![]() | This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. |
Archive 1 |
Bootstrapping is commonly used to describe a programming language compiler which is "written in itself". For example, writing a C++ compiler in C++. This can be done in several ways:
1) Initially using an existing compiler for that language possibly from a 3rd party vendor. 2) Initially coding the new compiler in a different language altogether to get a working compiler then rewrite the compiler in the new language. 3) Write the compiler in the target language and "hand-compile" the code using a hexadecimal or octal editor.
I've heard this term used to describe the PC boot process quite often and wonder if this is in error. I'm really not sure. Possibly two definitions? -Robert Lee— Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.31.144.26 ( talk • contribs) 00:25, 23 July 2002 (UTC)
I moved "Bootstrap" to "Bootstrapping". "To bootstrap" is a verb, whereas articles should be titled according to nouns (here, "bootstrapping".) Aside from that principled reason, "bootstrap" also "just sounded weird" as a title. -- Ryguasu 21:33 Apr 4, 2003 (UTC)
Little problem with the redirect of 'bootstrap' to 'bootstrapping': there's a theory in physics by Geoffrey Chew called "Bootstrap (Theory, Approach, Philosophy, etc)". It's an outdated term to my knowledge, but it deserves an entry. Naysayer 06:31 June 5, 2005 (UTC)
Why does it make sense to link to Baron Münchhausen from this article? The former does not discuss anything obviously related to "pulling oneself up by the bootstraps". -- Ryguasu 15:42 Apr 27, 2003 (UTC)
I briefly discussed the origin of the term bootstrapping with Doug Engelbart, and he seemed to think it originated with stories of Paul Bunyan, who could lift "himself by his bootstraps to peer over the forest" [1]. MichaelMcGuffin 19:09, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)
I like the external link by Vea. I googled his name to see if he had anything else and found that the link on this wiki was outdated. I posted the new link that points to the same article, but revamped in terms of layout, detail, style, etc. 69.170.108.82 03:17, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
I like it also, so I moved the link to booting. -- DavidCary 05:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
Is the section on statistical bootstrapping big enough for its own article? (Currently, all the external links in bootstrapping seem to deal with statistical bootstrapping). What do statisticians call it? Should the article be named statistical bootstrapping or bootstrapping (statistics) or bootstrapping (math) or something else entirely? -- DavidCary 05:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
Yes, I think a separate article on bootstrapping (and other resampling methods) would be a good idea. It is, in effect, an alternative approach to the conventional approach to statistics based on probability theory.
Not wishing to complicate matters too much here, but in my early computing days there were such things as bootstrap code and bootstrap loaders. A machine such as a Digico M16E would employ a multibootstrap process in order to load complex software (such as an amino acid sequence analyser). Inbuilt into the firmware was a short byte sequence that could be triggered by an interrupt. It would be loaded into an area of RAM and begin running in a simple loop.
This was the core bootstrap code, and it would cycle around, waiting for and loading byte or word values provided by a punched paper tape reader (placing the values into sequential memory addresses) until the last instruction over-wrote part of the core bootstrap and caused a jump into the code that had just been loaded, which was a more complex bootstrap loader, capable of handling relative rather than absolute address references. This bootstrap would then load the main program into areas of memory and then it too would be overwritten at a key point in order to jump into the "real" program just loaded.
A complicated process, and done without the benefit of tape or disk drives of any sort (or monitor, come to that - the sole display was a small LED panel that showed values in octal). PeterBrooks 00:02, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
This page is missing one use of "bootstrapping" from Philosophy. Philosophers accuse others of bootstrapping, when, for example, one believes he has reason to believe a proposition p just because he does believe the proposition p. I don't know offhand a precise definition of philosophical bootstrapping (I came to this page looking for one), but it's something that ought to be added. Npdoty 23:28, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
This article should be a disambiguation page. Right now, it looks like a long dictionary definition. In no way does it look like a encycopedia article (i.e. there is nothing holding the sections together except that they all use the same word). 128.135.133.123 18:13, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
Is it just me, or is the tone of this section far too conversational? The content is good, but perhaps it should be refactored to sound more encyclopaedic.
