these are the introducing paragraphs of the article Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian, Croato-Serbian, or Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) [1] (Srpskohrvatski, Hrvatskosrpski, or Bosanski/Hrvatski/Srpski, Cyrillic script: Cрпскохрватски, Xрватскосрпски), is a South Slavic language or diasystem. The term Serbo-Croatian is and has been used both as an umbrella term for all the dialects spoken in what is nowadays Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and more importantly, as the official standard language of Yugoslavia from 1954 to 1990 (partially along with Slovene and Macedonian).
In its standardized form, it was based on the Neoštokavian subdialect of the Štokavian dialect system, and defined in Ekavian and Ijekavian literary variants, called "pronunciations". Unofficially, there were "Eastern" (based on the Serbian idiom) and "Western" (based on the Croatian and Bosnian idiom) literary variants, that eventuSally served as a basis for standard languages. By extension, Kajkavian and Čakavian dialects were often considered to be dialects of the Serbo-Croatian (while the Torlakian dialect was never recognized in mainstream linguistics), but they were not in official use.
With the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, its languages followed suit and Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian became separate standard languages ( Ausbausprachen); see differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Currently, there is a movement to create a Montenegrin language, separating it from Serbian. Conversely, the term "Serbo-Croatian" declined in use, first from official documents and gradually from linguistic literature.
Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to history, politics, and the variable meanings of the word language. Linguists are divided on questions regarding whether the use of the name should be deprecated. It is still used, for lack of a more succinct alternative, to denote the "daughter" languages as a collectivity. An alternative name has emerged abroad – Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), when referring to the same dialectal base (stylised Neoštokavian) used for all the Serbo-Croatian standard languages. In the regional dialectology, the term Central South Slavic diasystem is sometimes used as a collective term, when discussing the intensive mutual influence of Serbo-Croatian dialects in the historical period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cantabo07 ( talk • contribs) 00:34, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
These are illustrated in the following table:
South Slavic | West Slavic | East Slavic | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late Proto-slavic reconstruction | Late Proto-Slavic meaning | Old Church Slavonic | Slovenian | Croatian | Serbian | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Czech | Slovak | Polish | Belarusian | Russian | Ukrainian |
*gvězda | star | звѣзда | zvezda | zvijezda | ѕвезда | звезда | ѕвезда | hvězda | hviezda | gwiazda | зорка | звезда | звізда |
*květъ | flower, bloom | цвѣтъ | cvet | cvijet | цвет | цвете | цвет | květ | kvet | kwiat | кветка | цвет | квітка |
*tisošta | tisošta | тысѫшта | tisoč | tisuća | хиљада | хиляда | илјада | tisíc | tisíc | tysiąc | тисяча | тысяча | тисяча |
English | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|
English language: With regard to the general air quality in the city of Jerusalem is necessary to take urgent security measures to prevent poisoning of the population of the exhaust gases.
Potential application mijera that affect the flow of personal health status and which may contribute to better overall care of the population in the area of the city center would certainly be to reduce traffic stopper on fundamental Kostanjica where intersections are located tourist islands, such as the Christian church, these disciplinary measures are proposed primarily in the holiday season such as Easter and Christmas. Officers and NCOs from the army barracks in the city should contribute to the precise use of the prescribed measures, surveillance of traffic chaos at the check point and looking through use of aviation. |
Croatian language: Glede opće kvalitete zraka u gradu Jeruzalemu potrebito je poduzeti žurne mjere sigurnosti kako bismo spriječili trovanje pučanstva ispušnim plinovima.
Možebitna primjena mijera koje utjeću na tijek osobnoga zdravstvenoga stanja a koje mogu pridonjeti boljoj općoj skrbi pučanstva na prostoru gradskoga središta svakako bi bilo smanjenje prometnoga čepa na bitnim raskrižjima gdije su smješteni turistički otoci, poput kršćanskih crkvi, ove stegovne mjere predlažu se ponajprije u vrijeme blagdana kao što su Uskrs i Božić. Časnici i dočasnici iz vojarni u gradu trebaju pridonjeti točnoj uporabi propisanih mjera, nadzorom prometnoga kaosa na nadzornim točkama i promatranjem kroz uporabu zrakoplovstva. |
Serbian language:
У погледу опште квалитета ваздуха у граду Јерусалиму потребно је да се предузму хитне мере безбедности како би спречили отровање становништва издувним гасовима. Евентуална примена мера које утичу на ток личног здравственог стања које могу да допринесу бољем општем збрињавању становништва на простору градског центра свакако би била смањење саобраћајног колапса на суштинским раскрсницама где су смештена туристичка острва, попут хришћанских цркава, ове дисциплинске мере предлажу се најпре у време празника као шта су Васкрс и Божић. Официри и подофицири из касарни у граду треба да допринесу тачној употреби прописаних мера, контролом саобраћајног хаоса на контролним тачкама и посматрањем преко употребе ваздухопловства.
