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There is much a "modern politics" influencing this article. Examples are the inclusions of Iraq and Iran, which surprises not those who know recent history. One can include many more countries and leaders for opposing the british and french rule, and call these pro-Nazi; Ofcourse these are not important for todays politics, and as such are not mentioned! I have done some minor edits, but I am by no means a professional historian. I therefore call upon professionals to mend this article; The Middle East suffers to this day the affter effects of the past European occupation, but with the aid of such professionals, one can avoid adding insult to injury. One must understand that I am asking for truth, not a pacifier. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.246.139.131 ( talk) 19:35, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
I think this article would be more appropriately titled, "List of Axis leaders of World War II." Cla68 23:37, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
I added flags beside each countries name to match the Allied commanders of WW2 page. If we can't have pretty flags on the infobox then we may as well have them here n'est-ce pas. By the way, I am unsure about the flag for China-Nanjing, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In a WW2 infobox in another article I found the China-Nanjing flag was the same as Republic of China, so I chose it. If it or the Kingdom of Yugoslavia flag are incorrect feel free to fix it or let me know so I can. Thanks, Basser g 05:40, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
Who's that? Is Rudolf Hess meant? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.176.194.52 ( talk) 16:45, 1 May 2007 (UTC).
I know the USSR was at first part of the Axis so I would recommend that the only generals to be included in the list are the ones who lead the invasion of Poland. RedNeckIQ55 ( talk) 21:00, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
It seems perverse to list people like Hess and Kaltenbrunner, who had little to do with the conduct of the war, and relatively junior generals like Manstein and Rommel, while skipping out on a large number of the most senior generals and even political figures. I'm going to add Keitel, Jodl, Ribbentrop, Speer, Brauchitsch, and probably some of the more senior German field commanders - certainly Rundstedt, Bock, and Kesselring deserve specific mention, and probably some others. john k ( talk) 18:01, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
Should Vichy be listed as an Axis power? It was not officially aligned with the Germans in any way (unlike, for instance, occupied Denmark), nor did it declare war on the Allies. They did fight the Allies on a number of occasions - most notably in Syria and Lebanon in 1941 and in North Africa in 1942. Should they stay? john k ( talk) 18:24, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
Undoubtedly, as one of Nazi Germany's puppet states. -- 24.184.200.190 ( talk) 17:02, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
The segment on Iran does not have any source to support its claims. There are in fact many claims that are either not related to this article or/and are manipulation of facts.
It says in the article that "During the war, Reza Shah had a policy of neutrality but had built strong relations with Nazi Germany." Political relation cannot be translated into cooperation or supporting Germany in "war", or even close to what this article is about, being an "Axis leader" in war. Reza believed that Germany is winning the war & sought relation with Germany for long term benefit. Again, this does not translate to being a leader in WWII. In fact if "political relation" with Nazi Germany is being an Axis nation arguably Britain would also be considered as part of Axis alliance.
It is a well known fact that Reza Shah Pahlavi was installed by Britain, and was a British puppet. It does not seem logical that a British puppet take measures that would be so against his masters. I will remove the part until authors present reliable sources. It appears that what is presented here maybe a better fit for the WWII article itself.
This article is in serious need of a rewrite. -- 74.12.96.197 ( talk) 01:04, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
It should be pointed out that he did side with BOTH sides in the conflict, before refusing to expel Axis citizens from his terrirtory, thus resulting in an Anglo-Soviet invasion, just as some of the other people mentioned here as Axis leaders did. He should be in. FOARP ( talk) 12:07, 11 February 2014 (UTC)
Finland and Thailand were not members of the Axis but co-belligerents. The article should either be renamed Axis and co-belligerents of the Axis leaders of World War II or Finland and Thailand dropped completely. -- Jaan Pärn ( talk) 19:15, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
Published references include http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/penders2002/01.pdf and Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence By Bernhard Dahm. (Translated by Mary F. Somers Heidhues.) Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London, 1969. 122.106.230.171 ( talk) 00:46, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
the first sentence says the tripartite pact was in 1936, but on the page for the tripartite act, it says it was singed in 1940 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.31.79.139 ( talk) 19:45, 5 June 2017 (UTC)
There was a recent deletion of Finland from the list that I restored because I felt it did not tell the whole story. I instead moved the Finland section (along with Iraq and Thailand) to a dedicated Co-belligerent state combatants section to mimic the structure of the Axis powers article. In the heading it is made clear that these countries were not formally part of the Axis.