You are right, and also the editor contributing
13:19, 10 August 2006 TheBilly (Talk | contribs) (original research; first person perspective (in short, this section sucks))
is right: my contributions really do hurt No original research guideline seriously: I have not found yet any source which would use exactly term “bootstrapping” for knocking alphabet or for SETI programs.
After I have reread again the Guideline more carefully, it seems also for me that it prohibits such amount of synthesis explicitly.
I found some materials on linguistics, which use term “bootstrapping” for some related topics. So I replace my contributions with linking these sources on the Article page; and I move my unencyclopedic contributions to my Wikipedia profile.
Sorry for possible annoyance and thank You for the feedback.
Physis 01:48, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
The article needed to distinguish, early on, between (1) merely using the bootstraps for putting on boots and (2) lifting oneself into the air by pulling up on the straps of the boots one is wearing. The first is a comparatively easy task--I've done it, using boot-hooks that grab the bootstraps. The second is impossible except by magic.
The allusion, for nearly all the cases of this term, is to the second use of bootstraps, where magic is obviously being invoked.
For a true feat of bootstrapping magic, consider the Burroughs B5000 Algol compiler, which was written in Algol. There was no assembler. A tiny proto-compiler was constructed, by hand, in B5000 machine language. The code resulting from the initial compilation of the (Algol-source) compiler was used to compile itself. All remaining software (such as the OS and the Fortran compiler, as well as improved Algol compilers) was written in Algol.
If I had the gumption, I would make this page into a proper disambiguation. Would someone take it on? Amazing how much work gets done in spite of all us lazy contributors!
Snezzy 21:53, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
I just deleted a definition that had just been added, because a link wasn't provided. After deleting it I realised it was already listed on this page, so the editor who added hadn't even read the page he or she was editing!— greenrd 01:44, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
I've done a good cleanup on the page; hopefully my edit summary was clear enough, but if not, feel free to drop my a line on my talk page.
On important thing; I did remove the text in the beginning that seemed half dictionary definition and half encyclopedic article and unsources. I wanted to put it on the talk page, however, in case it was ever use to someone later. See below. -- Natalya 17:33, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
As an allusion to lifting oneself up by one's own bootstraps, the term bootstrapping means using a special process to perform a task that one would be unable to do in general.
The term is said to have come from a tale from the adventures of Baron Münchhausen who, according to the story, escaped from a swamp by pulling himself up by the straps of his boots (although in other versions of the story he pulled his hair). citation neededThis procedure (pulling oneself up from the mud to a level where normal movement is possible) is (to a point) comparable with a computer lifting itself up from the dead metal to a level where normal operating is possible, or by analogy the other uses below.
Agree with Physis I think Physis is correct in that this is a fairly unique situation, and I think his solution is ideal. I also find it funny that the length of text in his comment is probably about double the length of the article proposed. The above is stated so eloquently that I think Physis would be the ideal candidate to write the article, and I'd say be bold, make the changes, and then we can go from there. ce1984 ( talk) 23:51, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
First try for justifying the motivation. Thank You for the reassuring words, and I am sorry for the long absence. During that, I was trying to write a first sketch with primary topic about bootstrapping. Because of Wikipedia's verifiability policy, the main question was: is there at last one notable source, which definitely states that the several manifestations of bootstrapping are indeed deeply related (and not only superficially)? If this were not verified by notable authors, then new article would raise huge edit wars. But, for luck, I have found a deciding reference: Richard Dawkins definitely claims in his book River out of Eden, that embryogenesis is a bootstrapping process, with the same underlying pattern as the booting process of punched tape fed computers of the 1950s. Thus, the relatedness of at least two different manifestations have been justified by a notable author. According to this, I have prepared a first try, how the motivation for primary topic artcle can be justified: User:Physis/Bootstrapping. It is still in embryonic stage (at least its stage fits well with its own topic), but I hope it can help to prevent at least an edit war about the overall verifiability of the very idea. Physis ( talk) 15:10, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
What is about setup bootstrapping? Setup programs often come along with a bootstrapper (setup.exe) which installs the prerequisites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thomas Maierhofer ( talk • contribs) 17:31, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
The problem is, there's no encompassing concept.