(U pogledu opšte kvaliteta vazduha u gradu Jerusalimu potrebno je da se preduzmu hitne mere bezbednosti kako bi sprećili otrovanje stanovništva izduvnim gasovima. Eventualna primena mera koje utiću na tok ličnog zdravstvenog stanja koje mogu da doprinesu boljem opštem zbrinjavanju stanovništva na prostoru gradskog centra svakako bi bila smanjenje saobračajnog kolapsa na suštinskim raskrsnicama gde su smeštena turistička ostrva, poput hrišćanskih crkava, ove disciplinske mere predlažu se najpre u vreme praznika kao šta su Vaskrs i Božić. Oficiri i podoficiri iz kasarni u gradu treba da doprinesu tačnoj upotrebi propisanih mera, kontrolom saobračajnog haosa na kontrolnim tačkama i posmatranjem preko upotrebe vazduhoplovstva.) |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | English |
---|---|---|---|
Bijela sol za kuhanje kemijski je spoj natrija i klora. | Bijela so za kuhanje je hemijski spoj natrijuma i hlora. | Bela so za kuvanje je hemijsko jedinjenje natrijuma i hlora. | White salt for cooking is a chemical compound of sodium and chlorine. |
Vlak sa željezničkoga kolodvora krenut će točno u deset sati. | Voz sa željezničke stanice krenut će tačno u deset sati. | Voz sa železničke stanice krenuće tačno u deset sati/časova. | The train station will start exactly at ten o'clock. |
Feature | Croatian | Serbian | English |
---|---|---|---|
Opposition -u/e | burza | berza | stock-exchange |
porculan | porcelan | porcelain | |
Opposition -u/i | tanjur | tanjir | plate |
Opposition -l/-o after o | sol | so | salt |
vol | vo | ox | |
kolčić | kočić | stick | |
Serbian often drops letter H in the initial and medial position: |
čahura | čaura | cartridge |
hrvač | rvač | wrestler | |
hrđa | rđa | rust |
Croatian language | Latin | altgriechische Aussprache | Gerk alphabet|griech. Buchstabe | byzantinische Aussprache | Serbian language |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | b | [b] | β | [v] | v |
e | e | [ɛː] | η | [i] | i |
k oder c | c | [k] | κ | [k] | k |
u | u | [u̯] | υ (nach Vokal) | [v] | v |
k oder h | ch | [kʰ] | χ | [x] | h |
Example 1:
English | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|
add by pouring* | dolijevati | dolivati* |
diarrhea | proljev | proliv |
gulf, bay | zaljev | zaliv |
to influence | utjecati | uticati |
Example 2:
English | Serbian | Croatian |
---|---|---|
tobacco | duvan | duhan |
to cook | kuvati | kuhati |
dry | suvo | suho |
deaf | gluvo | gluho |
Example 3:
English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|---|
point | tačka | točka | tačka |
correct | tačno | točno | tačno |
municipality | općina | općina | opština |
priest | svećenik | svećenik | sveštenik |
male student | student | student | student |
female student | studentica | studentica | studentkinja |
male professor | profesor | profesor | profesor |
female professor | profesorica | profesorica | profesorka |
scientist | naučnik | znanstvenik | naučnik |
translator | prevodilac | prevoditelj | prevodilac |
reader | čitalac | čitatelj | čitalac |
diver | ronilac | ronilac (sometimes: ronitelj) |
ronilac |
Example different:
English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|---|
to organise | organizirati organizovati |
organizirati | organizovati |
to construct | konstruisati konstruirati |
konstruirati | konstruisati |
But: | |||
to analyse | analizirati | analizirati | analizirati |
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ward_1912/ottoman_empire_europe_1792.jpg
Historically, modern age internationalisms entered Bosnian and Croatian mostly through German and Italian, while Serbian received them through French and Russian, so different localisation patterns were established based on those languages. Also, Greek borrowings came to Serbian directly, but through Latin into Croatian:
English | Croatian | Serbian | Note |
---|---|---|---|
Bethlehem | Betlehem | Vitlejem | Through Latin in Croatian, through Greek in Serbian |
Athens | Atena | Atina | |
Europe | Europa | Evropa | |
Cyprus | Cipar | Kipar | |
chlorine | klor | hlor | |
impedance | impedanca | impedansa | Through French in Serbian |
But: | |||
licence | licenca | licenca | "dozvola" is more common in both languages |
Most of chemical element names are different: for international names, Bosnian and Croatian use -ij where Serbian has -ijum (uranij–uranijum). In some native names, Bosnian and Croatian have -ik where Serbian has -(o)nik (kisik–kiseonik(oxygen), vodik–vodonik(hydrogen)). Yet others are totally different (dušik–azot (nitrogen), kositar–kalaj (tin)). Some are the same: srebro (silver), zlato (gold), bakar (copper).
English | In Serbia | In Croatia | In Bosnia |
---|---|---|---|
one thousand | hiljada | tisuća | hiljada |
January [2] | januar | siječanj | januar |
factory | fabrika | tvornica | fabrika tvornica |
rice | pirinač | riža | riža |
carrot | šargarepa | mrkva | mrkva |
trousers | pantalone | hlače | hlače |
bread | hleb | kruh | hljeb |
spinach | spanać | špinat | špinat |
football | fudbal | nogomet | fudbal |
train | voz | vlak | voz |
wave | talas | val | talas |
person | lice | osoba | lice osoba |
uncivil | nevaspitan | neodgojen | neodgojen |
one's own | sopstveno | vlastito | vlastito sopstveno |
road [3] | put drum |
cesta put |
put džada |
road toll | drumarina putarina |
cestarina | putarina |
dad | tata | tata ćaća |
tata babo |
tomato | paradajz | rajčica | paradajz |
English | Serbian | Croatian | Bosnian |
---|---|---|---|
to accept | prihvatati | prihvaćati | prihvatati |
happy, lucky | srećan | sretan | sretan srećan |
to comprehend | shvatati | shvaćati | shvatati |
In the Croatian language months have Slavic names, while Serbian and Bosnian use the same set of international Latin-derived names as English. But Slavic names may also be used in the Bosnian language as well (although, rarely understood); Latin-derived names are preferred.
English | Croatian | Serbian | Bosnian |
---|---|---|---|
January | siječanj | januar | januar |
February | veljača | februar | februar |
March | ožujak | mart | mart |
April | travanj | april | april |
May | svibanj | maj | maj |
June | lipanj | jun | juni |
July | srpanj | jul | juli |
August | kolovoz | avgust | august |
September | rujan | septembar | septembar |
October | listopad | oktobar | oktobar |
November | studeni | novembar | novembar |
December | prosinac | decembar | decembar |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | German |
---|---|---|---|
William Shakespeare | William Shakespeare | Vilijam Šekspir oder Вилијам Шекспир | William Shakespeare |
München | Minhen | Minhen oder Минхен | München |
Zürich | Zürich | Cirih oder Цирих | Zürich |
Bruxelles | Brisel | Brisel oder Брисел | Brüssel, frz. Bruxelles |
New York | New York | Njujork oder Њујорк | New York |
SZO oder WHO | WHO | SZO oder СЗО | WHO |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | German |
---|---|---|---|
Dobar tek! (kajkav.) oder U slast! | Prijatno! | Guten Appetit! | |
tjedan (kajkav.) | sedmica, hevta (türk.) | nedelja (kirchenslaw.), sedmica | Woche |
sat (türk.) | sat, sahat (türk.) | čas (in dieser Bed. aus dem Russ.),
[4] sat (türk.) |
Stunde |
otok | ostrvo | ostrvo | Insel |
vrt | bašča | bašta | Garten |
vlak (tschech.) | voz | Zug | |
kruh | hljeb, somun (türk.) | hleb | Brot |
talijanski | italijanski | italienisch | |
nitko; svatko | niko; svako | niemand; jeder |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | German |
---|---|---|---|
Španjolska | Španija | Spanien | |
priopćiti | saopćiti | saopštiti | mitteilen |
spol | pol | Geschlecht |
Englis | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|
