agree that its use outside of Iraq however is now used with negative racial connotation, which is unfortunate. It's clearly used as a racial slur now, but I wouldn't go so far as to say that its use overseas by US troops is a "racial slur," but perhaps its use elsewhere. Anton.hung ( talk) 07:00, 31 July 2009 (UTC)
Placed before given name and family name, or just preceding the family name? (yes i know that the
anthroponymy is not quite like ours, but suppose so-and-so ben/ibn (son of) so-and-so)
Ah never mind i found it in
Arabic name, it prefixes everything.
--
Jerome Potts
23:31, 27 August 2007 (UTC)
I am removing the line that indicates the word may not be intended as a slur because it is not sourced and it also does not comply with NPOV. See WP:NPOV -- Mherlihy ( talk) 21:00, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
The part of the racial/ethnic slur needs to be removed.This is not the list of racial & ethnic slurs, but an article that was intended to describe the honorifc title of someone who completed pilgrimage to Mecca or a muslim pilgrim. If you want to create a seperate racial/ethnic slur wiki you can do that - but do not mix up the two. That would be just disrespectfull and this is above gentleman's intention, I believe. I will proceed removing that vandalism and please someone protect this article - at least semiprotect. capybara capybara [[[Special:Contributions/95.223.187.171|95.223.187.171]] ( talk) 00: 19, 20 April 2010 (UTC)]
I would argue that the reference to the slur should not be at the very top of the article. For example, in the article [[Yankee] its use as a slur in Latin America is not noted in the top section, but is buried farther down under "Contemporary Usage". Dan Carkner ( talk) 20:51, 29 June 2014 (UTC)
Hi
I just did a quick copyedit. There were some descriptions removed and some words moved around in sentences. Nothing major should have changed.
I am a little confused as to how this has become a racial slur for South-Asian People though. I have never heard of it being usedfor that purpose, as South Asians are not really Arabic/Middle East. It may be because it is perceived as a slur against Indians (from India btw, not the USA), but that is Hadji, with a "D" as far as I can see from my research (though somewhat limited). The character in that case wore a turban but was a Sikh, I believe - and I would imagine some research would unfortunately lead to the term hadji/hajji being a reference to anyone wearing a turban, regardless of faith.
None of the servicemen I know use the term as a bad slur; as previously pointed out in one of the posts above, they use many other much more disagreable terms when slurring the local population or referring to Arabs, 'Middle East' Muslims and others. Chaosdruid ( talk) 21:42, 14 December 2016 (UTC)
Two references have been removed because they were found to be opinion pieces in a newspaper. Wikipedia policy is clear that we are not to cite opinion as fact, and are to attribute opinions to their source. A remaining reference has been notated as receiving a 404, and as there was only one remaining reference left, a needs more citations tag was added. 24.155.244.245 ( talk) 19:22, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
The title is used in west Africa countries,like Nigeria 102.88.34.91 ( talk) 12:01, 22 June 2023 (UTC)