You don't pull on literal bootstraps in business or law or computing, but the article encompasses all of them including literal bootstraps.
The article doesn't seem to be at all a single topic. Just sharing the same name or being derived from the name isn't enough; plenty of completely different things share a word derivation.
The point of encyclopedias is to not be tied to words. You're supposed to be able to totally translate the article into a completely foreign language, but I would imagine that a Chinese or Russian or native Australian (or a space alien!) would be pretty mystified why all these things are covered on one page if it was translated into their language.
With all due respect, I think it needs to go back to being a disamb page. Disambiguation pages are not supposed to grow up into articles.- Wolfkeeper 04:15, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
There is an encompassing concept and it is expressed in the lead: "a self-sustaining process that proceeds without external help." Greensburger ( talk) 04:50, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
The article mentions an early 20th century United States origin for the term. However, if I am not mistaken, the catchphrase occurs in Dickens' Hard Times as a favourite refrain of a great capitalist factory owner who proud of having pulled himself out of the slums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.134.12.25 ( talk) 12:24, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
Dicken's Hard Times was published in 1854. Does it use the word "bootstrap"? If you can supply a page number and a quoted paragraph from Hard Times to provide context for "bootstrap", that would be a welcome addition to the Bootstrapping article. Greensburger ( talk) 04:54, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
Suggest replacing "proceeds" with "starts" in the definition. Bootstraps of all kinds do indeed use outside resources, once they get going. It's the starting point of self-sufficiency that is the key insight, and also ties in all the metaphors and applications.
adding more color: Every self-sustaining reaction brings about external resources to bear. For example, a bootstrap startup (my area), requires first a founder, then 2, then an idea, then customers, then an organization. The reason the process is self-sustaining is precisely because it brings in external elements in the right sequence!
If you look at the creation myths (pulling by hair or bootstraps), it's all about realizing you already have all the available resources at hand and do not need anything external (like funding in startups) to get going. Self-starting with only existing resources on hand is the key insight. In fact, where the metaphor is weak is in addressing the ongoing process. Bootstrap entrepreneurs are constantly having to add and curate new elements to help their ventures proceed to the next level. The following bootstrap map will help illustrate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bgoswami ( talk • contribs) 21:45, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
Bootstrapping is primarily about the data re-sampling and randomization (statistics), but it is not about the store "Allens Boots -- Cowboy Boots in Texas" as it is right now with link covered by metaphors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NewBridge11 ( talk • contribs) 00:06, 1 October 2012 (UTC) I just found the subpage "Resampling(statistics) -- I am afraid that the busy reader will jump to the end and miss the middle due to the excessive length of article. NewBridge11 ( talk) 00:34, 1 October 2012 (UTC)
No source cited in this section about bootstrapping as a term that describes a database search technique. I've never heard that term used in that way and haven't located a source to confirm. Any objections to deleting it? Cseanburns ( talk) 21:36, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
Source 2 and 3 on the history of the word are apparently no longer available. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.131.1.161 ( talk) 21:19, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/theword/2009/01/bootstraps_and.html 108.39.227.211 ( talk) 23:09, 14 August 2017 (UTC)!
The current quote from Richard Dawkins is not explained well enough. The quote is taken out of context, and not explained at all. There are better quotes from Richard Dawkins, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, and Carl Sagan, etc...
Natural selection working as the self-improving process of evolution is a the perfect example of bootstrapping. This section should do that better justice. -
Venture To The Stars (
talk)
19:36, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
The first sentence: "bootstrapping usually refers to any process that is completed **bilaterally**". Should this not be "unilaterally"? 195.184.68.33 ( talk) 14:04, 12 September 2019 (UTC)
![]() | This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. |
Archive 1 |
Bootstrapping is commonly used to describe a programming language compiler which is "written in itself". For example, writing a C++ compiler in C++. This can be done in several ways:
1) Initially using an existing compiler for that language possibly from a 3rd party vendor. 2) Initially coding the new compiler in a different language altogether to get a working compiler then rewrite the compiler in the new language. 3) Write the compiler in the target language and "hand-compile" the code using a hexadecimal or octal editor.