Compare | Usporedba | Поређење (Poređenje) |
Europe | Europa | Европа (Evropa) |
Netherlands | Nizozemska | Холандија (Holandija) |
Italians | Talijani | Италијани (Italijani) |
Universe | Svemir | Васиона (Vasiona) |
Spine | Kralježnica | Кичма (Kičma) |
Air | Zrak | Ваздух (Vazduh) |
Education | Odgoj | Васпитање (Vaspitanje) |
Week | Tjedan | Седмица (Sedmica) |
History | Povijest | Историја (Istorija) |
Pantaloons | Hlače | Панталоне (Pantalone) |
Belly | Trbuh | Стомак (Stomak) |
Science | Znanost | Наука (Nauka) |
Personally | Osobno | Лично (Lično) |
Persona | Osoba | Лице (Lice) |
United Nations | Ujedinjeni Narodi | Уједињене Нације (Ujedinjene Nacije) |
Bread | Kruh | Хлеб (Hleb) |
Artificial | Umjetno | Вештачки (Veštački) |
Cross | Križ | Крст (Krst) |
Democracy | Demokracija | Демократија (Demokratija) |
Detection | Spoznaja | Сазнање (Saznanje) |
Island | Otok | Острво (Ostrvo) |
Officer | Časnik | Официр (Oficir) |
Road traffic | Cestovni promet | Друмски саобраћај (Drumski saobraćaj) |
Autobahn | Autocesta | Аутопут (Autoput) |
Length | Duljina | Дужина (Dužina) |
Association | Udruga | Удружење (Udruženje) |
Factory | Tvornica | Фабрика (Fabrika) |
General | Opće | Опште (Opšte) |
Christ | Krist | Христoс (Hristos) |
I'm sorry | Oprosti | Извини (Izvini) |
Geography | Zemljopis | Географија (Geografija) |
Week | Tjedan | Седмица (Sedmica) |
January | Siječanj | Јануар (Januar) |
Passport | Putovnica | Пасош (Pasoš) |
Retirees | Umirovljenici | Пензионери (Penzioneri) |
Security Council | Vijeće sigurnosti | Савјет безбједности (Savet bezbednosti) |
Outdoor | Vanjski | Спољашњи (Spoljašnji) |
Own | Vlastito | Сопствено (Sopstveno) |
Level | Razina | Ниво (Nivo) |
Press | Tisak | Штампа (Štampa) |
Worker | Djelatnik | Радник (Radnik) |
Decade, century, millennium | Desetljeće stoljeće tisućljeće | Деценија, век, миленијум (Decenija, vek, milenijum) |
Communication | Priopćenje | Саопштење |
Native language standard | Materinski jezićni standard | Матерњи језички стандард |
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Scripts_in_Europe_(1901).jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Europe_linguistic_map_1907.JPG (Languages in Europe 1900-...) http://haven.apolyton.net/maps/Europe/europe1800_1850c_lang.jpg (Language in Europe 1800-1900)
http://www.muturzikin.com/carteseurope/5.htm (Dialec map in Europe)
Dialect | Sub-Dialect | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Serbian | Montenegrin | Bosnian | Croatian | Slovenian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Torlakian | x | x | x | |||||
Štokavian | Kosovo- Resava | x | ||||||
Šumadija- Vojvodina | x | |||||||
Zeta-South Sandžak | x | x | x | |||||
Eastern Herzgovinian | x | x | x | x | ||||
Eastern Bosnian | x | x | ||||||
Western Ikavian | x | x | ||||||
Slavonian | x | |||||||
Čakavian | x | |||||||
Kajkavian | x | x |
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/2/28/20080408171819!Scripts_in_Europe.PNG Script and language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakavian_dialect Croatian diakect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect Croatian Kaykavian dialect
Neoštokavian:
these are the introducing paragraphs of the article Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian, Croato-Serbian, or Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) [1] (Srpskohrvatski, Hrvatskosrpski, or Bosanski/Hrvatski/Srpski, Cyrillic script: Cрпскохрватски, Xрватскосрпски), is a South Slavic language or diasystem. The term Serbo-Croatian is and has been used both as an umbrella term for all the dialects spoken in what is nowadays Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and more importantly, as the official standard language of Yugoslavia from 1954 to 1990 (partially along with Slovene and Macedonian).