If anyone has any issues with this, please discuss them below.
Thanks! -- KNHaw (talk) 17:22, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. — Community Tech bot ( talk) 10:09, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. — Community Tech bot ( talk) 23:12, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
This article currently includes an image of a Japanese Propaganda poster: File:1938 Naka yoshi sangoku.jpg. The image caption reads Japanese propaganda poster of the Shōwa erashowing Adolf Hitler, Hirohito and Benito Mussolini, the political leaders of the three main Axis powers in 1940
.
In the image itself, the caption beneath the middle portrait reads (from right to left) "近衞首相", (Konoe Prime Minister), and, based on comparison with other photos of both persons, the picture clearly depicts Konoe Fumimaro, not Hirohito. The corresponding captions beneath the other two portraits are "ムッソリーニ” (Mussolini) and "ヒットラー" (Hitler). - Rotary Engine talk 10:38, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
To make a long story long, we look at File: Плакат в Музее Победы.jpg. It is as photo taken in a Russian Museum in Moskow (Category:"Tripartite Pact" and "Axis Powers") which was uploaded from here: https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5 The official Museum description tells us the year: 1940, which annuls the 1938 signature as well as the description "Antikomintern Pact" on analogue files. The partners of the Antikomintern in 1936 were Germany and Japon which leads us to the guys on top of the File in discussion. No doubt about Hitler and Mussolini. But who is guy in the middle? The only we have as a source are Japanese characters. Inserted in a "Wadoku-Translator" we learn, that it is a Japonese postcard belonging to a person named "Roh" (Korean family name), despicting flags with the title " "Good Friends of three countries". The Tripartite Pact though, as an invention of Hitler, was signed in the first original version on September 27, 1940 by Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop (Germany), Ciano (Italy) and Saburu Karusu (Ambassador in Berlin).
Coming to the main issue, the person in the middle of the poster. It can`t be Hirohito, argues User: Ulises Laertíada as uinvolved editor, since supposedly no pictures of the godlike emperor were allowed. Looking at the tons of publications wordlwide (also official ones in Japan) from Hirohito and his family this argument fails to be trustworthy. For instance one can find an authorized print of the early "holy familiy" in American newspapers as early as 1904 (File:Imperial Family of Japan (1904).jpg).
Now. back to the person in the middle. By comparing PM Konoe (who is on nearly all photographs dressed in diplomatic outfits, not as prince) I found another item which can help us. From around 1928 Hirohito is wearing glasses, which the person in the middle is not equipped with. Therefore, and by comparison of the faces, I agree that the person with the bushy hat might be rather Konoe als Prime Minister than Hirohito. Conclusio: I am going to correct the File description concerning the depicted person. Other corrections (year and pact) wil remain, since the proof lies within the Museum photos. Thanks for your cooperation. Peter Christian Riemann ( talk) 18:44, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
it is a Japonese postcard belonging to a person named "Roh" (Korean family name)? None of the text on the postcard mentions Korea or any "Roh". Rotary Engine talk 21:33, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
the image of the emperor (Hirohito, in 1940) could only be used in official portraits, and User: Peter Christian Riemann replies appealing to its use in "also official ones in Japan". Does this make any sense when I said that its official use is what was permitted? The use considered irreverent was that which occurred on any unauthorized postcard, magazine or cover of a particular publication, and never equating him to foreign leaders not considered divine like him.
Moreover, at key moments for which documentary evidence is available, Hirohito not only involved himself, sometimes on a daily basis, in shaping strategy and deciding the planning, timing, and so on of military campaigns, but also intervened in ongoing field operations to make changes that would not have occurred without his intervention(p. 331 of the book). And too
During the naisô briefings, exchanges of information and ideas could lead to discussions of policy, strategy, even tactical matters, and to decisions arrived at by Japanese-style "consensus"--with the result that cabinet decisions were predetermined "finished products that mirrored" Hirohito's thinking and therefore rarely had to be revised(pp. 331-332). And
Kido alluded to this reality in discussing the emperor's war responsibility on July 21, 1964. "When the emperor was not persuaded," he explained, "the question would be suspended and the decision postponed or the cabinet would reconsider the matter. That was the custom."(p. 736, note 42). In short, neither Herbert P. Bix nor Koichi Kido seem to endorse in any way that the cause of using Konoe's image is what you propose.