I've heard this term used to describe the PC boot process quite often and wonder if this is in error. I'm really not sure. Possibly two definitions? -Robert Lee— Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.31.144.26 ( talk • contribs) 00:25, 23 July 2002 (UTC)
I moved "Bootstrap" to "Bootstrapping". "To bootstrap" is a verb, whereas articles should be titled according to nouns (here, "bootstrapping".) Aside from that principled reason, "bootstrap" also "just sounded weird" as a title. -- Ryguasu 21:33 Apr 4, 2003 (UTC)
Little problem with the redirect of 'bootstrap' to 'bootstrapping': there's a theory in physics by Geoffrey Chew called "Bootstrap (Theory, Approach, Philosophy, etc)". It's an outdated term to my knowledge, but it deserves an entry. Naysayer 06:31 June 5, 2005 (UTC)
Why does it make sense to link to Baron Münchhausen from this article? The former does not discuss anything obviously related to "pulling oneself up by the bootstraps". -- Ryguasu 15:42 Apr 27, 2003 (UTC)
I briefly discussed the origin of the term bootstrapping with Doug Engelbart, and he seemed to think it originated with stories of Paul Bunyan, who could lift "himself by his bootstraps to peer over the forest" [1]. MichaelMcGuffin 19:09, 27 Aug 2004 (UTC)
I like the external link by Vea. I googled his name to see if he had anything else and found that the link on this wiki was outdated. I posted the new link that points to the same article, but revamped in terms of layout, detail, style, etc. 69.170.108.82 03:17, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
I like it also, so I moved the link to booting. -- DavidCary 05:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
Is the section on statistical bootstrapping big enough for its own article? (Currently, all the external links in bootstrapping seem to deal with statistical bootstrapping). What do statisticians call it? Should the article be named statistical bootstrapping or bootstrapping (statistics) or bootstrapping (math) or something else entirely? -- DavidCary 05:38, 9 November 2005 (UTC)
Yes, I think a separate article on bootstrapping (and other resampling methods) would be a good idea. It is, in effect, an alternative approach to the conventional approach to statistics based on probability theory.
Not wishing to complicate matters too much here, but in my early computing days there were such things as bootstrap code and bootstrap loaders. A machine such as a Digico M16E would employ a multibootstrap process in order to load complex software (such as an amino acid sequence analyser). Inbuilt into the firmware was a short byte sequence that could be triggered by an interrupt. It would be loaded into an area of RAM and begin running in a simple loop.
This was the core bootstrap code, and it would cycle around, waiting for and loading byte or word values provided by a punched paper tape reader (placing the values into sequential memory addresses) until the last instruction over-wrote part of the core bootstrap and caused a jump into the code that had just been loaded, which was a more complex bootstrap loader, capable of handling relative rather than absolute address references. This bootstrap would then load the main program into areas of memory and then it too would be overwritten at a key point in order to jump into the "real" program just loaded.
A complicated process, and done without the benefit of tape or disk drives of any sort (or monitor, come to that - the sole display was a small LED panel that showed values in octal). PeterBrooks 00:02, 22 February 2006 (UTC)
This page is missing one use of "bootstrapping" from Philosophy. Philosophers accuse others of bootstrapping, when, for example, one believes he has reason to believe a proposition p just because he does believe the proposition p. I don't know offhand a precise definition of philosophical bootstrapping (I came to this page looking for one), but it's something that ought to be added. Npdoty 23:28, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
This article should be a disambiguation page. Right now, it looks like a long dictionary definition. In no way does it look like a encycopedia article (i.e. there is nothing holding the sections together except that they all use the same word). 128.135.133.123 18:13, 20 June 2006 (UTC)
Is it just me, or is the tone of this section far too conversational? The content is good, but perhaps it should be refactored to sound more encyclopaedic.