In its standardized form, it was based on the Neoštokavian subdialect of the Štokavian dialect system, and defined in Ekavian and Ijekavian literary variants, called "pronunciations". Unofficially, there were "Eastern" (based on the Serbian idiom) and "Western" (based on the Croatian and Bosnian idiom) literary variants, that eventuSally served as a basis for standard languages. By extension, Kajkavian and Čakavian dialects were often considered to be dialects of the Serbo-Croatian (while the Torlakian dialect was never recognized in mainstream linguistics), but they were not in official use.
With the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, its languages followed suit and Croatian, Serbian, and Bosnian became separate standard languages ( Ausbausprachen); see differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. Currently, there is a movement to create a Montenegrin language, separating it from Serbian. Conversely, the term "Serbo-Croatian" declined in use, first from official documents and gradually from linguistic literature.
Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to history, politics, and the variable meanings of the word language. Linguists are divided on questions regarding whether the use of the name should be deprecated. It is still used, for lack of a more succinct alternative, to denote the "daughter" languages as a collectivity. An alternative name has emerged abroad – Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), when referring to the same dialectal base (stylised Neoštokavian) used for all the Serbo-Croatian standard languages. In the regional dialectology, the term Central South Slavic diasystem is sometimes used as a collective term, when discussing the intensive mutual influence of Serbo-Croatian dialects in the historical period. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cantabo07 ( talk • contribs) 00:34, 13 January 2010 (UTC)
These are illustrated in the following table:
South Slavic | West Slavic | East Slavic | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Late Proto-slavic reconstruction | Late Proto-Slavic meaning | Old Church Slavonic | Slovenian | Croatian | Serbian | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Czech | Slovak | Polish | Belarusian | Russian | Ukrainian |
*gvězda | star | звѣзда | zvezda | zvijezda | ѕвезда | звезда | ѕвезда | hvězda | hviezda | gwiazda | зорка | звезда | звізда |
*květъ | flower, bloom | цвѣтъ | cvet | cvijet | цвет | цвете | цвет | květ | kvet | kwiat | кветка | цвет | квітка |
*tisošta | tisošta | тысѫшта | tisoč | tisuća | хиљада | хиляда | илјада | tisíc | tisíc | tysiąc | тисяча | тысяча | тисяча |
English | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|
English language: With regard to the general air quality in the city of Jerusalem is necessary to take urgent security measures to prevent poisoning of the population of the exhaust gases.
Potential application mijera that affect the flow of personal health status and which may contribute to better overall care of the population in the area of the city center would certainly be to reduce traffic stopper on fundamental Kostanjica where intersections are located tourist islands, such as the Christian church, these disciplinary measures are proposed primarily in the holiday season such as Easter and Christmas. Officers and NCOs from the army barracks in the city should contribute to the precise use of the prescribed measures, surveillance of traffic chaos at the check point and looking through use of aviation. |
Croatian language: Glede opće kvalitete zraka u gradu Jeruzalemu potrebito je poduzeti žurne mjere sigurnosti kako bismo spriječili trovanje pučanstva ispušnim plinovima.
Možebitna primjena mijera koje utjeću na tijek osobnoga zdravstvenoga stanja a koje mogu pridonjeti boljoj općoj skrbi pučanstva na prostoru gradskoga središta svakako bi bilo smanjenje prometnoga čepa na bitnim raskrižjima gdije su smješteni turistički otoci, poput kršćanskih crkvi, ove stegovne mjere predlažu se ponajprije u vrijeme blagdana kao što su Uskrs i Božić. Časnici i dočasnici iz vojarni u gradu trebaju pridonjeti točnoj uporabi propisanih mjera, nadzorom prometnoga kaosa na nadzornim točkama i promatranjem kroz uporabu zrakoplovstva. |
Serbian language:
У погледу опште квалитета ваздуха у граду Јерусалиму потребно је да се предузму хитне мере безбедности како би спречили отровање становништва издувним гасовима. Евентуална примена мера које утичу на ток личног здравственог стања које могу да допринесу бољем општем збрињавању становништва на простору градског центра свакако би била смањење саобраћајног колапса на суштинским раскрсницама где су смештена туристичка острва, попут хришћанских цркава, ове дисциплинске мере предлажу се најпре у време празника као шта су Васкрс и Божић. Официри и подофицири из касарни у граду треба да допринесу тачној употреби прописаних мера, контролом саобраћајног хаоса на контролним тачкама и посматрањем преко употребе ваздухопловства.