The government issued further decrees to prevent the desecration of the "holy portrait". These even impacted the private sphere, such the 1892 Home Ministry ordinance "Regarding the Respected photograph" (Sishon no go-shashin ni kansuru ken) and the 1898 ordinance "Regarding the Regulation of the Honorable Portrait" (Go-shôzô torishimari ni kansuru ken), both passed in reaction to an upsurge of imperial imagery in the late 1880s and the early 1890s. The 1898 ordinance stipulated that the go-shin'ei could not be used without the appropriate honorific caption. Moreover, poor-quality reproductions could trigger charges of lèse majesté. The reproduction of the emperor's portrait on advertisements, including fans, was forbidden because this would "most likely" constitute such an act; the same held true for the display of imperial portrait in an unsuitable location. The sale of imperial imagery in outdoor shops (roten) was similarly banned. In addition to the above regulations, newspapers reproductions of the portrait must not be cropped or edited in any way, and "nothing inappropriate" should be printed on the back. Furthermore, the copies of newspapers with the emperor's portrait had to be treated with care, even within the private sphere; they should not be hung in the toilet, used to put your shoes on, or scribbled upon. If they were to be disposed of, the sacred portrait should be cut out of the newspaper, placed in a wooden box, and then burned.NOTE: The go-shin'ei is the "sacred portrait", that is, the emperor's portrait.
(...)constitutional thought, particularly that of Georg Jellinek (1851–1911), a legal philosopher who exerted a strong influence on Japanese constitutional thinkers. Minobe himself had used it in 1912 when he said the emperor was like the head of a human body, except that he was thinking not of himself but the country. In the end it was precisely the vagueness and ambiguity of Shimizu’s thought that most appealed to Hirohito, who, despite his later claim to the contrary, was inclined toward the same thing. Finally, when memory of the emperor Meiji was still a vivid part of Japanese hagiography, Shimizu reinforced both Sugiura and Shiratori in idolizing Meiji as the perfect model of a monarch. Shimizu contributed to the Meiji myth by stressing that emperors could not act arbitrarily but had to reflect “public opinion” in their conduct of state affairs just as Meiji had done in his Charter Oath. All three teachers told fairy tales of Meiji’s personal qualities, which had enabled him to achieve his great enterprise of transforming Japan into a major imperial power but were conspicuously lacking with Taishō. All three wanted Hirohito to retrieve the lost image of Meiji, which they had built up and romanticized in their different ways. And so they drove home the point that Japan needed a new Meiji, and that he would be the one to fulfill the role and match his grandfather’s attainments. Influenced by the ideas of Sugiura, Shiratori, and the hopelessly contradictory Shimizu, Hirohito strove to measure up to his symbolic grandfather whom he was so unlike in temperament, character, and interests. Hirohito also came to believe in the sacred nature of his own authority, as defined in the Meiji constitution. But the liberal “organ theory” created by Minobe and used by the party cabinets 52 of the 1920s he always regarded as a mere academic theory, good for debating in the universities but not something on which to base his own actions. Nor did he act in accordance with absolutist theological interpretations. In fact Hirohito was never a devotee of any theory of constitutional monarchy; the constitution (...)(This is where it ends at page 80.) In page 81 the paragraph concludes with these words:
did not provide standards for him in making important political decisions, for, like his grandfather, he believed he stood above all national law. The real constraints on his behavior, including Meiji’s spiritual legacy, had nothing to do with the constitution, and even that he set aside when circumstances dictated.
From 1928 to 1930, the world economic crisis shook the industrialized nations...is not found in my copy of Bix's Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. I have an e-book, which has the advance of being searchable. - Rotary Engine talk 20:55, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
1938年の絵葉書”仲良し三国” (日独防共協定) (日独伊防共協定}), which is not contradicted by the image itself. There is nothing written on the card about either the Anti-Comintern Pact (which from November 6, 1937 included Italy) or the Tripartite Pact. A placard on a wall in a museum in Moscow is not particularly compelling; though it is better than nothing.