You are right, and also the editor contributing
13:19, 10 August 2006 TheBilly (Talk | contribs) (original research; first person perspective (in short, this section sucks))
is right: my contributions really do hurt No original research guideline seriously: I have not found yet any source which would use exactly term “bootstrapping” for knocking alphabet or for SETI programs.
After I have reread again the Guideline more carefully, it seems also for me that it prohibits such amount of synthesis explicitly.
I found some materials on linguistics, which use term “bootstrapping” for some related topics. So I replace my contributions with linking these sources on the Article page; and I move my unencyclopedic contributions to my Wikipedia profile.
Sorry for possible annoyance and thank You for the feedback.
Physis 01:48, 11 August 2006 (UTC)
The article needed to distinguish, early on, between (1) merely using the bootstraps for putting on boots and (2) lifting oneself into the air by pulling up on the straps of the boots one is wearing. The first is a comparatively easy task--I've done it, using boot-hooks that grab the bootstraps. The second is impossible except by magic.
The allusion, for nearly all the cases of this term, is to the second use of bootstraps, where magic is obviously being invoked.
For a true feat of bootstrapping magic, consider the Burroughs B5000 Algol compiler, which was written in Algol. There was no assembler. A tiny proto-compiler was constructed, by hand, in B5000 machine language. The code resulting from the initial compilation of the (Algol-source) compiler was used to compile itself. All remaining software (such as the OS and the Fortran compiler, as well as improved Algol compilers) was written in Algol.
If I had the gumption, I would make this page into a proper disambiguation. Would someone take it on? Amazing how much work gets done in spite of all us lazy contributors!
Snezzy 21:53, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
I just deleted a definition that had just been added, because a link wasn't provided. After deleting it I realised it was already listed on this page, so the editor who added hadn't even read the page he or she was editing!— greenrd 01:44, 7 June 2007 (UTC)
I've done a good cleanup on the page; hopefully my edit summary was clear enough, but if not, feel free to drop my a line on my talk page.
On important thing; I did remove the text in the beginning that seemed half dictionary definition and half encyclopedic article and unsources. I wanted to put it on the talk page, however, in case it was ever use to someone later. See below. -- Natalya 17:33, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
As an allusion to lifting oneself up by one's own bootstraps, the term bootstrapping means using a special process to perform a task that one would be unable to do in general.
The term is said to have come from a tale from the adventures of Baron Münchhausen who, according to the story, escaped from a swamp by pulling himself up by the straps of his boots (although in other versions of the story he pulled his hair). citation neededThis procedure (pulling oneself up from the mud to a level where normal movement is possible) is (to a point) comparable with a computer lifting itself up from the dead metal to a level where normal operating is possible, or by analogy the other uses below.
Agree with Physis I think Physis is correct in that this is a fairly unique situation, and I think his solution is ideal. I also find it funny that the length of text in his comment is probably about double the length of the article proposed. The above is stated so eloquently that I think Physis would be the ideal candidate to write the article, and I'd say be bold, make the changes, and then we can go from there. ce1984 ( talk) 23:51, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
First try for justifying the motivation. Thank You for the reassuring words, and I am sorry for the long absence. During that, I was trying to write a first sketch with primary topic about bootstrapping. Because of Wikipedia's verifiability policy, the main question was: is there at last one notable source, which definitely states that the several manifestations of bootstrapping are indeed deeply related (and not only superficially)? If this were not verified by notable authors, then new article would raise huge edit wars. But, for luck, I have found a deciding reference: Richard Dawkins definitely claims in his book River out of Eden, that embryogenesis is a bootstrapping process, with the same underlying pattern as the booting process of punched tape fed computers of the 1950s. Thus, the relatedness of at least two different manifestations have been justified by a notable author. According to this, I have prepared a first try, how the motivation for primary topic artcle can be justified: User:Physis/Bootstrapping. It is still in embryonic stage (at least its stage fits well with its own topic), but I hope it can help to prevent at least an edit war about the overall verifiability of the very idea. Physis ( talk) 15:10, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
What is about setup bootstrapping? Setup programs often come along with a bootstrapper (setup.exe) which installs the prerequisites. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thomas Maierhofer ( talk • contribs) 17:31, 1 January 2009 (UTC)
The problem is, there's no encompassing concept.