(U pogledu opšte kvaliteta vazduha u gradu Jerusalimu potrebno je da se preduzmu hitne mere bezbednosti kako bi sprećili otrovanje stanovništva izduvnim gasovima. Eventualna primena mera koje utiću na tok ličnog zdravstvenog stanja koje mogu da doprinesu boljem opštem zbrinjavanju stanovništva na prostoru gradskog centra svakako bi bila smanjenje saobračajnog kolapsa na suštinskim raskrsnicama gde su smeštena turistička ostrva, poput hrišćanskih crkava, ove disciplinske mere predlažu se najpre u vreme praznika kao šta su Vaskrs i Božić. Oficiri i podoficiri iz kasarni u gradu treba da doprinesu tačnoj upotrebi propisanih mera, kontrolom saobračajnog haosa na kontrolnim tačkama i posmatranjem preko upotrebe vazduhoplovstva.) |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | English |
---|---|---|---|
Bijela sol za kuhanje kemijski je spoj natrija i klora. | Bijela so za kuhanje je hemijski spoj natrijuma i hlora. | Bela so za kuvanje je hemijsko jedinjenje natrijuma i hlora. | White salt for cooking is a chemical compound of sodium and chlorine. |
Vlak sa željezničkoga kolodvora krenut će točno u deset sati. | Voz sa željezničke stanice krenut će tačno u deset sati. | Voz sa železničke stanice krenuće tačno u deset sati/časova. | The train station will start exactly at ten o'clock. |
Feature | Croatian | Serbian | English |
---|---|---|---|
Opposition -u/e | burza | berza | stock-exchange |
porculan | porcelan | porcelain | |
Opposition -u/i | tanjur | tanjir | plate |
Opposition -l/-o after o | sol | so | salt |
vol | vo | ox | |
kolčić | kočić | stick | |
Serbian often drops letter H in the initial and medial position: |
čahura | čaura | cartridge |
hrvač | rvač | wrestler | |
hrđa | rđa | rust |
Croatian language | Latin | altgriechische Aussprache | Gerk alphabet|griech. Buchstabe | byzantinische Aussprache | Serbian language |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | b | [b] | β | [v] | v |
e | e | [ɛː] | η | [i] | i |
k oder c | c | [k] | κ | [k] | k |
u | u | [u̯] | υ (nach Vokal) | [v] | v |
k oder h | ch | [kʰ] | χ | [x] | h |
Example 1:
English | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|
add by pouring* | dolijevati | dolivati* |
diarrhea | proljev | proliv |
gulf, bay | zaljev | zaliv |
to influence | utjecati | uticati |
Example 2:
English | Serbian | Croatian |
---|---|---|
tobacco | duvan | duhan |
to cook | kuvati | kuhati |
dry | suvo | suho |
deaf | gluvo | gluho |
Example 3:
English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|---|
point | tačka | točka | tačka |
correct | tačno | točno | tačno |
municipality | općina | općina | opština |
priest | svećenik | svećenik | sveštenik |
male student | student | student | student |
female student | studentica | studentica | studentkinja |
male professor | profesor | profesor | profesor |
female professor | profesorica | profesorica | profesorka |
scientist | naučnik | znanstvenik | naučnik |
translator | prevodilac | prevoditelj | prevodilac |
reader | čitalac | čitatelj | čitalac |
diver | ronilac | ronilac (sometimes: ronitelj) |
ronilac |
Example different:
English | Bosnian | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|---|
to organise | organizirati organizovati |
organizirati | organizovati |
to construct | konstruisati konstruirati |
konstruirati | konstruisati |
But: | |||
to analyse | analizirati | analizirati | analizirati |
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/ward_1912/ottoman_empire_europe_1792.jpg
Historically, modern age internationalisms entered Bosnian and Croatian mostly through German and Italian, while Serbian received them through French and Russian, so different localisation patterns were established based on those languages. Also, Greek borrowings came to Serbian directly, but through Latin into Croatian:
English | Croatian | Serbian | Note |
---|---|---|---|
Bethlehem | Betlehem | Vitlejem | Through Latin in Croatian, through Greek in Serbian |
Athens | Atena | Atina | |
Europe | Europa | Evropa | |
Cyprus | Cipar | Kipar | |
chlorine | klor | hlor | |
impedance | impedanca | impedansa | Through French in Serbian |
But: | |||
licence | licenca | licenca | "dozvola" is more common in both languages |
Most of chemical element names are different: for international names, Bosnian and Croatian use -ij where Serbian has -ijum (uranij–uranijum). In some native names, Bosnian and Croatian have -ik where Serbian has -(o)nik (kisik–kiseonik(oxygen), vodik–vodonik(hydrogen)). Yet others are totally different (dušik–azot (nitrogen), kositar–kalaj (tin)). Some are the same: srebro (silver), zlato (gold), bakar (copper).