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talk page for discussing improvements to the
Axis leaders of World War II article. This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject. |
Article policies
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Find sources: Google ( books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL |
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There is much a "modern politics" influencing this article. Examples are the inclusions of Iraq and Iran, which surprises not those who know recent history. One can include many more countries and leaders for opposing the british and french rule, and call these pro-Nazi; Ofcourse these are not important for todays politics, and as such are not mentioned! I have done some minor edits, but I am by no means a professional historian. I therefore call upon professionals to mend this article; The Middle East suffers to this day the affter effects of the past European occupation, but with the aid of such professionals, one can avoid adding insult to injury. One must understand that I am asking for truth, not a pacifier. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.246.139.131 ( talk) 19:35, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
I think this article would be more appropriately titled, "List of Axis leaders of World War II." Cla68 23:37, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
I added flags beside each countries name to match the Allied commanders of WW2 page. If we can't have pretty flags on the infobox then we may as well have them here n'est-ce pas. By the way, I am unsure about the flag for China-Nanjing, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In a WW2 infobox in another article I found the China-Nanjing flag was the same as Republic of China, so I chose it. If it or the Kingdom of Yugoslavia flag are incorrect feel free to fix it or let me know so I can. Thanks, Basser g 05:40, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
Who's that? Is Rudolf Hess meant? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.176.194.52 ( talk) 16:45, 1 May 2007 (UTC).
I know the USSR was at first part of the Axis so I would recommend that the only generals to be included in the list are the ones who lead the invasion of Poland. RedNeckIQ55 ( talk) 21:00, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
It seems perverse to list people like Hess and Kaltenbrunner, who had little to do with the conduct of the war, and relatively junior generals like Manstein and Rommel, while skipping out on a large number of the most senior generals and even political figures. I'm going to add Keitel, Jodl, Ribbentrop, Speer, Brauchitsch, and probably some of the more senior German field commanders - certainly Rundstedt, Bock, and Kesselring deserve specific mention, and probably some others. john k ( talk) 18:01, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
Should Vichy be listed as an Axis power? It was not officially aligned with the Germans in any way (unlike, for instance, occupied Denmark), nor did it declare war on the Allies. They did fight the Allies on a number of occasions - most notably in Syria and Lebanon in 1941 and in North Africa in 1942. Should they stay? john k ( talk) 18:24, 3 May 2009 (UTC)
Undoubtedly, as one of Nazi Germany's puppet states. -- 24.184.200.190 ( talk) 17:02, 20 March 2010 (UTC)
The segment on Iran does not have any source to support its claims. There are in fact many claims that are either not related to this article or/and are manipulation of facts.
It says in the article that "During the war, Reza Shah had a policy of neutrality but had built strong relations with Nazi Germany." Political relation cannot be translated into cooperation or supporting Germany in "war", or even close to what this article is about, being an "Axis leader" in war. Reza believed that Germany is winning the war & sought relation with Germany for long term benefit. Again, this does not translate to being a leader in WWII. In fact if "political relation" with Nazi Germany is being an Axis nation arguably Britain would also be considered as part of Axis alliance.
It is a well known fact that Reza Shah Pahlavi was installed by Britain, and was a British puppet. It does not seem logical that a British puppet take measures that would be so against his masters. I will remove the part until authors present reliable sources. It appears that what is presented here maybe a better fit for the WWII article itself.
This article is in serious need of a rewrite. -- 74.12.96.197 ( talk) 01:04, 30 July 2009 (UTC)
It should be pointed out that he did side with BOTH sides in the conflict, before refusing to expel Axis citizens from his terrirtory, thus resulting in an Anglo-Soviet invasion, just as some of the other people mentioned here as Axis leaders did. He should be in. FOARP ( talk) 12:07, 11 February 2014 (UTC)
Finland and Thailand were not members of the Axis but co-belligerents. The article should either be renamed Axis and co-belligerents of the Axis leaders of World War II or Finland and Thailand dropped completely. -- Jaan Pärn ( talk) 19:15, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
Published references include http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/penders2002/01.pdf and Sukarno and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence By Bernhard Dahm. (Translated by Mary F. Somers Heidhues.) Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London, 1969. 122.106.230.171 ( talk) 00:46, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
the first sentence says the tripartite pact was in 1936, but on the page for the tripartite act, it says it was singed in 1940 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.31.79.139 ( talk) 19:45, 5 June 2017 (UTC)
There was a recent deletion of Finland from the list that I restored because I felt it did not tell the whole story. I instead moved the Finland section (along with Iraq and Thailand) to a dedicated Co-belligerent state combatants section to mimic the structure of the Axis powers article. In the heading it is made clear that these countries were not formally part of the Axis.