You don't pull on literal bootstraps in business or law or computing, but the article encompasses all of them including literal bootstraps.
The article doesn't seem to be at all a single topic. Just sharing the same name or being derived from the name isn't enough; plenty of completely different things share a word derivation.
The point of encyclopedias is to not be tied to words. You're supposed to be able to totally translate the article into a completely foreign language, but I would imagine that a Chinese or Russian or native Australian (or a space alien!) would be pretty mystified why all these things are covered on one page if it was translated into their language.
With all due respect, I think it needs to go back to being a disamb page. Disambiguation pages are not supposed to grow up into articles.- Wolfkeeper 04:15, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
There is an encompassing concept and it is expressed in the lead: "a self-sustaining process that proceeds without external help." Greensburger ( talk) 04:50, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
The article mentions an early 20th century United States origin for the term. However, if I am not mistaken, the catchphrase occurs in Dickens' Hard Times as a favourite refrain of a great capitalist factory owner who proud of having pulled himself out of the slums. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.134.12.25 ( talk) 12:24, 5 December 2010 (UTC)
Dicken's Hard Times was published in 1854. Does it use the word "bootstrap"? If you can supply a page number and a quoted paragraph from Hard Times to provide context for "bootstrap", that would be a welcome addition to the Bootstrapping article. Greensburger ( talk) 04:54, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
Suggest replacing "proceeds" with "starts" in the definition. Bootstraps of all kinds do indeed use outside resources, once they get going. It's the starting point of self-sufficiency that is the key insight, and also ties in all the metaphors and applications.
adding more color: Every self-sustaining reaction brings about external resources to bear. For example, a bootstrap startup (my area), requires first a founder, then 2, then an idea, then customers, then an organization. The reason the process is self-sustaining is precisely because it brings in external elements in the right sequence!
If you look at the creation myths (pulling by hair or bootstraps), it's all about realizing you already have all the available resources at hand and do not need anything external (like funding in startups) to get going. Self-starting with only existing resources on hand is the key insight. In fact, where the metaphor is weak is in addressing the ongoing process. Bootstrap entrepreneurs are constantly having to add and curate new elements to help their ventures proceed to the next level. The following bootstrap map will help illustrate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bgoswami ( talk • contribs) 21:45, 14 April 2011 (UTC)
Bootstrapping is primarily about the data re-sampling and randomization (statistics), but it is not about the store "Allens Boots -- Cowboy Boots in Texas" as it is right now with link covered by metaphors. — Preceding unsigned comment added by NewBridge11 ( talk • contribs) 00:06, 1 October 2012 (UTC) I just found the subpage "Resampling(statistics) -- I am afraid that the busy reader will jump to the end and miss the middle due to the excessive length of article. NewBridge11 ( talk) 00:34, 1 October 2012 (UTC)
No source cited in this section about bootstrapping as a term that describes a database search technique. I've never heard that term used in that way and haven't located a source to confirm. Any objections to deleting it? Cseanburns ( talk) 21:36, 15 January 2014 (UTC)
Source 2 and 3 on the history of the word are apparently no longer available. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.131.1.161 ( talk) 21:19, 11 March 2017 (UTC)
http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/theword/2009/01/bootstraps_and.html 108.39.227.211 ( talk) 23:09, 14 August 2017 (UTC)!
The current quote from Richard Dawkins is not explained well enough. The quote is taken out of context, and not explained at all. There are better quotes from Richard Dawkins, Neil DeGrasse Tyson, and Carl Sagan, etc...
Natural selection working as the self-improving process of evolution is a the perfect example of bootstrapping. This section should do that better justice. -
Venture To The Stars (
talk)
19:36, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
The first sentence: "bootstrapping usually refers to any process that is completed **bilaterally**". Should this not be "unilaterally"? 195.184.68.33 ( talk) 14:04, 12 September 2019 (UTC)