English | In Serbia | In Croatia | In Bosnia |
---|---|---|---|
one thousand | hiljada | tisuća | hiljada |
January [2] | januar | siječanj | januar |
factory | fabrika | tvornica | fabrika tvornica |
rice | pirinač | riža | riža |
carrot | šargarepa | mrkva | mrkva |
trousers | pantalone | hlače | hlače |
bread | hleb | kruh | hljeb |
spinach | spanać | špinat | špinat |
football | fudbal | nogomet | fudbal |
train | voz | vlak | voz |
wave | talas | val | talas |
person | lice | osoba | lice osoba |
uncivil | nevaspitan | neodgojen | neodgojen |
one's own | sopstveno | vlastito | vlastito sopstveno |
road [3] | put drum |
cesta put |
put džada |
road toll | drumarina putarina |
cestarina | putarina |
dad | tata | tata ćaća |
tata babo |
tomato | paradajz | rajčica | paradajz |
English | Serbian | Croatian | Bosnian |
---|---|---|---|
to accept | prihvatati | prihvaćati | prihvatati |
happy, lucky | srećan | sretan | sretan srećan |
to comprehend | shvatati | shvaćati | shvatati |
In the Croatian language months have Slavic names, while Serbian and Bosnian use the same set of international Latin-derived names as English. But Slavic names may also be used in the Bosnian language as well (although, rarely understood); Latin-derived names are preferred.
English | Croatian | Serbian | Bosnian |
---|---|---|---|
January | siječanj | januar | januar |
February | veljača | februar | februar |
March | ožujak | mart | mart |
April | travanj | april | april |
May | svibanj | maj | maj |
June | lipanj | jun | juni |
July | srpanj | jul | juli |
August | kolovoz | avgust | august |
September | rujan | septembar | septembar |
October | listopad | oktobar | oktobar |
November | studeni | novembar | novembar |
December | prosinac | decembar | decembar |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | German |
---|---|---|---|
William Shakespeare | William Shakespeare | Vilijam Šekspir oder Вилијам Шекспир | William Shakespeare |
München | Minhen | Minhen oder Минхен | München |
Zürich | Zürich | Cirih oder Цирих | Zürich |
Bruxelles | Brisel | Brisel oder Брисел | Brüssel, frz. Bruxelles |
New York | New York | Njujork oder Њујорк | New York |
SZO oder WHO | WHO | SZO oder СЗО | WHO |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | German |
---|---|---|---|
Dobar tek! (kajkav.) oder U slast! | Prijatno! | Guten Appetit! | |
tjedan (kajkav.) | sedmica, hevta (türk.) | nedelja (kirchenslaw.), sedmica | Woche |
sat (türk.) | sat, sahat (türk.) | čas (in dieser Bed. aus dem Russ.),
[4] sat (türk.) |
Stunde |
otok | ostrvo | ostrvo | Insel |
vrt | bašča | bašta | Garten |
vlak (tschech.) | voz | Zug | |
kruh | hljeb, somun (türk.) | hleb | Brot |
talijanski | italijanski | italienisch | |
nitko; svatko | niko; svako | niemand; jeder |
Croatian | Bosnian | Serbian | German |
---|---|---|---|
Španjolska | Španija | Spanien | |
priopćiti | saopćiti | saopštiti | mitteilen |
spol | pol | Geschlecht |
Englis | Croatian | Serbian |
---|---|---|
Compare | Usporedba | Поређење (Poređenje) |
Europe | Europa | Европа (Evropa) |