If anyone has any issues with this, please discuss them below.
Thanks! -- KNHaw (talk) 17:22, 12 December 2019 (UTC)
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. — Community Tech bot ( talk) 10:09, 20 July 2020 (UTC)
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion:
Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. — Community Tech bot ( talk) 23:12, 10 February 2021 (UTC)
This article currently includes an image of a Japanese Propaganda poster: File:1938 Naka yoshi sangoku.jpg. The image caption reads Japanese propaganda poster of the Shōwa erashowing Adolf Hitler, Hirohito and Benito Mussolini, the political leaders of the three main Axis powers in 1940
.
In the image itself, the caption beneath the middle portrait reads (from right to left) "近衞首相", (Konoe Prime Minister), and, based on comparison with other photos of both persons, the picture clearly depicts Konoe Fumimaro, not Hirohito. The corresponding captions beneath the other two portraits are "ムッソリーニ” (Mussolini) and "ヒットラー" (Hitler). - Rotary Engine talk 10:38, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
To make a long story long, we look at File: Плакат в Музее Победы.jpg. It is as photo taken in a Russian Museum in Moskow (Category:"Tripartite Pact" and "Axis Powers") which was uploaded from here: https://ru.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5 The official Museum description tells us the year: 1940, which annuls the 1938 signature as well as the description "Antikomintern Pact" on analogue files. The partners of the Antikomintern in 1936 were Germany and Japon which leads us to the guys on top of the File in discussion. No doubt about Hitler and Mussolini. But who is guy in the middle? The only we have as a source are Japanese characters. Inserted in a "Wadoku-Translator" we learn, that it is a Japonese postcard belonging to a person named "Roh" (Korean family name), despicting flags with the title " "Good Friends of three countries". The Tripartite Pact though, as an invention of Hitler, was signed in the first original version on September 27, 1940 by Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop (Germany), Ciano (Italy) and Saburu Karusu (Ambassador in Berlin).
Coming to the main issue, the person in the middle of the poster. It can`t be Hirohito, argues User: Ulises Laertíada as uinvolved editor, since supposedly no pictures of the godlike emperor were allowed. Looking at the tons of publications wordlwide (also official ones in Japan) from Hirohito and his family this argument fails to be trustworthy. For instance one can find an authorized print of the early "holy familiy" in American newspapers as early as 1904 (File:Imperial Family of Japan (1904).jpg).
Now. back to the person in the middle. By comparing PM Konoe (who is on nearly all photographs dressed in diplomatic outfits, not as prince) I found another item which can help us. From around 1928 Hirohito is wearing glasses, which the person in the middle is not equipped with. Therefore, and by comparison of the faces, I agree that the person with the bushy hat might be rather Konoe als Prime Minister than Hirohito. Conclusio: I am going to correct the File description concerning the depicted person. Other corrections (year and pact) wil remain, since the proof lies within the Museum photos. Thanks for your cooperation. Peter Christian Riemann ( talk) 18:44, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
it is a Japonese postcard belonging to a person named "Roh" (Korean family name)? None of the text on the postcard mentions Korea or any "Roh". Rotary Engine talk 21:33, 6 December 2023 (UTC)
the image of the emperor (Hirohito, in 1940) could only be used in official portraits, and User: Peter Christian Riemann replies appealing to its use in "also official ones in Japan". Does this make any sense when I said that its official use is what was permitted? The use considered irreverent was that which occurred on any unauthorized postcard, magazine or cover of a particular publication, and never equating him to foreign leaders not considered divine like him.
Moreover, at key moments for which documentary evidence is available, Hirohito not only involved himself, sometimes on a daily basis, in shaping strategy and deciding the planning, timing, and so on of military campaigns, but also intervened in ongoing field operations to make changes that would not have occurred without his intervention(p. 331 of the book). And too
During the naisô briefings, exchanges of information and ideas could lead to discussions of policy, strategy, even tactical matters, and to decisions arrived at by Japanese-style "consensus"--with the result that cabinet decisions were predetermined "finished products that mirrored" Hirohito's thinking and therefore rarely had to be revised(pp. 331-332). And
Kido alluded to this reality in discussing the emperor's war responsibility on July 21, 1964. "When the emperor was not persuaded," he explained, "the question would be suspended and the decision postponed or the cabinet would reconsider the matter. That was the custom."(p. 736, note 42). In short, neither Herbert P. Bix nor Koichi Kido seem to endorse in any way that the cause of using Konoe's image is what you propose.
The government issued further decrees to prevent the desecration of the "holy portrait". These even impacted the private sphere, such the 1892 Home Ministry ordinance "Regarding the Respected photograph" (Sishon no go-shashin ni kansuru ken) and the 1898 ordinance "Regarding the Regulation of the Honorable Portrait" (Go-shôzô torishimari ni kansuru ken), both passed in reaction to an upsurge of imperial imagery in the late 1880s and the early 1890s. The 1898 ordinance stipulated that the go-shin'ei could not be used without the appropriate honorific caption. Moreover, poor-quality reproductions could trigger charges of lèse majesté. The reproduction of the emperor's portrait on advertisements, including fans, was forbidden because this would "most likely" constitute such an act; the same held true for the display of imperial portrait in an unsuitable location. The sale of imperial imagery in outdoor shops (roten) was similarly banned. In addition to the above regulations, newspapers reproductions of the portrait must not be cropped or edited in any way, and "nothing inappropriate" should be printed on the back. Furthermore, the copies of newspapers with the emperor's portrait had to be treated with care, even within the private sphere; they should not be hung in the toilet, used to put your shoes on, or scribbled upon. If they were to be disposed of, the sacred portrait should be cut out of the newspaper, placed in a wooden box, and then burned.NOTE: The go-shin'ei is the "sacred portrait", that is, the emperor's portrait.
(...)constitutional thought, particularly that of Georg Jellinek (1851–1911), a legal philosopher who exerted a strong influence on Japanese constitutional thinkers. Minobe himself had used it in 1912 when he said the emperor was like the head of a human body, except that he was thinking not of himself but the country. In the end it was precisely the vagueness and ambiguity of Shimizu’s thought that most appealed to Hirohito, who, despite his later claim to the contrary, was inclined toward the same thing. Finally, when memory of the emperor Meiji was still a vivid part of Japanese hagiography, Shimizu reinforced both Sugiura and Shiratori in idolizing Meiji as the perfect model of a monarch. Shimizu contributed to the Meiji myth by stressing that emperors could not act arbitrarily but had to reflect “public opinion” in their conduct of state affairs just as Meiji had done in his Charter Oath. All three teachers told fairy tales of Meiji’s personal qualities, which had enabled him to achieve his great enterprise of transforming Japan into a major imperial power but were conspicuously lacking with Taishō. All three wanted Hirohito to retrieve the lost image of Meiji, which they had built up and romanticized in their different ways. And so they drove home the point that Japan needed a new Meiji, and that he would be the one to fulfill the role and match his grandfather’s attainments. Influenced by the ideas of Sugiura, Shiratori, and the hopelessly contradictory Shimizu, Hirohito strove to measure up to his symbolic grandfather whom he was so unlike in temperament, character, and interests. Hirohito also came to believe in the sacred nature of his own authority, as defined in the Meiji constitution. But the liberal “organ theory” created by Minobe and used by the party cabinets 52 of the 1920s he always regarded as a mere academic theory, good for debating in the universities but not something on which to base his own actions. Nor did he act in accordance with absolutist theological interpretations. In fact Hirohito was never a devotee of any theory of constitutional monarchy; the constitution (...)(This is where it ends at page 80.) In page 81 the paragraph concludes with these words:
did not provide standards for him in making important political decisions, for, like his grandfather, he believed he stood above all national law. The real constraints on his behavior, including Meiji’s spiritual legacy, had nothing to do with the constitution, and even that he set aside when circumstances dictated.
From 1928 to 1930, the world economic crisis shook the industrialized nations...is not found in my copy of Bix's Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. I have an e-book, which has the advance of being searchable. - Rotary Engine talk 20:55, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
1938年の絵葉書”仲良し三国” (日独防共協定) (日独伊防共協定}), which is not contradicted by the image itself. There is nothing written on the card about either the Anti-Comintern Pact (which from November 6, 1937 included Italy) or the Tripartite Pact. A placard on a wall in a museum in Moscow is not particularly compelling; though it is better than nothing.