Netherlands | Nizozemska | Холандија (Holandija) |
Italians | Talijani | Италијани (Italijani) |
Universe | Svemir | Васиона (Vasiona) |
Spine | Kralježnica | Кичма (Kičma) |
Air | Zrak | Ваздух (Vazduh) |
Education | Odgoj | Васпитање (Vaspitanje) |
Week | Tjedan | Седмица (Sedmica) |
History | Povijest | Историја (Istorija) |
Pantaloons | Hlače | Панталоне (Pantalone) |
Belly | Trbuh | Стомак (Stomak) |
Science | Znanost | Наука (Nauka) |
Personally | Osobno | Лично (Lično) |
Persona | Osoba | Лице (Lice) |
United Nations | Ujedinjeni Narodi | Уједињене Нације (Ujedinjene Nacije) |
Bread | Kruh | Хлеб (Hleb) |
Artificial | Umjetno | Вештачки (Veštački) |
Cross | Križ | Крст (Krst) |
Democracy | Demokracija | Демократија (Demokratija) |
Detection | Spoznaja | Сазнање (Saznanje) |
Island | Otok | Острво (Ostrvo) |
Officer | Časnik | Официр (Oficir) |
Road traffic | Cestovni promet | Друмски саобраћај (Drumski saobraćaj) |
Autobahn | Autocesta | Аутопут (Autoput) |
Length | Duljina | Дужина (Dužina) |
Association | Udruga | Удружење (Udruženje) |
Factory | Tvornica | Фабрика (Fabrika) |
General | Opće | Опште (Opšte) |
Christ | Krist | Христoс (Hristos) |
I'm sorry | Oprosti | Извини (Izvini) |
Geography | Zemljopis | Географија (Geografija) |
Week | Tjedan | Седмица (Sedmica) |
January | Siječanj | Јануар (Januar) |
Passport | Putovnica | Пасош (Pasoš) |
Retirees | Umirovljenici | Пензионери (Penzioneri) |
Security Council | Vijeće sigurnosti | Савјет безбједности (Savet bezbednosti) |
Outdoor | Vanjski | Спољашњи (Spoljašnji) |
Own | Vlastito | Сопствено (Sopstveno) |
Level | Razina | Ниво (Nivo) |
Press | Tisak | Штампа (Štampa) |
Worker | Djelatnik | Радник (Radnik) |
Decade, century, millennium | Desetljeće stoljeće tisućljeće | Деценија, век, миленијум (Decenija, vek, milenijum) |
Communication | Priopćenje | Саопштење |
Native language standard | Materinski jezićni standard | Матерњи језички стандард |
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Scripts_in_Europe_(1901).jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Europe_linguistic_map_1907.JPG (Languages in Europe 1900-...) http://haven.apolyton.net/maps/Europe/europe1800_1850c_lang.jpg (Language in Europe 1800-1900)
http://www.muturzikin.com/carteseurope/5.htm (Dialec map in Europe)
Dialect | Sub-Dialect | Bulgarian | Macedonian | Serbian | Montenegrin | Bosnian | Croatian | Slovenian |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Torlakian | x | x | x | |||||
Štokavian | Kosovo- Resava | x | ||||||
Šumadija- Vojvodina | x | |||||||
Zeta-South Sandžak | x | x | x | |||||
Eastern Herzgovinian | x | x | x | x | ||||
Eastern Bosnian | x | x | ||||||
Western Ikavian | x | x | ||||||
Slavonian | x | |||||||
Čakavian | x | |||||||
Kajkavian | x | x |
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/2/28/20080408171819!Scripts_in_Europe.PNG Script and language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakavian_dialect Croatian diakect http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajkavian_dialect Croatian Kaykavian dialect
Neoštokavian: